Polity & Governance

101st Constitution Amendment Act

The 101st Constitution Amendment Act, enacted in 2016, introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime in India. It empowered the GST Council to decide on taxation matters related to goods and services. The Act includes a specific provision allowing the Council to recommend the date for applying GST on petroleum products such as crude oil, petrol, diesel, natural gas, and aviation turbine fuel. This amendment marked shift in indirect taxation by subsuming multiple taxes into one unified system, but it excluded petroleum products initially, pending further decisions by the Council.

Why in news?

The GST Council is expected to decide the date for levying GST on natural gas, as per the provisions of the 101st Amendment, during its December 21st meeting in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

11th Schedule

The 11th Schedule of the Constitution of India, added by the 73rd Amendment Act in 1992, lists 29 subjects under the jurisdiction of Panchayati Raj institutions. These include agriculture, health, sanitation, education, water management, and rural electrification. It enables decentralized planning and implementation of local development programs. The schedule excludes salaries and establishment expenses, focusing instead on service delivery and infrastructure development. It is a key legal framework empowering rural local bodies to manage and execute functions tailored to local needs, promoting grassroots democracy and self-governance.

Why in news?

Untied grants released to rural local bodies are intended to be used for subjects specified in the 11th Schedule, enabling targeted local development in Kerala and Meghalaya.

15th Finance Commission

The 15th Finance Commission was constituted in 2017 to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the Union and states for 2021-26. It focuses on fiscal federalism, equitable resource sharing, and improving local governance. It introduced grants for rural local bodies that are untied, allowing flexible use across 29 subjects listed in the 11th Schedule of the Constitution. The Commission emphasizes strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions by incentivizing performance and promoting fiscal autonomy. It recommends grants to both rural and urban local bodies, with a focus on capacity building and sustainable development.

Why in news?

The Union government released the second instalment of 15th Finance Commission grants to rural local bodies in Kerala for 2024-25 as part of its budgetary allocations.

74th Constitutional Amendment

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, came into force in 1993 to empower urban local bodies (ULBs) in India. It mandates the devolution of 18 specific functions including urban planning, water supply, and public health to ULBs. The amendment established elected urban local governments with fixed five-year terms and provisions for ward committees. It also requires the creation of State Finance Commissions to recommend financial devolution to ULBs. Despite its passage over 30 years ago, full implementation remains incomplete in many states, limiting ULBs’ autonomy and effectiveness in urban governance.

Why in news?

The CAG released a report denoting that 18 states have not fully implemented the 74th Amendment, affecting 241 million residents and causing a 42% gap between ULBs’ resources and expenditure.

Amicus Curiae

An amicus curiae is a person or organization appointed by a court to provide expert advice on complex matters relevant to a case. In India, courts often appoint amicus curiae in novel or complicated legal disputes to assist judges. The term means “friend of the court” in Latin. This role is impartial and helps ensure informed judicial decisions, especially when technical or specialized knowledge is required. Amicus curiae submissions can influence case outcomes and legal precedents. In the ANI v OpenAI case, an amicus curiae was appointed to assist the Delhi High Court in understanding AI and copyright complexities.

Why in news?

The Delhi High Court appointed an amicus curiae to assist in the first Indian lawsuit challenging generative AI on copyright grounds, denoting the case’s technical and legal complexity.

Beneficial Interest Declaration

The declaration of beneficial interest holders refers to disclosing individuals who ultimately own or control a legal entity’s assets or contributions, even if not officially listed as partners. This transparency measure targets LLPs and other entities to prevent concealment of ownership and curb illicit activities like money laundering. The Government of India recently mandated LLPs to declare such beneficial interests to enhance regulatory oversight. This requirement aligns with global trends in beneficial ownership disclosure to improve corporate governance and financial transparency. Failure to disclose can lead to penalties and stricter scrutiny by authorities.

Why in news?

The government enhanced supervision over LLPs by requiring them to declare beneficial interest holders, increasing transparency amid rising LLP formations.

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) is a recent legislation in India that consolidates and reforms criminal laws related to citizen security. It replaces several older laws, including parts of the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. BNSS introduces modernized provisions such as relaxed bail standards for first-time offenders under Section 479. This section mandates release on bail after serving one-third of the maximum sentence, except in cases involving multiple offences or pending investigations. The law aims to reduce prison overcrowding and expedite justice delivery. BNSS came into effect on July 1, 2024.

Why in news?

BNSS’s Section 479 provisions on bail for first-time offenders are being implemented to reduce the number of undertrial prisoners before Constitution Day, as ordered by the Supreme Court and advocated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah.

Cesses and Surcharges

Cesses and surcharges are additional levies collected by the Central government on top of regular taxes. Their share in gross tax revenue rose from 12.8% in 2011 to 22.8% in 2022-23. These levies are not shared with States, unlike other tax revenues, which reduces the divisible pool of taxes for States. PPRI argues that increasing reliance on cesses and surcharges weakens the federal structure by favoring centralization. It recommends capping these levies at a consensus level so that any excess flows into the divisible pool, enhancing States’ fiscal autonomy and resource availability.

Why in news?

PPRI has urged the 16th Finance Commission to cap cesses and surcharges to improve fiscal federalism and increase States’ share of tax revenues.

Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA)

The Commission for Academic Accreditation is the UAE’s federal body responsible for licensing and accrediting higher education institutions. It operates under the Ministry of Education and ensures quality assurance in academic programs. The CAA evaluates universities on curriculum standards, faculty qualifications, infrastructure, and governance. Accreditation by the CAA is mandatory for foreign universities to operate in the UAE legally. It aligns UAE higher education with international standards and promotes continuous improvement. The commission also monitors compliance post-accreditation and supports institutions in enhancing academic quality.

Why in news?

Symbiosis International University’s Dubai campus received full accreditation from the Commission for Academic Accreditation, enabling it to offer recognized degree programs.

Commitments and Settlements Regime

The commitments and settlements regime is a mechanism under the Competition Amendment Act, 2023, allowing businesses to propose remedies to competition concerns voluntarily. This approach avoids lengthy investigations and litigation, leading to faster resolution of anti-competitive issues. It helps conserve regulatory resources and reduces adversarial interactions between businesses and regulators. The regime promotes a culture of voluntary compliance and fair play within industries. It also enables quicker market corrections, benefiting consumers by restoring competitive conditions more efficiently than traditional enforcement methods.

Why in news?

This regime was emphasized as a game changer by the CCI Chairperson in a November 2024 workshop focused on competition law compliance.

Compensation Revenue

Compensation revenue for municipal corporations includes payments received as reimbursements or compensations from governments or other entities for services rendered or losses incurred. This can include compensation for land acquisition, infrastructure development, or revenue shortfalls due to policy changes like GST. It forms a consistent but minor part of municipal finances, typically around 13% of total revenue. These revenues help municipalities manage cash flows and fund capital projects. The sources and accounting of compensation revenues vary by state and municipality, often linked to specific schemes or government agreements.

