Biology MCQs

Notes:
Smooth muscle, unlike skeletal muscle, is not under voluntary control and is found in walls of most organs and structures that contain muscle such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, and blood vessels. This muscle type’s responsibility is the contraction and relaxation necessary for the grinding and churning in the digestion process.

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Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Whereas ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.

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The pineal gland is also known as the “third eye”. It is located between the two halves of the brain.

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LH hormones are surges that trigger ovulation. It is released by the anterior pituitary.

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Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus is rare and takes place in favourable conditions. Sex organs are produced on the same mycelium which has produced conidia. Male organs are called Antheridium or Pollinoduim and female are called archicarp or Ascogonium. Female organs develop as a branch of hypha. The antheridium curves round and bend towards the apex of archicarp as a result of which they become spirally coiled and their tips get fused.

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Antigens are defined as substances recognized by the body as foreign, causing the body to produce an antibody to react specifically with it. Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes as a result of stimulation by an antigen which can then interact specifically with that particular antigen.

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The green color in leaves is caused by the presence of a compound called “chlorophyll,” which the plant produces to do photosynthesis for capturing solar energy. The chlorophyll is green because it absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light — and so green is not absorbed and is reflected, making the plant look green to eyes.

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The process of breaking down large molecules into simpler one in the presence of enzyme is called fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which yeasts convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that contribute to the chemical composition and sensorial properties of the fermented foodstuffs.

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Plants and photosynthetic organisms utilize this solar energy in fixing large amounts of CO2 while amounts consumed by human beings are relatively small representing only 10% of the energy converted during photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis in plants involves a series of steps and reactions that use solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide to produce organic compounds and oxygen.

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Insects and birds have the simplest surface waxes that serve to water proof feathers. The interlocking feather barbs and a special waxy coating create a shield that water runs off of. Besides, while a few components present in surface lipids can prevent growth of pathogens, the total surface with waxed layer certainly functions to prevent microbial entry into the organism.