11. What is the value of the Least Distance of Distinct vision(in cm) for a normal human being?
[A] 58
[B] 2.5
[C] 50
[D] 25
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [25]
Notes:
The least distance of distinct vision (LDDV) or the reference seeing distance (RSD) is the closest someone with “normal” vision (20/20 vision) can comfortably look at something. The range of vision of a healthy human eye is between it’s near point and far point i.e, from 25cm to infinity.
12. Epiphytes are plants which depend on other plants for? (UPSC Prelims 2001)
[A] food
[B] mechanical support
[C] shade
[D] water
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [mechanical support]
Notes:
They are an important source of food for many species. Typically, the older parts of a plant will have more epiphytes growing on them. Epiphytes differ from parasites in that they grow on other plants for physical support and do not necessarily affect the host negatively.
13. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

Codes: (UPSC Prelims 2001)
[A] I-D, II-A, III-C, IV-B
[B] I-A, II-D, III-C, IV-B
[C] I-A, II-D, III-B, IV-C
[D] I-D, II-A, III-B, IV-C
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [I-D, II-A, III-B, IV-C]
Notes:
The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.
The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back.
The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.
14. Which among the following organs secrete bile juice?
[A] Liver
[B] Pancreas
[C] Stomach
[D] Large intestine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Liver]
Notes:
Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the liver and it aids in the digestion of food. Many waste products are eliminated from the body through bile.
15. In which of the following organisms is the nuclear membrane absent?
[A] Nostoc
[B] Volvox
[C] Agaricus
[D] Penicillium
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Nostoc]
Notes:
Nostoc, also known as star jelly, troll’s butter, witch’s butter, and witch’s jelly, is a genus of cyanobacteria. Nostoc does not have a nuclear membrane. This is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus. The genetic material in these cells is found in the cytoplasm, not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. On the contrary, Volvox, Agaricus, and Penicillium are all eukaryotic organisms, hence possess a nuclear membrane.
16. Microfilaments are made up of which protein?
[A] Tubulin
[B] Actin
[C] Myosin
[D] Chitin
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [Actin]
Notes:
Microfilaments are composed of globular subunits of the protein actin. Actin monomers polymerize in the presence of ATP to form flexible helical filaments.
17. Which of the following minerals is related to cytochromes?
[A] Cu and Fe
[B] Cu
[C] Mg
[D] Fe
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Cu and Fe]
Notes:
The minerals associated with cytochromes are Fe and Cu.
18. A single polar flagellum is known as__?
[A] monotrichous
[B] lophotrichous
[C] amphitrichous
[D] none of these
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [monotrichous]
Notes:
Monotrichous bacteria have a single flagellum. Lophotrichous bacteria have multiple flagella located at the same location on bacterial surfaces that work together to steer the bacteria in the same direction.
19. Which of the following group is used to represent disease-related fungi?
[A] Penicillium
[B] Truffles, mushrooms and morels
[C] Smuts, rusts and moulds
[D] All of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Smuts, rusts and moulds
]
Notes:
Smuts, rusts, and molds groups is used to represent disease-related fungi.
20. Which of the following is a non-vascular endosperm?
[A] Thallophyta
[B] Bryophyta
[C] Pteridophyta
[D] All the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [Bryophyta]
Notes:
Xylem and phloem are not found in Bryophyta, so they are called non-vascular embryophytes.