Why in news?

Compensation revenue remains stable at 13% of municipal revenue in FY24, supporting municipal corporations’ financial stability amid changing tax structures.

Concurrent List (India)

The Concurrent List in India’s Constitution is a set of subjects on which both the central and state governments can legislate. Agricultural income tax currently falls under the State List, meaning only states can impose it. For the central government to tax agricultural income, this subject would need to be moved to the Concurrent List. This change requires a constitutional amendment and political consensus, which has not been forthcoming. The division of powers complicates reforms aimed at taxing agricultural income, limiting the central government’s ability to implement uniform tax policies on farm earnings.

Why in news?

The text marks the constitutional barrier to imposing agricultural income tax in India, as it remains a state subject, restricting central government’s tax reforms.

Constituent Assembly Debate on ‘God’

On October 17, 1949, the Constituent Assembly debated whether to include the phrase “In the name of God” in the Constitution’s Preamble. Several amendments proposing references to God or religious figures were defeated. Members argued that including God could infringe on freedom of faith and promote sectarianism. The Assembly allowed members to swear in the name of God or affirm solemnly, respecting believers and non-believers. The debate reflected India’s complex religious diversity and the decision to maintain secularism without explicitly endorsing any deity in the Constitution.

Why in news?

Highlighted in 2024 as part of reflections on Constitution Day, illustrating the historical origins of India’s secular constitutional framework and ongoing debates on religion in politics.

Constitution Day (India)

Constitution Day, also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated annually on November 26 to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1949. It was officially designated by the Government of India in 2015 to honor Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution. The day promotes awareness about the Constitution’s values and principles across India. Various educational and cultural programs are organized nationwide. January 26 marks the day the Constitution came into effect, making India a republic. Constitution Day encourages citizens to engage with constitutional rights and duties.

Why in news?

The 75th anniversary of the adoption of India’s Constitution is being celebrated with year-long events, including a new government website and addresses by President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

constitution75.com Website

constitution75.com is an official government portal launched in November 2024 to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Constitution of India’s adoption. It serves as an interactive platform for citizens to learn about the Constitution’s history, principles, and significance. The website features educational resources, quizzes, articles, and multimedia content to engage users. It also allows public participation through essays, discussions, and events related to constitutional values. The site aims to promote constitutional literacy among youth and the general population, aligning with the government’s efforts to celebrate the Constitution’s legacy throughout 2024-25.

Why in news?

The Government of India launched constitution75.com on November 25, 2024, as part of the 75th Constitution Day celebrations to encourage public engagement with the Constitution’s legacy.

Controller General of Accounts (CGA)

The Controller General of Accounts (CGA) is an office under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, responsible for establishing and maintaining a uniform accounting system for the central government. It monitors and compiles government receipts and expenditures, producing monthly and annual financial statements. The CGA plays a key role in fiscal transparency and public finance management. It operates the Public Financial Management System (PFMS), an electronic fund tracking mechanism. The CGA’s data is crucial for policy decisions, budget monitoring, and fiscal deficit calculations. It was established in 1976 and functions as the principal accounting advisor to the government.

Why in news?

The CGA provided the official tax revenue data for April-September 2024, denoting growth trends in various tax components and the overall fiscal performance for the first half of FY25.

Finance Commission of India

The Finance Commission of India is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Constitution of India. It is constituted every five years to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and States and among States themselves. The Commission also suggests grants-in-aid to States in need. The first Finance Commission was formed in 1951, chaired by K.C. Neogy. It plays a key role in fiscal federalism in India. The Commission’s recommendations are advisory but usually accepted by the government. The 16th Finance Commission covers the award period from 2026 to 2031 and includes members from diverse economic and administrative backgrounds.

Why in news?

The 16th Finance Commission, led by Arvind Panagariya, is visiting Kerala to discuss the State’s proposals on tax devolution and grants ahead of its recommendations for the 2026-31 period.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006

The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 is an Indian legislation consolidating various food-related laws into a single framework. It established the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to regulate food safety and standards. The Act prohibits the use of non-food grade materials in food packaging and mandates strict penalties for violations. It covers food hygiene, labeling, additives, and contaminants. The Act also empowers food safety officers to conduct inspections and impose fines or cancel licenses. It replaced multiple older laws to provide a unified regulatory approach to food safety across India.

Why in news?

The Food Safety Department in Chennai referenced this Act while warning food business operators against using non-food grade plastics for packing food, denoting enforcement actions and penalties.

Gyanvapi Mosque Survey

The Gyanvapi mosque in Varanasi is the subject of a contentious court-ordered archaeological survey to investigate claims that a Hindu temple existed beneath it. The Allahabad High Court ruled the Places of Worship Act, 1991 does not define how to determine the religious character of the site as of 1947, leaving it to courts to decide based on evidence. The mosque complex is a key site in the ongoing disputes over religious places in India, with the survey marking the third such inspection after similar cases in Mathura and Dhar.

Why in news?

The Gyanvapi mosque survey has intensified communal tensions and legal debates over the Places of Worship Act and religious site claims in Uttar Pradesh.

Inner Line Permit System

The Inner Line Permit (ILP) is a travel document required to enter certain protected areas in India, primarily in the northeastern states and high-altitude Himalayan regions like Kinnaur and Lahaul-Spiti. Instituted during British colonial rule, it aims to protect indigenous cultures and regulate tourism. The ILP requires visitors to register and sometimes undergo health screenings. It controls the number of tourists and prevents environmental degradation. The system is managed by state governments and varies in rules and enforcement. It has recently been proposed as a model for mandatory registration in other high-altitude areas to monitor and safeguard tourists.

Why in news?

The article suggests mirroring the ILP system for health screenings and registration of tourists in high-altitude Himalayan zones to prevent fatalities from altitude sickness.

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)

The IRDAI is the autonomous regulatory body established in 1999 to oversee and regulate the insurance industry in India. It protects policyholders’ interests, promotes fair competition, and ensures the financial soundness of insurance companies. IRDAI sets guidelines for product approvals, licensing, and solvency margins. It also promotes innovation and digitalization in the sector. IRDAI has played a key role in opening the insurance market to private and foreign players since 2000. The authority maintains a database of agents and brokers and enforces strict compliance to prevent unethical sales practices. It also facilitates consumer grievance redressal through an online portal.

Why in news?

IRDAI chairperson Debasish Panda spoke about the growth and challenges of the insurance sector and endorsed the Bima Sugam platform to improve distribution during a major banking conclave in November 2024.

Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956

The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 provides a legal framework for resolving water disputes between state of Indias. It empowers the central government to constitute tribunals or committees to investigate and adjudicate disputes. Section 4 mandates the formation of negotiation committees to facilitate amicable settlements before tribunal formation. The Act has been used in disputes involving major rivers like Cauvery, Krishna, and Pennaiyar. Amendments and judicial interventions have aimed to expedite resolution processes. The Act balances state rights with national interests in managing shared water resources.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court directed the Union government to form a negotiation committee under this Act to resolve water sharing issues between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF)

The Internet Freedom Foundation is an Indian digital rights advocacy group founded in 2016. It focuses on issues such as privacy, net neutrality, surveillance, and free speech online. IFF engages in public interest litigation, policy advocacy, and awareness campaigns. It played a key role in opposing internet shutdowns and restrictions on digital expression in India. The foundation has contributed to debates on data protection laws and government surveillance. IFF is known for its collaborative work with civil society and technology experts. It often files complaints and petitions before regulatory bodies and courts to safeguard digital rights.

Why in news?

IFF filed complaints with the CCI against WhatsApp’s 2021 privacy update, arguing that it imposed unfair conditions and violated competition law, prompting the investigation and fine.

LODR Regulations

The Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR) Regulations are rules set by SEBI to govern listed companies in India, ensuring transparency and accountability. They require companies to disclose financial results, shareholding patterns, and related party transactions regularly. The regulations cover corporate governance, investor protection, and timely reporting of material events. LODR applies to mainboard companies and now extends to SME listed entities with paid-up capital above ₹10 crore and net worth exceeding ₹25 crore. The regulations aim to prevent malpractices like diversion of funds and circular transactions through shell companies by mandating detailed disclosures and compliance.

Why in news?

SEBI is extending LODR Regulations to SME listed entities, tightening related party norms to curb diversion of IPO proceeds and ensure greater transparency in SME IPOs.

Lokniti-CSDS Survey

The Lokniti-CSDS Survey is a collaborative electoral study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) and its Lokniti program. It focuses on voter behavior, social dynamics, and political trends across India. The survey uses extensive field data and statistical analysis to provide vital information about electoral issues, including the importance of farming in Maharashtra’s 2024 elections. Lokniti-CSDS is known for its rigorous methodology, including stratified sampling and detailed questionnaires, which help capture nuanced public opinion. The data often influences political strategies and academic research on Indian democracy.

Why in news?

The Lokniti-CSDS survey provided critical data on how farming issues shaped voter priorities in the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly elections, denoting the electoral significance of the agrarian sector.

Nagpur Pact

The Nagpur Pact was signed in 1953 by Marathi leaders demanding the unification of Marathi-speaking regions—Bombay State, Vidarbha, and Marathwada—into one state. It aimed to balance development among these regions and ensure equitable distribution of government jobs and resources. The pact recognized Vidarbha’s distinct identity and promised special development focus, but the demand for separate Vidarbha statehood was rejected by the Centre. The pact played important role in shaping the linguistic reorganization of Bombay State, eventually leading to the formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. It remains a reference point in Vidarbha’s ongoing statehood debates.

Why in news?

The Nagpur Pact is relevant due to renewed demands for Vidarbha statehood and political discussions on regional development within Maharashtra.

Press Council of India

The Press Council of India (PCI) was established in 1966 under the Press Council Act. It functions as a statutory, quasi-judicial body that oversees the conduct of the press and ensures freedom of the press while maintaining ethical standards. The PCI has the authority to censure newspapers and journalists for violations of journalistic ethics. It consists of members representing the press, Parliament, and the government. The council promotes responsible journalism and mediates disputes between the press and the public. It has no punitive powers but influences press behavior through advisory and moral authority.

Why in news?

The Press Council of India is central to National Press Day celebrations on November 16, marking its establishment and role in safeguarding press freedom in India.

Sagarmanthan

Sagarmanthan is South Asia’s largest maritime thought leadership forum, first held in November 2024 in New Delhi. It is organized by India’s Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) in partnership with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF). The forum focuses on four thematic pillars addressing the blue economy, global supply chains, maritime logistics, and sustainable growth. It aims to encourage dialogue among global leaders, policymakers, and visionaries to shape the future of the maritime sector. The event marks India’s strategic role in global maritime governance and the country’s ambition to lead sustainable ocean management practices.

Why in news?

Sagarmanthan was held for the first time in November 2024, marking step for India in maritime thought leadership and global ocean governance discussions.

Sagarmanthan – The Great Oceans Dialogue

is a maritime-focused summit organized by India’s Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways in partnership with the Observer Research Foundation. The inaugural edition gathered over 1,700 participants, including 215 delegates from 60 countries. It serves as a platform for maritime policy discussions, technological innovation, and international cooperation on ocean governance. The summit aims to align with India’s ‘Maritime Vision 2047’ to become a leading maritime nation. Topics include port operations, shipbuilding, cargo handling, legislative reforms, and sustainability. It encourages dialogue on emerging maritime challenges and opportunities globally.

Why in news?

The first edition of Sagarmanthan was held recently, coinciding with announcements about the Chennai-Vladivostok corridor and India-Greece maritime cooperation.

Seaplane Operations

Seaplane operations involve aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water bodies. In India, recent regulatory changes have simplified infrastructure requirements and eased operational norms for seaplanes to promote connectivity in remote and water-rich regions. Seaplanes can use water aerodromes, which are distinct from traditional airports or heliports. The government has operationalised two water aerodromes under the UDAN scheme. Seaplane services are particularly suited for tourism and last-mile connectivity in islands, lakes, and coastal areas. The reduced regulatory burden aims to attract more operators and lower costs, facilitating affordable fares and increased accessibility.

Why in news?

UDAN 2.0 draft includes provisions to ease seaplane operations, allowing cost-effective infrastructure and regulatory support to boost last-mile connectivity.

SHAKTI Policy Para B (iv)

The SHAKTI Policy is India’s coal linkage policy designed to enhance transparency and efficiency in coal allocation for power plants. Para B (iv) specifically refers to provisions allowing states and power producers to secure coal linkages through competitive bidding mechanisms, such as Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB). This clause facilitates the allocation of coal to new power projects by linking coal supply with power procurement contracts, ensuring the coal is used efficiently and competitively. The policy aims to promote new capacity addition, reduce fuel supply risks, and align coal allocations with market-driven power demand.

Why in news?

The Power Ministry’s recommendation to earmark long-term coal linkage to Madhya Pradesh for 4,000 MW is made under Para B (iv) of the SHAKTI Policy to support new coal-based power capacity.

Shambhu Border

The Shambhu border is a key protest site located on the Punjab-Haryana border in India. It gained prominence during the 2020-2021 farmers’ protests against agricultural reforms. The border is a strategic junction on National Highway 44, connecting northern states. It became a focal point for sustained farmer demonstrations, with thousands camping for over a year. The site witnessed clashes, negotiations, and media coverage. Its location is critical for transportation and trade routes, impacting supply chains during protests. The Shambhu border protests symbolized rural resistance and brought national attention to farmers’ demands and grievances.

Why in news?

Farmers protesting at the Shambhu border for over a year were directly engaged by the Supreme Court’s high-level committee assessing the agricultural crisis in Punjab and Haryana.

Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee

The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) is a Sikh religious organization responsible for managing gurdwaras (Sikh places of worship) in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh. Established in 1920, it oversees the administration of over 200 historic gurdwaras, including the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The SGPC plays role in Sikh religious, political, and social affairs. It is elected by Sikh voters and has faced controversies over its political affiliations and management practices. The SGPC also runs educational institutions and publishes Sikh literature. It has been involved in various movements defending Sikh rights and heritage.

Why in news?

The SGPC opposed Haryana’s acquisition of land for a Vidhan Sabha building in Chandigarh, asserting Punjab’s claim over the city.

Smart Cities Mission

The Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal program launched by the Government of India in 2015. It aims to develop 100 smart cities with sustainable infrastructure, efficient public services, and enhanced quality of life. Key features include smart governance, intelligent transport systems, and energy-efficient buildings. The mission integrates IoT, AI, and data analytics for urban management. It involves citizen participation and public-private partnerships. Funding is shared between central and state governments, with an emphasis on replicable and scalable models. The program targets economic growth alongside environmental sustainability.

Why in news?

The Smart Cities Mission was referenced by Shankar Krishnamoorthy as a key initiative benefiting from AI and semiconductor chip advancements during the Bengaluru Tech Summit 2024.

Strategic Decision-Making Exercise

The Strategic Decision-Making Exercise is a simulation-based training module designed to prepare senior leaders for managing national-level cyber crises. It involves scenario-based drills that test participants’ abilities to make high-pressure decisions involving cybersecurity incidents impacting critical infrastructure and public safety. The exercise enhances coordination among government, industry, and security agencies, focusing on crisis communication, resource allocation, and policy implementation. It is a key component of Bharat NCX 2024, emphasizing leadership skills beyond technical expertise to include strategic foresight and crisis management under stress.

Why in news?

This exercise was a central feature of Bharat NCX 2024, aiming to improve India’s leadership preparedness for complex cyber emergencies through realistic simulations and collaborative decision-making.

Subrahmanyam Committee

The Subrahmanyam Committee was formed in the aftermath of the Kargil War (1999) to assess national security concerns related to citizenship and immigration. It recommended creating a comprehensive citizen database to distinguish citizens from non-citizens. This led to the addition of Section 14A in the Citizenship Act, mandating compulsory registration of all Indian citizens and the issuance of identity cards. The committee’s work influenced the conceptualization of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC). Its recommendations aimed to improve border security, prevent illegal immigration, and support the issuance of official citizenship documentation.

Why in news?

The Subrahmanyam Committee’s recommendations underpin the legal framework for the 2025 Census exercise updating the National Population Register (NPR) and establishing the NRIC.

Sunshine Protection Act

The Sunshine Protection Act is proposed U.S. legislation aiming to make Daylight Saving Time (DST) permanent. First introduced in 2022 and reintroduced in 2023 by Senator Marco Rubio, the Act seeks to eliminate the biannual clock changes. The bill passed the Senate but stalled in the House of Representatives. If enacted, it would prevent the fall clock rollback and keep clocks one hour ahead year-round. Some states like Hawaii and Arizona do not observe DST, while the Navajo Nation in Arizona does. The Act reflects ongoing debates on DST’s health, energy, and social impacts.

Why in news?

The Sunshine Protection Act of 2023 was reintroduced but remains stalled, denoting ongoing U.S. legislative debates about making DST permanent.

Swarnim Sankul-2

Swarnim Sankul-2 is a government complex located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, housing various administrative offices including the Chief Minister’s Public Relations Unit. It serves as a venue for public interactions, such as the SWAGAT grievance redressal program. The complex is part of the Swarnim Gujarat initiative, which focuses on development and governance reforms. Swarnim Sankul-2 is strategically important for facilitating direct citizen-government engagement and administrative coordination in the state capital.

Why in news?

Swarnim Sankul-2 will host the in-person grievance submission for the SWAGAT program on November 28, 2024, where citizens can meet officials and the Chief Minister.

Water Aerodromes

Water aerodromes are designated areas on water bodies used for the landing and takeoff of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft. Unlike traditional airports, they require minimal infrastructure such as floating docks or simple shore facilities. India currently has two operational water aerodromes under the UDAN scheme. These aerodromes help connect remote or island regions where building conventional airports is challenging. They support tourism and regional connectivity by enabling access to water-rich areas. Regulatory guidelines for seaplanes have recently been relaxed to encourage more operators and reduce infrastructure costs, enhancing the feasibility of water aerodromes.

Why in news?

Water aerodromes are part of the UDAN 2.0 plan, which aims to simplify regulations and reduce infrastructure requirements to boost regional air connectivity, including by seaplanes.

XVI Finance Commission

The XVI Finance Commission is a constitutional body in India constituted every five years to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States. It succeeded the XV Finance Commission and works on principles of fiscal federalism, focusing on equitable resource sharing. The commission considers factors like population, income distance, area, and fiscal discipline. It also recommends grants-in-aid to states for specific purposes. The XVI Finance Commission’s recommendations influence the financial autonomy and development capabilities of state of Indias. Its members include a chairperson and experts in finance, economics, and public administration.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin addressed the XVI Finance Commission, urging an increase in the States’ share in the divisible tax pool to 50% to ease financial burdens and support development projects.

Economy & Banking/Finance

21st ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Meeting

The 21st ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Meeting was held in September 2024 in Vientiane, Laos. This annual meeting gathers economic ministers from the 10 ASEAN countries and India to discuss regional economic cooperation, trade facilitation, and integration efforts. It plays a key role in guiding ASEAN-India trade relations, including urging progress on agreements like AITIGA. The meeting addresses issues such as tariff reductions, non-tariff barriers, and economic partnerships. Vientiane was chosen as the venue as Laos held the ASEAN chairmanship in 2024. The meeting precedes higher-level summits to align ministerial and leadership priorities.

Why in news?

The 21st ASEAN-India Economic Ministers Meeting in September 2024 set the stage for the AITIGA review talks held in November 2024, emphasizing expedited negotiations for trade agreement updates.

Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)

Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) is a telecommunications industry term used in India referring to the total revenue earned by a telecom operator from its services, including both telecom and non-telecom sources, as defined by the Department of Telecommunications. The AGR calculation includes license fees and spectrum usage charges, which are a percentage of AGR payable to the government. The Supreme Court of India ruled in 2019 that telecom companies must pay dues based on AGR, leading to financial liabilities for operators. The AGR liability often comprises deferred payments and has heavily impacted the Indian telecom sector’s finances.

Why in news?

Vodafone Idea’s reported ₹70,320 crore AGR liability contributes to its outstanding government payment obligations as of September 30, 2024.

Administered Price Mechanism (APM)

The Administered Price Mechanism (APM) is a government policy in India that regulates the pricing and allocation of natural gas, especially for priority sectors like CNG and domestic use. It ensures subsidized gas supply to these sectors by fixing prices below market rates. The mechanism was introduced to protect consumers and industries from volatile global gas prices. However, APM allocations have been gradually reduced to encourage market-driven pricing and improve fiscal health. The shift from APM gas to costlier alternatives like LNG and HPHT gas increases costs for gas distribution companies and impacts retail pricing and margins.

