31. In which of the following countries Talaq-e-Biddat is legal?
- Egypt
- Syria
- Jordan
- India
- Malaysia
Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
[A] Only 1, 2 & 4
[B] Only 3, 4 & 5
[C] 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5
[D] None of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [None of the above]
Notes:
- Triple talaq has been banned in many Muslim countries, including Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Kuwait, Iraq and Malaysia.
- Both Talaq-e-Hasan and Talaq-e-Ahsan enjoy legal validity in almost all Muslim countries.
32. Which statement about Article 33 of the Indian Constitution is incorrect?
[A] Any such law made cannot be challenged in any court on grounds of fundamental rights violation.
[B] The power to make laws under Article 33 is only with Parliament.
[C] ‘Members of the armed forces’ includes non-combatant employees.
[D] The term ‘martial law’ is not explicitly defined in the Constitution.
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Any such law made cannot be challenged in any court on grounds of fundamental rights violation.]
Notes:
Article 33 empowers only Parliament, not state legislatures, to modify fundamental rights for armed forces. The term ‘martial law’ is not defined in the Constitution. Non-combatant employees are covered. However, laws made under Article 33 can be challenged on grounds other than contravention of fundamental rights.
33. With reference to Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution, consider the following statements:
- No Member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee thereof.
- If the Speaker is of opinion that words have been used in the debate which are defamatory or indecent or unparliamentary or undignified, the Speaker may, while exercising discretion, order that such words be expunged from the proceedings of the House.
Select the correct option using the codes given below:
[A] Only 1
[B] Only 2
[C] Both 1 & 2
[D] Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Only 1]
Notes:
Article 105(2) grants Members of Parliament immunity from legal proceedings regarding anything said or any vote given in Parliament or its committees. However, the Speaker’s power to expunge words derives from Rule 380 of the Rules of Procedure, not Article 105(2). Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is not related to Article 105(2).
34. Which of the following is true for the term State?
- The State refers to a political institution that represents a sovereign people who occupy a definite territory.
- The government (or the executive) is one part of the State.
- It can be used interchangeably with government.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
[A] Only 1 and 2
[B] Only 2 and 3
[C] Only 1 and 3
[D] All of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Only 1 and 2]
Notes:
‘Government’ is responsible for administering and enforcing laws. The government can change with elections. The State on the other hand refers to a political institution that represents a sovereign people who occupy a definite territory. We can, thus, speak of the Indian State, the Nepali State etc. The Indian State has a democratic form of government. The government (or the executive) is one part of the State. The State refers to more than just the government and cannot be used interchangeably with it.
35. Consider the following Assertion and Reason type statements:
- Assertion (A): Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us.
- Reason (R): While ordinary legal rights are protected and enforced by ordinary law, Fundamental Rights are protected and guaranteed by the Constitution of the country.
Which of the above is / are correct?
[A] Both A and R are individually correct and R is the correct explanation of A
[B] Both A and R are individually correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
[C] A is correct but R is incorrect
[D] Both A and R are incorrect
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Both A and R are individually correct and R is the correct explanation of A]
Notes:
Both A and R are individually correct and R is the correct explanation of A. Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us. While ordinary legal rights are protected and enforced by ordinary law, Fundamental Rights are protected and guaranteed by the Constitution of the country. Ordinary rights may be changed by the legislature by ordinary process of law making, but a fundamental right may only be changed by amending the Constitution itself.
36. Which of the following is/are valid limitations imposed on the Right to Freedom under the Indian Constitution?
- Freedom of an individual must not threaten the freedom of others.
- Freedom of an individual or group must not endanger law and order.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
[A] Only 1
[B] Only 2
[C] Both 1 & 2
[D] None of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Both 1 & 2]
Notes:
Both options are correct. The Right to Freedom under the Indian Constitution is subject to reasonable restrictions, ensuring an individual's freedom does not threaten others' freedoms or disturb law and order. Articles 19(2) to 19(6) prescribe these permissible limitations to ensure public order, security, and rights of others are not endangered.
37. Consider the following statements:
- The Election Commission of India has been a multi-member body since the enactment of the Constitution.
- The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) presides over the Election Commission, but does not have more powers than the other Election Commissioners.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
[A] Only 1
[B] Both 1 and 2
[C] Only 2
[D] None of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Only 2]
Notes:
Only the second statement is correct. Initially, the Election Commission was a single-member body until it became multi-member prior to the 1989 general elections, reverted, and has remained multi-member since 1993. However, the Constitution allows both structures. The CEC has equal powers to other Election Commissioners; decisions are taken collectively.
38. Consider the following statements:
- The Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), popularly known as the Mandal Commission, was set up to identify the socially or educationally backward classes of India and to recommend reservations as a means to address caste inequality and discrimination.
- The Justice Rohini Commission was constituted to ensure equitable distribution of reservation benefits among OBC castes through sub-categorization.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
[A] Only 2
[B] Only 1
[C] Both 1 and 2
[D] Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Only 2]
Notes:
Statement 1 is correct as the Mandal Commission (SEBC) was mandated to identify and recommend actions for socially and educationally backward classes. Statement 2 is also correct; the Justice Rohini Commission was set up specifically for the sub-categorization among OBCs to ensure the equitable distribution of reservation benefits. Hence, both statements are correct.
39. With respect to the NIPUN Bharat Scheme, consider the following statements:
- It is a national mission to enable all children at the end of class 5 to attain foundational skills by the year 2026-2027.
- It aims to cover the learning needs of children in the age group of 6 to 15 years.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
[A] Only 1
[B] Only 2
[C] Both 1 & 2
[D] Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [Neither 1 nor 2]
Notes:
- NIPUN (National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy) Scheme is a national mission to enable all children at the end of class 3 to attain foundational skills by the year 2026-2027.
- It aims to cover the learning needs of children in the age group of 3 to 9 years.
- It covers key technical aspects of foundational literacy and numeracy as well as the administrative aspects for effectively setting up an implementation mechanism at the National, State, District, Block and School level.
40. Which of the following initiatives has/have been taken to ensure transgender rights?
- Separate enclosures for transgender inmates.
- Sweekruti
- Garima Greh
- National Portal
Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
[A] Only 1, 2 & 3
[B] Only 2, 3 & 4
[C] Only 1, 3 & 4
[D] 1, 2, 3 & 4
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [1, 2, 3 & 4]
Notes:
The Centre directed states to create separate jail enclosures for transgender inmates to prevent exploitation. The ‘Sweekruti’ scheme aims to secure the rights of transgender individuals and address societal discrimination. Garima Greh provides shelter, food, medical care, and skill development support for transgender persons. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched the National Portal for Transgender Persons, allowing digital applications for certificates and identity cards, minimizing the need for physical interactions with officials.
