Biology MCQs

Notes:
Glycolysis, part of cellular respiration, is a series of reactions that constitute the first phase of most carbohydrate catabolism, catabolism meaning the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. The entire process from conversion of glucose to pyruvate is anaerobic that is it does not take place in presence of oxygen.

Notes:
During hibernation in winter, toads or frogs spend the time tucked away deep in the soil, in the mud underwater or hidden amidst foliage or rotting plants. Outside of times of hibernation, they usually take in oxygen via the air, employing their lungs. However, during hibernation, they receive their necessary oxygen through their permeable skin. This is referred to as cutaneous gas exchange.

Notes:
The word angiosperm means seed. The seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons. Cotyledons are called ‘seed leaves’ because in many instances they emerge and become green when the seed germinates.

Notes:
Small intestine has three parts – duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The maximum digestion of food takes place in the duodenum. While the digestion of food is completed in jejunum. The maximum absorption of food takes place in ileum.

Notes:
Night blindness, also called nyctalopia, is failure of the eye to adapt promptly from light to darkness that is characterized by a reduced ability to see in dim light or at night. It occurs as a symptom of numerous congenital and inherited retinal diseases or as a result of vitamin A deficiency.

Notes:
The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body. The cochlear nerve is also known as the acoustic nerve. It transfers auditory information from the cochlea (auditory area of the inner ear) to the brain. The malleus transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus, and then to the stapes.

Notes:
The respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, one fiftieth of an inch across. The bronchi divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles. The bronchioles deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs.

Notes:
Human African trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, African lethargy, or Congo trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease of people and animals, caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the tsetse fly. The tsetse fly is a large, brown, biting fly that serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites.

Notes:
Green undecomposed material used as manure is called green manure. It is obtained in two ways: by growing green manure crops or by collecting green leaf (along with twigs) from plants grown in wastelands, field bunds and forest.

Notes:
Dolly was the world’s first cloned sheep. It was born on 5 July, 1996. It was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Dolly was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.