Why in news?

APM gas allocations were reduced for the second consecutive month in November 2024, leading to sharp declines in shares of city gas distribution companies due to margin pressures from costlier alternative gas sources.

B-Heavy Molasses

Why in news?

B-heavy molasses is a key input in India’s ethanol supply, supporting the country’s ethanol blending targets and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Back-Loaded Recovery

A back-loaded recovery refers to an economic or market rebound that occurs primarily in the later stages of a forecast period rather than immediately. This means growth or price increases are expected to be subdued initially but accelerate over time. In equity markets, it implies modest near-term returns followed by stronger gains as underlying fundamentals improve. The term is often used in financial forecasts to temper short-term expectations while denoting potential long-term upside. It reflects cautious optimism amid current challenges such as earnings downgrades or macro risks, signaling that recovery benefits are delayed rather than absent.

Why in news?

Goldman Sachs projects a back-loaded recovery for Indian equities, expecting modest near-term gains with stronger earnings-driven growth over 12 months.

Bancassurance

Bancassurance refers to the partnership between banks and insurance companies to sell insurance products through bank branches. It has increased insurance penetration in India by leveraging banks’ customer base. However, it also raises concerns about mis-selling, where customers may be sold insurance products they do not need, increasing borrowing costs indirectly. Bancassurance requires banks to maintain transparency, ethical sales practices, and clear communication to avoid customer distrust. This model blends banking and insurance services, aiming to provide convenience but demands careful regulatory oversight to protect consumers from aggressive or inappropriate sales tactics.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister brought into light mis-selling issues in bancassurance at an SBI event, urging banks to focus on core banking and avoid burdening customers with unnecessary insurance products.

Banking Correspondents in India

Banking correspondents (BCs) are individuals or entities appointed by banks to provide banking services in remote or underserved areas. Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India in 2006, BCs help increase financial inclusion by offering basic banking services like deposits, withdrawals, and loan applications without requiring customers to visit bank branches. BCs often use mobile devices or biometric authentication to connect customers with banks digitally. SBI employs over 80,300 banking correspondents, playing important role in reaching India’s vast rural population and expanding banking access beyond urban centers.

Why in news?

SBI’s banking correspondent network was brought into light during the centenary celebrations of its Horniman Circle Branch as part of its growth and outreach statistics in November 2024.

Banking Regulations Act, 1949

The Banking Regulations (BR) Act, 1949 governs banking operations in India, ensuring financial stability and consumer protection. Section 35A allows banks to report frauds involving ₹50 crore or more to the CBI for investigation. However, the Act does not empower banks to choose or transfer investigating agencies for criminal cases already registered with State police. The Act’s purpose is regulatory oversight, not jurisdictional control over investigations. The BR Act works alongside other laws like the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which governs the CBI’s authority to investigate cases across states. It is foundational in Indian banking law but limited in investigative powers.

Why in news?

The Karnataka High Court ruled that the BR Act does not allow banks to transfer State-registered criminal cases to the CBI, dismissing Union Bank of India’s petition in a multi-crore fraud case involving the Karnataka Maharshi Valmiki Scheduled Tribes Development Corporation Ltd.

Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI) Sector

The BFSI sector encompasses banks, insurance companies, non-banking financial companies, payment service providers, and asset management firms. It plays a critical role in India’s economy by offering financial products and services. The sector has seen rapid digitization, increasing reliance on digital public infrastructure to reach remote areas. BFSI entities handle vast amounts of sensitive customer data, making them prime targets for cyberattacks. The sector is subject to stringent regulatory frameworks, including data protection laws like the DPDP Bill. The BFSI sector’s growth is closely tied to technological adoption and robust data privacy practices.

Why in news?

The BFSI sector is brought into light due to its extensive data handling and the need to comply with the new DPDP Bill’s data protection requirements.

Base Effect

The base effect refers to the impact of the previous year’s data on the calculation of growth rates. When the prior period had unusually high or low values, it can distort the year-on-year comparison. In economics, it often affects inflation, GDP, or revenue growth statistics. For example, if GST collections were exceptionally high in one year due to a one-time factor, the subsequent year’s growth rate may appear lower even if collections remain stable. The base effect is critical for interpreting short-term economic data accurately, ensuring analysts account for anomalies in past data to avoid misleading conclusions.

Why in news?

The base effect is influencing the reported slower growth in GST collections for FY25 compared to FY24, as last year’s high growth is making current year growth appear subdued.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) is an international body formed in 1974 by central banks and banking regulators from major economies. It sets global standards for banking regulation, including capital adequacy, risk management, and disclosure requirements. The committee’s guidelines, such as Basel I, II, and III frameworks, aim to strengthen financial stability worldwide. It operates under the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Basel, Switzerland. The BCBS cannot enforce rules but influences national regulators to adopt its standards. It includes members from about 30 jurisdictions, representing the world’s largest economies and financial centers.

Why in news?

The Basel Committee is debating a climate risk disclosure framework for banks, which the US Federal Reserve has opposed, risking indefinite shelving of the proposal.

Basel III Tier II Bonds

Basel III Tier II bonds are a type of bank capital instrument designed to absorb losses in times of financial distress. They are subordinated, meaning they rank below other debts in claims on assets. These bonds are non-convertible, taxable, and redeemable with a typical tenor of 15 years and often include a call option after 10 years. Issuance of such bonds helps banks meet regulatory capital requirements set by Basel III norms, enhancing financial stability. These bonds are unsecured and listed, providing investors with a fixed coupon rate while supporting the bank’s capital adequacy.

Why in news?

Bank of Baroda raised ₹3,500 crore via Basel III Compliant Tier II capital bonds with a 7.41% coupon rate, attracting bids worth ₹9,500 crore, reflecting strong investor interest and capital strengthening efforts.

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

BEML is a public sector undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Defence, established in 1964. It manufactures heavy equipment for railways, metros, mining, and defence sectors. BEML produces rail coaches, mining machinery, and defense vehicles. It is one of the few Indian companies making armored vehicles and earthmoving equipment. The company has manufacturing units in Bangalore, Mysore, and Kolar Gold Fields. BEML also supplies to international markets and plays a key role in India’s Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives by reducing import dependence in strategic sectors.

Why in news?

BEML signed an MoU with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd to collaborate on R&D for marine technologies aimed at enhancing India’s defence self-reliance.

Brownfield Expansion

Brownfield expansion refers to the process of increasing production capacity by upgrading or adding to existing industrial facilities rather than building new ones on undeveloped land (greenfield projects). In the steel industry, brownfield projects often involve modernizing plants or adding new production lines within existing plants to improve efficiency and output. This approach is usually faster and less costly than greenfield expansions and helps companies leverage existing infrastructure and workforce. Brownfield expansions can increase capacity without the regulatory and environmental hurdles typically associated with new plant construction.

