Notes:
The Twelfth Amendment incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as a new Union Territory by amending the First Schedule. India had acquired these territories from Portugal in December 1961. It also enabled the President to make regulations for the administration of the new territory. The Amendment retroactively came into effect on 20 December 1961, after Portugal surrendered. In 1987, Goa became India’s 25th state while Daman and Diu remained a Union Territory.

Notes:
The correct chronological order of the creation of the states of Assam, Nagaland, Goa, and Mizoram is as follows:

1. Assam – Assam was created as a state in the year 1935, when it was carved out of the larger province of Bengal.
2. Nagaland – Nagaland was created as a state in the year 1963. It was carved out of the larger state of Assam and became the 16th state of India.
3. Mizoram – Mizoram was created as a state  on 20 February 1987. Prior to that, it was a Union Territory and was part of the state of Assam.
4. Goa – Goa was created as a state on 30 May 1987. Prior to that, it was a Union Territory and was part of the state of Bombay.

So, the correct chronological order of the creation of these states is: Assam, Nagaland, Mizroam, Goa

Notes:
Goa was part of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 to 30 May 1987. On 30 May, 1987, Goa was admiited as 25th state of Indian Union. Pratapsingh Rane was elected as the first Chief Minister of the newly formed state.

Notes:
The mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier are housed in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa, India. The church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is open daily from 9 AM to 6:30 PM on weekdays and 10:30 AM to 6:30 PM on Sundays. St. Francis Xavier was a patron saint of Goa and a founder of the Jesuit order. He was born in 1506 in Xavier Castle, near Sanguesa in the kingdom of Navarre. He arrived in Goa in 1542 and led overseas missions in the Portuguese Empire. He died of fever on December 3, 1552 on the island of Sancian off the Chinese coast.  The Basilica of Bom Jesus is dedicated to the infant Jesus. The saint’s remains were gifted to the church by Cosimo de Medici III, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The remains are placed in a casket and exhibitions are held every ten years.

Notes:
Sattari is the fenny capital of Goa. This small town in Goa is known for producing the finest feni. The name “feni” comes from the Sanskrit word “phena”, which means froth or foam. The bubbles that form when the liquor is shaken or poured into a glass give it a frothy appearance.
Feni is a liquor made from cashew fruit. The tradition of distilling cashew fruit into feni dates back to the 16th century, when Portuguese colonists brought cashew trees to Goa. Feni is the most popular liquor in Goa.

Notes:
The Portuguese Governor, Nino da Cunha (1529-38) transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530 AD and established factories at San thome (Madras) and Hughli (Bengal). In 1534 AD, he captured Diu and Bassein from the Sultan of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah.

Notes:
The National Consultation on Accelerating Implementation of Tobacco Control Measures for achievement of Goals under National Health Policy (2017) has inaugurated by Minister of State for Health Ashwini Kumar Choubey in New Delhi on June 6, 2018. The Ministers of State also released the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2 India Report, 2016-17 and guidelines for establishing tobacco cessation centres in dental colleges at the consultation and felicitated tobacco workers who have transitioned to other livelihood options. The two-day consultation will focus on capacity-building of the National Tobacco Control Progamme Nodal Officers. Among the key areas of deliberation will be multi-sectoral engagement for implementation of WHO FCTC in India and synergizing tobacco control with new health initiatives. Tobacco is responsible for 4.5 lakh Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVD) deaths in the country. In 2011, the total economic cost attributable to tobacco use from all diseases in India for persons aged 35-69 years amounted to a staggering Rs. 1,04,500 crores.

Notes:
Vaisesika is allied to the nyaya system of philosophy. Both systems accept the liberation of the individual self as the end goal; both view ignorance as the root cause of all pain and misery; and both believe that liberation is attained only through right knowledge of reality. There are, however, two major differences between nyaya and Vaisesika. First, nyaya philosophy accepts four independent sources of knowledge — perception, inference, comparison, and testimony — but vaisesika accepts only two — perception and inference. Second, nyaya maintain s that all of reality is comprehended by sixteen categories (padarthas), whereas vaisesika recognizes only seven categories of reality. These are: dravya (substance), guna (quality), karma (action), samanya (generality), visesa (uniqueness), samavaya (inherence), and abhava (nonexistence). The term padartha means “the object denoted by a word,” and according to vaisesika philosophy all objects denoted by words can be broadly divided into two main classes — that which exists, and that which does not exist. Six of the seven padarthas are in the first class, that which exists. In the second class, that which does not exist, there is only one padartha, abhava, which stands for all negative facts such as the nonexistence of things.

Notes:
Vaisesika is allied to the nyaya system of philosophy. Both systems accept the liberation of the individual self as the end goal; both view ignorance as the root cause of all pain and misery; and both believe that liberation is attained only through right knowledge of reality. There are, however, two major differences between Nyaya and Vaisesika. First, nyaya philosophy accepts four independent sources of knowledge — perception, inference, comparison, and testimony — but vaisesika accepts only two — perception and inference Second, nyaya maintain s that all of reality is comprehended by sixteen categories (padarthas), whereas vaisesika recognizes only seven categories of reality. These are: dravya (substance), guna (quality), karma (action), samanya (generality), visesa (uniqueness), samavaya (inherence), and abhava (nonexistence). The term padartha means “the object denoted by a word,” and according to vaisesika philosophy all objects denoted by words can be broadly divided into two main classes — that which exists, and that which does not exist. Six of the seven padarthas are in the first class, that which exists. In the second class, that which does not exist, there is only one padartha, abhava, which stands for all negative facts such as the nonexistence of things.

Notes:
The Indus Valley or Harappan People domesticated animals like oxen, buffaloes, pigs, goats and sheep. Camels and asses were used as means of transport. Dogs and cats were kept as pets. The humped bull was considered a great asset in the farming community. Horse remains have been found at only one site i.e at Surkotada. So there is no clear evidence of Horse domestication by the Harappan people.