India-Bangladesh Ganga Water Sharing Treaty Renewal Talks Begin

India and Bangladesh have formally initiated discussions on renewing the Ganga Water Sharing Treaty, which is scheduled to expire in December 2026, three decades after its signing. The talks mark a crucial phase in bilateral relations as both countries assess hydrological data and political considerations surrounding one of South Asia’s most sensitive transboundary water-sharing arrangements.

Expiry of the 1996 Ganga Water Sharing Treaty

The Ganga Water Sharing Treaty was signed in 1996, providing a structured mechanism for sharing dry-season flows of the Ganga at the Farakka Barrage. The agreement played a key role in stabilising India-Bangladesh relations by addressing long-standing concerns over water availability in Bangladesh during lean months. With the treaty nearing its expiry, both sides are now evaluating whether to renew it in its existing form or revise key provisions.

Joint Water Measurements and Technical Engagement

Officials from both countries have begun joint measurements of water levels in the Ganga and Padma rivers. These measurements will be conducted every 10 days until May 31 to assess seasonal flow patterns. Teams from India’s Central Water Commission and Bangladesh’s water resources authorities are stationed in each other’s countries to ensure transparency and technical coordination during data collection.

Strategic and Political Sensitivities

Bangladesh has underscored the need for heightened security for Indian officials involved in the exercise amid domestic political turbulence and rising anti-India sentiments. Water measurement has commenced near the Hardinge Bridge on the Padma River in Bangladesh and at the Farakka point in India, highlighting the strategic importance of these locations. The Farakka Barrage has historically been a focal point of bilateral tensions due to its impact on downstream flows.

Imporatnt Facts for Exams

• The Ganga Water Sharing Treaty was signed in 1996 and is valid for 30 years.
• India and Bangladesh share 54 transboundary rivers.
• The Farakka Barrage was constructed in 1975 on the Ganga.
• The Indo-Bangladesh Joint River Commission coordinates water-sharing issues.

Background and Future of Bilateral Water Cooperation

India first proposed cooperative development of the Ganga’s water resources in 1953, but negotiations remained inconclusive until Bangladesh’s independence in 1971. The establishment of the Indo-Bangladesh Joint River Commission marked a turning point in structured water diplomacy. As talks progress in 2026, the renewal of the treaty will test both countries’ ability to balance domestic priorities with regional cooperation, particularly in the context of climate variability and growing water stress in the Ganga basin.