Why in news?

Leading Indian steel companies like Tata Steel, JSW Steel, and JSPL have recently completed brownfield expansions, adding fresh capacity amid fluctuating steel prices.

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA)

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) is a key decision-making body in the Government of India responsible for approving major economic and financial policies and projects. Chaired by the Prime Minister, it includes senior ministers from finance, commerce, and other relevant portfolios. The CCEA reviews proposals related to public investment, pricing, subsidies, and reforms in sectors impacting the economy. It plays important role in expediting decisions on large-scale projects and policies that require inter-ministerial coordination. The committee meets as needed, and its decisions have the force of the Cabinet.

Why in news?

The CCEA approved the ₹1,435-crore PAN 2.0 Project on November 25, 2024, enabling the rollout of the upgraded PAN system with QR code features.

Captive Coal Mining

Captive coal mining refers to coal extraction by private companies or industries primarily for their own use rather than for commercial sale. In India, captive mines are allocated to power plants, cement factories, and steel producers to ensure a steady coal supply. This system was introduced to reduce dependence on commercial coal and improve energy security. Captive coal production has grown rapidly, with annual increases exceeding 40% in recent years. These mines operate under specific government regulations and often contribute to reducing import dependency. Captive coal dispatches are separately tracked from commercial coal in official statistics.

Why in news?

Captive coal production in India rose by 41.75% year-on-year in October 2024, impacting the country’s overall coal output and reducing import reliance.

Chennai-Vladivostok Corridor

The Chennai-Vladivostok eastern maritime corridor links India’s east coast with Russia’s Far East port of Vladivostok. It reduces cargo transport time from 40 to 24 days and cuts distance by up to 40%. The corridor facilitates the movement of oil, food, and machinery. It connects key Indian ports like Paradip and Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Bengal. Operational since late 2023, it enhances trade between India and Russia, boosting bilateral economic ties. The corridor is part of India’s broader maritime strategy to improve connectivity with East Asia and Russia’s Pacific region.

Why in news?

The corridor became operational recently, marking step in India-Russia trade and maritime cooperation, as brought into light by India’s Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways Sarbananda Sonowal.

Complex Fertilizers

Complex fertilizers contain two or more primary nutrients—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)—in a single granule, unlike simple fertilizers that supply only one nutrient. They improve nutrient use efficiency and reduce the number of applications needed. In India, complex fertilizer production rose 11% to 62.55 lakh tonnes during April-October 2024. The nutrient ratio in these fertilizers is often adjusted to match soil and crop requirements, moving closer to the recommended 4:2:1 N:P:K ratio. Complex fertilizers can be customized by manufacturers using imported raw materials to meet regional agricultural needs.

Why in news?

The article marks increased domestic production and usage of complex fertilizers amid shortages of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and changing nutrient demand patterns.

Concessional Finance

Concessional finance involves loans or grants offered on terms substantially more generous than market rates, often including lower interest rates, longer grace periods, or partial debt forgiveness. It is critical for climate finance as it reduces the financial burden on developing countries while enabling large-scale investments in clean energy, adaptation, and resilience. Multilateral development banks (MDBs), bilateral providers, and climate funds are key sources. Between 2016 and 2022, 79% of bilateral loans, 41% of multilateral climate fund loans, and 23% of MDB loans were concessional. Concessional finance helps leverage private investments and supports just transitions in vulnerable economies.

Why in news?

The COP29 report emphasized the need to increase concessional finance to fill gaps in climate funding, noting that nearly 70% of developed countries’ climate finance currently comes as loans, many of which are concessional.

Core Inflation

Core inflation excludes volatile items such as food and energy prices to reflect the underlying, persistent inflation trend. It is a critical measure for central banks to assess inflation pressures without short-term noise. In India, core inflation typically excludes food and fuel prices, which are subject to seasonal and external shocks. Core inflation is important for monetary policy decisions as it indicates long-term inflation trends that affect wage and price-setting behavior. It is often measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) excluding food and fuel components. Core inflation rates tend to be lower and more stable than headline inflation.

Why in news?

Core inflation in India rose above expectations in October 2024, signaling widespread inflationary pressures beyond food prices, influencing RBI’s cautious stance on policy rates.

Core Liquidity

Core liquidity is the sum of system liquidity and government surplus balances held with the Reserve Bank of India. It represents the true liquidity available in the banking system after accounting for government cash balances that are not immediately available for lending. Core liquidity is a more accurate measure of the banking system’s liquidity status than system liquidity alone. Changes in core liquidity influence the Reserve Bank’s monetary policy decisions, especially in managing liquidity through open market operations and repo rate adjustments. A decline in core liquidity signals tightening financial conditions.

Why in news?

Core liquidity in India fell sharply from ₹4.6 trillion in late September 2024 to ₹1.6 trillion by mid-November 2024, reflecting tightening liquidity due to negative balance of payments and RBI interventions.

Cost-Push Inflation

Cost-push inflation occurs when rising production costs, such as higher prices for raw materials, wages, or energy, drive up overall prices in the economy. Unlike demand-pull inflation, which is driven by increased demand, cost-push inflation results from supply-side constraints. It can be triggered by events like oil price shocks or supply chain disruptions. This type of inflation is often harder to control because measures to reduce it may slow economic growth. In India between 2020-2023, cost-push inflation was due to overlapping shocks in food and oil markets during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Why in news?

The RBI Governor cited cost-push inflation as a key challenge during the Covid-19 period, denoting the need for fiscal and monetary coordination to manage supply chain pressures.

Counter-Cyclical Measures

Counter-cyclical measures are regulatory actions taken to stabilize the economy by countering cyclical fluctuations. In banking, these include tightening credit or increasing capital requirements during boom periods to prevent excessive risk-taking, and easing them during downturns to support lending. The Reserve Bank of India uses counter-cyclical capital buffers to manage credit growth and sectoral concentrations. These measures help mitigate systemic risks and enhance financial stability. They are part of macroprudential policy frameworks adopted globally after the 2008 financial crisis to prevent banking crises triggered by economic cycles.

Why in news?

RBI governor Das referenced counter-cyclical measures applied last year to address concentration risks in certain loan segments, emphasizing proactive risk management by bank boards.

Counterpoint Research

Counterpoint Research is a global technology market research firm specializing in mobile, semiconductor, and consumer electronics sectors. Founded in 2013, it provides market intelligence, forecasts, and analysis to help companies make strategic decisions. The firm is known for its detailed tracking of smartphone shipments, 5G adoption trends, and telecom market dynamics worldwide. Counterpoint’s reports often influence industry outlooks and investment strategies. Neil Shah, a co-founder, is a recognized analyst frequently cited in media for insights on mobile technology growth, particularly in emerging markets like India.

Why in news?

Counterpoint Research projects India will become the largest 5G FWA market by 2027, denoting subscriber growth trends and market competition with the US.

