HRW Accuses Israel of Using White Phosphorus in Lebanon

Human Rights Watch (HRW) has accused Israel of unlawfully using white phosphorus munitions over residential areas in southern Lebanon during recent military operations. The allegation comes amid escalating tensions along the Israel–Lebanon border following renewed clashes involving Hezbollah. According to the rights group, the use of such munitions in populated areas poses serious risks to civilians and may violate international humanitarian law.

HRW Report on Incident in Yohmor

The New York-based organisation stated that Israeli forces fired artillery shells containing white phosphorus over the southern Lebanese town of Yohmor on March 3, 2026. HRW reported that it verified and geolocated several images showing airburst white phosphorus munitions exploding above residential areas. The images also reportedly showed civil defence workers responding to fires in homes and vehicles within the town, indicating damage to civilian property.

What Is White Phosphorus?

White phosphorus is a chemical substance that ignites immediately when exposed to oxygen. Militaries often use it to produce smoke screens, illuminate battlefields, or mark targets during operations. However, when used as an incendiary weapon, it can cause severe burns, respiratory damage, organ failure, and potentially death. Because the substance burns intensely and spreads quickly, its use in populated areas is highly controversial and subject to restrictions under international humanitarian law.

Rising Tensions Along the Israel–Lebanon Border

The allegations come amid continued Israeli military operations targeting Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon. Israel has carried out multiple waves of air strikes and deployed ground forces in border areas following attacks by the Iran-backed militant group. Lebanese authorities report that hundreds of people have been killed in recent strikes, while more than half a million residents have been displaced from their homes due to the escalating conflict.

Important Facts for Exams

• White phosphorus ignites on contact with oxygen and produces dense smoke.
• The Chemical Weapons Convention does not classify white phosphorus as a chemical weapon.
• International humanitarian law restricts the use of incendiary weapons in civilian areas.
• The Litani River in Lebanon is a key geographical reference line in Israel–Lebanon security arrangements.

Calls for Investigation and International Response

Human Rights Watch has urged Israel to immediately stop using white phosphorus in residential areas and called on countries supplying weapons to Israel to review military assistance. Lebanese authorities have also raised concerns about environmental and humanitarian damage from Israeli military actions. The accusations add to growing international scrutiny of the ongoing conflict and its impact on civilians in the region.