Notes:
Chandrayaan was launched on October 22nd 2008 and successfully reached the lunar surface on November 14, 2008. The ISRO lost communication with Chandrayaan-1 on August 29, 2009, almost a year after it was launched on October 22, 2008. It operated for 312 days.
In 2017 NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have found India’s first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1 which was considered lost, is still orbiting the moon.

Notes:
India has 15106.7 Km of land border running through 92 districts in 17 States and a coastline of 7516.6 Km touching 13 States and Union Territories (UTs). The length of India’s land borders with neighbouring countries is as under.
Bangladesh- 4,096.7 km
China- 3,488 km
Pakistan- 3,323 km
Nepal- 1,751 km
Myanmar- 1,643 km
Bhutan-699 km
Afghanistan- 106 km
India shares 4096.7 Km of its land border with Bangladesh. West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh.

Notes:
Loam soil is the mixture of sand, clay and humus. It has good water-retaining capacity and is sufficiently aerated. This soil contains enough mineral salts in it, and suited for growth of vegetation.

Notes:
Transfer of food from the plants (producers) through a series of organisms with repeated eating and being eaten is called a food chain. A food chain consists of

1. Producers or Autotrophs
2. Primary consumers or Herbivores
3. Secondary consumers or Carnivores
4. Decomposers

Decomposers make up the final trophic level in a food chain. Decomposers are the organisms that feed on dead organic matter called detritus of all the trophic levels and help in recycling the nutrients. Examples of decomposers are bacteria, fungi, mites, millipedes, earthworms, nematodes, slugs, crabs and molluscs.

Notes:
Tropical Rain Forests occur in the areas which receive heavy rainfall. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of North-Eastern states and a narrow strip of the Western slope of the Western Ghats are home of these forests. Important trees found in these forests are mahogany, ebony and rosewood.

Notes:
A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species. Endemic species are those species that are found in a certain limited area. Two of the twelve biodiversity hotspots in the world are in India. They are the North-Eastern region and the Western Ghats. Mega biodiversity: A unique combinations of different plants and animal species which is not available anywhere else.

Notes:
Luni is a river in Rajasthan which originates in the Pushkar Valley of Aravalli range near Ajmer and ends in marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarath.

Notes:
There is a large gap in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This gap is occupied by a large number of small objects that revolve around the Sun. These are called asteroids.