Digital Public Infrastructure

India’s Digital Public Infrastructure refers to government-backed digital platforms and frameworks that enable broad access to online services, including financial services. Examples include the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Aadhaar biometric ID system, and digital identity frameworks. This infrastructure facilitates financial inclusion by allowing people in remote and underserved regions to access banking, payments, and credit. It supports interoperability, scalability, and security, enabling millions of transactions daily. The infrastructure’s open architecture encourages private sector innovation while maintaining government oversight. It is foundational to India’s digital economy and inclusive growth strategy.

Why in news?

Digital public infrastructure is credited with enabling India’s recent progress in expanding financial services access, a key context for the DPDP Bill’s data protection focus.

Distribution Yield Structure

Distribution yield refers to the annual income return on an investment expressed as a percentage of the investment’s cost or current market value. In this context, the scheme offers a distribution yield of 9% in FY26, declining slightly to 8.7% in FY27 and 8.6% in FY28. These yields are generated primarily from rental income of leased properties. The gradual reduction in yield reflects anticipated rental escalations and capital appreciation factors. Distribution yields in REITs and SM REITs are critical for investor returns, especially for income-focused investors. Staggered lock-in periods and rental escalations influence the yield profile over time.

Why in news?

PropShare Platina’s offer document outlines a distribution yield schedule for investors, denoting expected returns over three fiscal years following the IPO.

Export Tax Rebates

Export tax rebates are government incentives that refund exporters a portion of the taxes paid on inputs or products to promote international trade competitiveness. In China, these rebates encourage solar photovoltaic product exports by reducing costs for manufacturers. The rebate rates vary by product type and policy changes can impact global supply chains and pricing. For example, rebates on solar cells and glasses were reduced from 13% to 9%, while for solar ribbons, rebates were cut to zero. These adjustments affect the cost structure of solar components, influencing global trade flows and prices.

Why in news?

The Chinese government recently slashed export tax rebates on solar photovoltaic components, leading to increased costs for Indian solar manufacturers reliant on Chinese imports.

Food Inflation Basket

The food inflation basket is a subset of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) that tracks price changes in food items. In India, food items constitute nearly 46 percent of the total inflation basket, making food inflation a major driver of overall inflation. This basket includes cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat, and spices. Food inflation is highly volatile due to factors like monsoon variability, supply chain disruptions, and climate change-induced weather events. Persistent food inflation affects monetary policy decisions, especially by the Reserve Bank of India, because it directly impacts consumer spending and inflation expectations.

Why in news?

S&P Global’s report emphasized that persistent food inflation, driven by supply shocks and climate change, is delaying RBI’s rate cuts as food prices heavily influence India’s inflation metrics.

Global Innovation Districts

Global Innovation Districts are designated zones designed to encourage innovation, research, and development by clustering technology companies, startups, and research institutions. Karnataka plans to establish three such districts in Bengaluru, Mysuru, and Belagavi. These districts provide infrastructure, collaborative spaces, and incentives to attract GCCs and startups. Innovation districts help accelerate technology transfer, enhance industry-academia collaboration, and boost economic growth by concentrating talent and resources. The concept promotes sustainable urban development by integrating workspaces with residential and recreational areas.

Why in news?

Karnataka’s GCC policy includes the creation of three dedicated Global Innovation Districts to support GCC growth and innovation ecosystems in Bengaluru, Mysuru, and Belagavi.

Global Markets Treasury Operations

Global Markets Treasury Operations in banking involve managing liquidity, foreign exchange, interest rate risk, and investment portfolios on a global scale. This function supports corporate and retail banking by optimizing the bank’s asset-liability mix and ensuring regulatory compliance. Treasury teams engage in market-making activities, trading government securities, and derivatives. They also handle cross-border transactions and currency risk management. In large banks like SBI, this department is crucial for profitability and risk mitigation. Treasury operations require constant monitoring of global financial markets, interest rates, and geopolitical events to make informed decisions and maintain financial stability.

Why in news?

Nand Kishore, the new MD & CEO of SBI Funds Management, previously served as Deputy Managing Director (Global Markets) at SBI’s Corporate Centre, overseeing treasury operations.

Global South

The term Global South refers to countries primarily in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania that face common challenges like lower income, less industrialization, and economic dependency. These nations often seek to increase per capita income and productivity through growth, infrastructure investment, and institutional reforms. They typically have younger populations and are more vulnerable to economic shocks. The concept emerged during the Cold War as a non-aligned alternative to the Global North and South divide. It marks global economic disparities and the need for tailored development policies. Cooperation among Global South countries is increasing in forums like BRICS and the G77.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India Governor emphasized the importance of growth and price stability for countries in the Global South during a central bank policy conference held in November 2024.

Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI)

The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) is a lesser-known Indian think tank focused on international trade policies and economic strategies. Founded by Ajay Srivastava, it provides research-based insights and policy recommendations on trade agreements, tariffs, and economic partnerships. GTRI analyzes trade impacts on domestic industries, MSMEs, and foreign direct investment flows. Its reports often emphasize India’s trade balance, tariff structures, and challenges in global value chain integration. GTRI’s work influences policy debates on India’s trade agreements, including RCEP and other FTAs, by denoting risks of trade deficits and competition from foreign manufacturers.

Why in news?

GTRI released a report warning that joining RCEP could exacerbate India’s trade deficits and harm domestic industries due to tariff-free Chinese imports.

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a comprehensive indirect tax levied on the manufacture, sale, and consumption of goods and services across India, implemented since July 1, 2017. It replaced multiple cascading taxes levied by the central and state governments. GST is divided into three types – Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), and Integrated GST (IGST). The revenue collected is shared between the Union and the States as per set formulas. The GST Council, chaired by the Union Finance Minister, governs the tax rates and policies. It has simplified the tax structure but requires continuous adjustments to address state revenue concerns.

Why in news?

GST revenue collections for the state crossed 50% of the budget estimate by October 2024, indicating portion of the state’s tax revenue comes from this source despite overall fiscal challenges.

Green Shoe Option

The green shoe option is a provision in an offering that allows underwriters to sell additional shares or bonds, typically up to 15% more than the original issue size, to stabilize the price after the offering. It was first used in the 1960s by the Green Shoe Manufacturing Company, hence the name. This option helps manage volatility and investor demand in new issues. It is also known as an over-allotment option. The mechanism can be exercised within 30 days of the offering. It is common in equity and bond markets to support pricing and liquidity.

Why in news?

The Bank of India’s bond issue included a green shoe option of ₹3,000 crore, allowing the bank to increase the bond sale beyond the base issue size due to high demand.

Hallmark Unique Identification (HUID)

The Hallmark Unique Identification (HUID) is a unique alphanumeric code assigned to each piece of hallmarked gold jewellery or artefact in India. It encodes details such as the jeweller’s identity, the assay center, purity grade, and date of hallmarking. Introduced to enhance traceability and consumer trust, the HUID helps verify authenticity and purity through an online system managed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The code is laser-engraved on gold items and can be checked via the BIS portal or mobile app. This system reduces counterfeit gold circulation in the Indian market.

