Lipulekh Pass Dispute
India announced the resumption of border trade with China through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand. Nepal objected strongly, claiming the area as its territory. India rejected Nepal’s objections citing historical evidence and long-standing trade practices since 1954. The dispute involves the tri-junction region of Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, and Lipulekh, which Nepal includes in its official map and constitution. India insists the claims are baseless and invites Nepal for dialogue to resolve outstanding boundary issues.
Historical Background
The India-Nepal border was defined by the 1816 Sugauli Treaty, which set the Kali River as the boundary. Nepal claims the river’s source lies at Limpiyadhura, placing Kalapani and Lipulekh within its territory. India argues the river originates further downstream, making these areas part of Uttarakhand. Both countries rely on British-era maps to support their claims. The dispute has persisted since the 1960s without final resolution.
Significance
Lipulekh Pass is a strategic mountain pass connecting India and China. It serves as a route for the annual Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage. The road to the pass was upgraded by India in 2020 to improve accessibility for pilgrims and traders. This road enhances India’s strategic presence near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. The pass also facilitates India-China border trade during summer months.
Diplomatic Developments and Tensions
Nepal’s objections intensified after India’s road construction and the resumption of trade through Lipulekh. Nepal’s government insists that these actions violate bilateral agreements to resolve disputes through dialogue. India maintains that trade through Lipulekh has been ongoing for decades and that Nepal’s claims lack historical basis. Diplomatic talks have been proposed but delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic and political factors.
India-China-Nepal Trijunction Dynamics
The tri-junction area holds strategic importance for India amid growing China influence in South Asia. India deployed border security forces in Kalapani after the 1962 war with China. Nepal views this as encroachment. China remains officially neutral but supports India-China trade expansion through Lipulekh. The region’s strategic value has increased due to geopolitical tensions and infrastructure development by India and China.
Impact on India-Nepal Relations
The border dispute has strained India-Nepal relations. Nepal’s perception of India’s actions as unilateral has increased distrust. Political changes in Nepal, especially under Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli, have seen a tilt towards China. India’s perceived support for blockades in Nepal and border disagreements have further complicated ties. Despite open borders and people-to-people contact, diplomatic engagement remains cautious and sensitive.
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