Shigellosis Outbreak Reported in Kerala

A recent outbreak of shigellosis has been reported in Kerala, raising public health concerns due to its highly contagious nature. The infection, caused by Shigella bacteria, is a major contributor to diarrhoeal diseases, particularly in regions with challenges in sanitation and hygiene.

What is Shigellosis?

Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria known as Shigella. It primarily affects the intestines and leads to acute diarrhoea. The disease is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhoea globally. Humans are the only natural reservoir of the bacteria, making person-to-person transmission a key factor in its spread.

Transmission and risk groups

The infection spreads mainly through the faecal-oral route, often via contaminated food, water or direct contact with infected individuals. Poor hygiene practices significantly increase the risk of transmission. It can also spread through close personal or sexual contact. Children under five years of age are particularly vulnerable, along with elderly individuals, malnourished persons and those with weakened immune systems.

Symptoms and clinical features

The most common symptom of shigellosis is diarrhoea, which may be bloody or contain mucus and can persist for several days. Other symptoms include abdominal cramps, fever, vomiting and a constant urge to pass stool even when the bowels are empty. The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the individual’s health condition and immune status.

Important Facts for Exams

• Shigellosis is caused by Shigella bacteria and spreads via the faecal-oral route.
• Humans are the only natural reservoir of the pathogen.
• It is a leading bacterial cause of diarrhoea worldwide.
• Young children and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk.

Treatment and prevention

Shigellosis is usually self-limiting, and mild cases often resolve without specific treatment. However, severe infections may require antibiotics and medical care. Preventive measures include maintaining proper hygiene, safe food handling, access to clean drinking water and improved sanitation practices, which are essential to control outbreaks and reduce disease burden.