Science & Technology Units
Unit 1: Computing Fundamentals
- Computer Systems
- History of Computers
- Computer Generations
- Computer Classification
- Computer Architecture
- Hardware and Software
- Firmware
- Input Devices
- Output Devices
- Central Processing Unit
- Computer Memory
- Primary Memory
- Secondary Storage
- Cache Memory
- Number Systems
- Binary Arithmetic
- Character Encoding
- Logic Gates
- Operating Systems
- Programming Languages
- Language Translators
- Application Software
- System Software
- Open-Source Software
- Proprietary Software
- Mobile Operating Systems
- Embedded Systems
- Supercomputers
- Indian Supercomputing Mission
- Green Computing
Unit 2: Digital India and Governance
- Digital India Programme
- Electronic Governance
- Digital Governance Models
- Digital Public Infrastructure
- India Stack
- Aadhaar Digital Identity
- e-KYC
- Digital Verification
- DigiLocker
- e-Sign
- Digital Signatures
- Unified Payments Interface
- Bharat Bill Payment System
- Account Aggregator Framework
- Open Credit Enablement Network
- ONDC
- CoWIN Digital Infrastructure
- Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
- ABHA Health Records
- UMANG App
- MyGov Platform
- Government e-Marketplace
- API Setu
- Government Open Data
- Direct Benefit Transfer
- JAM Trinity
- Common Service Centres
- National e-Governance Plan
- Electronic Service Delivery
- Indian DPI Global Importance
Unit 3: Software, Data and Cloud
- Software Development
- Software Development Lifecycle
- Algorithms
- Flowcharts
- Data Structures
- Database Systems
- Database Management Systems
- Relational Databases
- NoSQL Databases
- Structured Data
- Unstructured Data
- Big Data
- Data Analytics
- Metadata
- Data Standards
- Data Interoperability
- Data Warehouses
- Data Lakes
- Data Centres
- Cloud Computing
- Cloud Service Models
- Cloud Deployment Models
- Public Cloud
- Private Cloud
- Hybrid Cloud
- Edge Computing
- Fog Computing
- Serverless Computing
- Virtualisation
- Containers
- Microservices
- Application Programming Interfaces
- DevOps
- Green Data Centres
Unit 4: Artificial Intelligence
- Artificial Intelligence
- Machine Learning
- Supervised Learning
- Unsupervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
- Deep Learning
- Neural Networks
- Natural Language Processing
- Computer Vision
- Speech Recognition
- Generative Artificial Intelligence
- Large Language Models
- Foundation Models
- Multimodal Artificial Intelligence
- AI Agents
- Prompt Engineering
- Retrieval-Augmented Generation
- Explainable AI
- Responsible AI
- Artificial General Intelligence
- Algorithmic Bias
- AI Hallucination
- Synthetic Data
- Deepfakes
- Synthetic Media
- AI Governance
- AI in Governance
- AI in Healthcare
- AI in Agriculture
- AI in Education
- IndiaAI Mission
- AI Ethics
Unit 5: Internet and Communication
- Internet Architecture
- World Wide Web
- Web Browsers
- Search Engines
- Domain Name System
- Internet Protocol
- IP Addressing
- IPv4 and IPv6
- Uniform Resource Locator
- Internet Service Providers
- Broadband Technology
- BharatNet
- Wi-Fi Technology
- Bluetooth Technology
- Near Field Communication
- RFID Technology
- Fibre-Optic Communication
- Mobile Communication
- 4G Technology
- 5G Technology
- 6G Technology
- Network Slicing
- Internet of Things Networks
- Satellite Internet
- Undersea Internet Cables
- Software-Defined Networks
- Voice over Internet Protocol
- Mesh Networks
- Content Delivery Networks
- Internet Exchange Points
- Emergency Communication Systems
- Disaster Communication Technology
Unit 6: Cybersecurity and Data Protection
- Cybersecurity
- Cyber Threats
- Malware
- Computer Viruses
- Computer Worms
- Trojan Horses
- Ransomware
- Phishing
- Social Engineering
- Spyware
- Keyloggers
