Diabetes Quiz

Notes:
World Diabetes Day is observed every year on November 14 and is led by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) to raise awareness about diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases affecting millions worldwide. The IDF predicts that by 2050, one in eight adults globally will be living with diabetes, highlighting the urgent need for action. Healthy lifestyle choices play a key role in reducing high blood sugar and managing diabetes effectively.

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HbA1c is used for monitoring diabetes control. Elevated TSH indicates primary hypothyroidism. Low serum ferritin reflects iron deficiency anemia. All three pairs are correctly matched.

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Indian and US researchers have recently discovered a new subtype of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), a rare, inherited form of diabetes. MODY is caused by genetic mutations that lead to impaired insulin production or function. It is typically diagnosed in adolescents or young adults under 35 years of age, without significant obesity. The discovery was made by researchers from the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF) in Chennai and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. This breakthrough could change the way certain forms of MODY are diagnosed and treated, offering better solutions for patients. MODY is divided into 14 subtypes, each linked to different gene mutations.

Notes:
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has recently acknowledged Type 5 diabetes as a distinct form of the disease. This recognition came at the 75th Diabetes World Congress in Bangkok. Type 5 diabetes is a form of malnutrition-related diabetes that affects lean, undernourished teenagers and young adults, mostly in low- and middle-income regions. Around 20 to 25 million people globally are estimated to suffer from this type, mainly in Asia and Africa. It is caused by a severe defect in insulin secretion due to chronic undernutrition, not by insulin resistance like in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. It was first identified in Jamaica in 1955 as J-type diabetes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognised it in 1985 but later withdrew support in 1999 because of limited research.

Notes:

• Multiple sclerosis involves the immune system attacking the protective sheath covering nerve fibers: This is correct. MS is characterized by the immune system damaging myelin, leading to communication issues between the brain and the body.
• Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the digestive system and can lead to malnutrition: This is incorrect. RA primarily affects joints, causing inflammation and pain, not the digestive system.
• Type 1 diabetes results from the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas: This is correct. T1D is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas.
• Coeliac disease and gluten (Correct): Coeliac disease is indeed an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten, which is present in wheat, rye, and barley. This condition affects nutrient absorption and can lead to various health issues.

Thus, two statements are correct.

Notes:
The Mediterranean Diet is, indeed, known for its health benefits particularly in lowering the risk of heart diseases, reducing the incidence of Type 2 diabetes, as well as managing weight more efficiently. However, it does not promote increased intake of trans fats. Instead, the diet prioritizes the consumption of heart-healthy fats like olive oil, thus making only statements 1, 2 and 4 correct.

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India’s first diabetes biobank has been established in Chennai by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF). It stores biological samples to support scientific research with ICMR’s approval. The biobank focuses on studying the causes, variations, and related disorders of Indian diabetes. Blood samples are collected from two ICMR studies: the India Diabetes (INDIAB) study (2008-2020) and the ongoing registry of young-onset diabetes (since 2006).

Notes:
World Diabetes Day (WDD) is observed on November 14 each year to raise awareness about diabetes. The event is organized by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This year’s theme, “Breaking Barriers, Bridging Gaps,” focuses on accessible, affordable diabetes care. WDD was created in 1991 in response to global diabetes concerns and officially recognized by the UN in 2006. November 14 marks the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, co-discoverer of insulin. WDD highlights the importance of early diagnosis, proper care, and lifestyle changes in managing diabetes.

Notes:
Scientists at Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, discovered a protein IL-35 that can help treat type 1 and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. IL-35 is made of IL-12α and IL-27β chains. It protects against type 1 and autoimmune diabetes by regulating immune cells. IL-35 inhibits immune cells attacking pancreatic beta cells and reduces inflammation. Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks insulin-producing beta cells, causing insulin deficiency and lifelong dependence on external insulin.

Notes:
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014, compared to 108 million in 1980. The global prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population.
‘World Diabetes Day’ is observed on November 14 every year. The theme for World Diabetes Day 2021-23 is access to diabetes care.