- Zero-Day Vulnerabilities
- Denial-of-Service Attacks
- Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks
- Botnets
- Firewalls
- Antivirus Software
- Endpoint Security
- Network Security
- Cloud Security
- Encryption
- Symmetric Encryption
- Asymmetric Encryption
- Hashing
- Public Key Infrastructure
- Multi-Factor Authentication
- Digital Certificates
- Digital Signatures
- Cyber Forensics
- Ethical Hacking
- Penetration Testing
- CERT-In
- National Cyber Coordination Centre
- Critical Information Infrastructure
- Data Protection
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act
- Data Localisation
- Cybercrime Reporting
- Cyber Hygiene
Unit 7: FinTech and Blockchain
- Financial Technology
- Digital Payments
- Unified Payments Interface
- UPI Lite
- Offline Digital Payments
- RuPay
- Card Payment Networks
- FASTag
- Digital Tolling
- National Common Mobility Card
- Aadhaar Enabled Payment System
- Micro-ATMs
- Payment Banks
- Digital Wallets
- Central Bank Digital Currency
- Digital Rupee
- Blockchain Technology
- Distributed Ledger Technology
- Smart Contracts
- Tokenisation
- Non-Fungible Tokens
- Cryptocurrency
- Cryptocurrency Mining
- Cryptocurrency Regulation
- Cryptocurrency Risks
- RegTech
- SupTech
- Digital Lending
- Open Banking
- Financial APIs
- Peer-to-Peer Lending
- Buy Now Pay Later
Unit 8: Electronics and Quantum Technology
- Semiconductor Technology
- Semiconductor Materials
- Integrated Circuits
- Microprocessors
- Microcontrollers
- System-on-Chip
- Chip Design
- Electronic Design Automation
- Semiconductor Fabrication
- Wafer Technology
- Photolithography
- Clean Room Technology
- Semiconductor Nodes
- Chip Packaging
- ATMP Facilities
- OSAT Facilities
- Display Technologies
- Light-Emitting Diodes
- Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
- Sensors
- MEMS
- India Semiconductor Mission
- Quantum Technology
- Quantum Computing
- Quantum Bits
- Quantum Supremacy
- Quantum Communication
- Quantum Cryptography
- Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum Sensors
- National Quantum Mission
Unit 9: Space, Geospatial and Drones
- Indian Space Ecosystem
- Launch Vehicle Technology
- PSLV
- GSLV
- LVM3
- Reusable Launch Vehicles
- Satellite Technology
- Communication Satellites
- Remote Sensing Satellites
- Navigation Satellites
- NavIC
- Small Satellites
- CubeSats
- Space Situational Awareness
- Space Debris
- Chandrayaan Missions
- Aditya-L1 Mission
- Gaganyaan Mission
- NISAR Mission
- IN-SPACe
- NewSpace India Limited
- Private Space Sector
- Geospatial Technology
- National Geospatial Policy
- Geographic Information Systems
- Global Positioning System
- Digital Mapping
- Remote Sensing
- Drones
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- Drone Rules
- Digital Sky Platform
- Drone Applications
- Anti-Drone Technologies
Unit 10: Applied Emerging Technologies
- Internet of Things
- Smart Cities Technology
- Intelligent Transport Systems
- Connected Vehicles
- Electric Vehicle Technology
- Battery Technologies
- Battery Management Systems
- Energy Storage Systems
- Green Hydrogen Technology
- Fuel Cell Technology
- Carbon Capture Technologies
- Climate Technology
- Clean Technology
- Agri-Tech Platforms
- Precision Agriculture
- Agricultural Drones
- Telemedicine
- Digital Health Technology
- Wearable Health Devices
- Assistive Technologies
- Robotics
- Industrial Robotics
- Industrial Automation
- 3D Printing
- Additive Manufacturing
- Extended Reality
- Augmented Reality
- Virtual Reality
- Mixed Reality
- Digital Twins
- Metaverse
- Spatial Computing
- Web3
- Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Technology Ethics
- Technology Social Impact
- Future Technology Governance
Originally written on
May 24, 2024
and last modified on
July 22, 2026.