Why in news?

The government expanded mandatory hallmarking to 18 more districts from November 5, 2024, increasing the use of HUID for gold jewellery authentication across 361 districts.

India-US Trade Growth

India’s trade with the US has grown since 2001, from $9.7 billion in imports to $87.3 billion by 2023, increasing its share from 0.9% to 2.8% of total US global imports. This growth reflects bipartisan US political support across four administrations, two Democrats and two Republicans. The US became India’s top export destination in FY24, with exports valued at $77.51 billion and imports at $42.2 billion. This trend marks India’s rising importance in the US supply chain and the strategic economic integration between the two countries.

Why in news?

The data on India-US trade growth was brought into light in a November 2024 government note amid discussions of future trade policies under the new US administration.

Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services (IFTAS)

IFTAS is the research and development arm of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) focused on financial technology solutions. Established to support innovation in banking and financial sectors, it provides technology services like the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) and the Centralized Payment Systems. IFTAS also manages the RBI’s IT infrastructure and digital payment systems. It operates under the RBI’s supervision and collaborates with private tech firms. IFTAS plays a key role in the new RBI cloud project, ensuring data security and compliance with Indian regulations. It also promotes local IT firms in financial technology development.

Why in news?

IFTAS is leading the initial development of RBI’s first public cloud platform aimed at affordable local cloud services for Indian financial firms, marking step in data localization efforts.

JAM Trinity

The JAM Trinity refers to the integration of Jan Dhan accounts, Aadhaar identification, and Mobile connectivity to promote financial inclusion in India. Jan Dhan accounts provide no-frills bank accounts to the unbanked, Aadhaar offers a unique digital identity to over 1.3 billion Indians, and mobile phones facilitate access to banking services. This combination enables direct benefit transfers, reduces leakages in subsidy payments, and increases transparency. JAM has been instrumental in expanding the reach of government welfare schemes and financial services, making India a global leader in digital financial inclusion.

Why in news?

The JAM Trinity was cited by RBI Innovation Hub CEO Rajesh Bansal as a foundational element driving India’s fintech transformation at the IIM Bangalore symposium.

Kharif Produce

Kharif crops are the monsoon-season crops grown in India from June to October, including rice, maize, cotton, and pulses. These crops depend heavily on timely and adequate rainfall. The term kharif originates from Arabic, meaning autumn. Kharif produce impacts India’s food supply and inflation due to their seasonal availability. Post-harvest, these crops influence market prices and inflation trends, especially for staples like rice and pulses. India’s agricultural policies often focus on supporting kharif crop yields through subsidies and minimum support prices. Variability in monsoon rains directly affects kharif production and food inflation.

Why in news?

QuantEco cited increased availability of kharif produce as a factor potentially moderating food inflation in India after the October 2024 peak.

Legacy Gas Fields

Legacy gas fields in India refer to older natural gas production sites, both onshore and offshore, such as those in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. These fields have been the primary source of domestic natural gas, supplying about 90% of CNG demand as of mid-2023. Due to natural reservoir depletion, production from these fields declines about 5% annually. The government regulates prices from these fields to keep domestic gas affordable. Declining output has forced supply cuts to city gas retailers and increased reliance on costlier imported liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Why in news?

Production decline in legacy fields has led to reduced domestic gas allocation to CNG retailers, prompting supply cuts and potential price increases in major urban markets like Delhi and Mumbai.

Manufacturing-Linked Solar Power Project

Manufacturing-linked solar power projects in India are initiatives that combine solar power generation capacity with domestic manufacturing of solar components. These projects aim to boost local production of solar panels and equipment, reduce import dependence, and promote self-reliance under schemes like “Make in India.” The 12-gigawatt (GW) capacity project auctioned by SECI is one of the largest, designed to integrate manufacturing incentives with renewable energy deployment. Such projects often receive policy support, subsidies, and assured off-take agreements to attract investment and accelerate India’s solar capacity growth.

Why in news?

The 12-GW manufacturing-linked solar project is caught in controversy due to US charges against the Adani group, raising concerns about financing and project execution in the Indian solar sector.

Milk Cooperatives in India

Milk cooperatives in India began in the 1940s, gaining prominence through the Amul cooperative established in 1946 in Gujarat. These cooperatives enabled farmers to collectively market milk and dairy products, ensuring fair prices and eliminating middlemen. The movement was instrumental in India becoming the world’s largest milk producer. Milk cooperatives follow a democratic structure where farmers are members and owners. They provide veterinary services, training, and credit facilities to farmers. The success of milk cooperatives contributed to rural empowerment and poverty reduction. Leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel supported their growth, linking them to India’s freedom struggle and economic independence.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Modi referenced milk cooperatives and Amul during the Global Cooperative Conference 2024, denoting their historical and ongoing importance in India’s cooperative and economic landscape.

Multi-Skill Exposure in MSMEs

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India show a growing preference for hiring workers with multi-skill exposure. MSMEs offer medium-level opportunities post-skilled schooling and are willing to provide growth and pay increments for versatile employees. Unlike large industries that require formal certification, MSMEs prioritize practical, adaptable skills across trades. The demand for multi-skilled workers helps MSMEs remain competitive and flexible in a dynamic market. This trend encourages broad-based trade education, enabling workers to perform various roles, which is critical for MSMEs’ survival and growth in India’s diverse economic landscape.

Why in news?

The World Bank’s study marks MSMEs’ interest in multi-skill trained school graduates as a key factor for employment growth in the manufacturing sector.

Netbanking Interoperability

Netbanking interoperability refers to the ability of consumers to use any bank’s netbanking platform to make payments across different merchant outlets without needing multiple integrations. Proposed by the Reserve Bank of India in its 2025 vision document, this system aims to eliminate the need for banks to tie up individually with payment aggregators. It enables direct integration between banks and aggregators on a common platform, improving transaction success rates and reducing backend stress on UPI. The average transaction size in netbanking is typically above Rs 2.5 lakh, often used for insurance, tax, and large-ticket payments.

Why in news?

NPCI is integrating with top-tier banks like ICICI and HDFC to launch netbanking interoperability soon, which will simplify payments and reduce reliance on UPI for large-value transactions.

OECD Tax Administration 3.0

The OECD Tax Administration 3.0 report outlines the digital transformation framework for tax administrations worldwide. It identifies six key building blocks, with the first being a secure digital identity for taxpayers and citizens. The framework promotes integrating digital technologies to improve tax compliance, reduce administrative burdens, and enhance service delivery. It encourages governments to adopt unified digital platforms, data analytics, and real-time processing. The report is widely referenced by policymakers to modernize tax systems, emphasizing privacy, security, and interoperability between government agencies.

Why in news?

Deloitte India cited the OECD Tax Administration 3.0 report to show how the PAN 2.0 Project aligns with global best practices for digital tax administration.

Paradip Refinery

The Paradip refinery is a major oil refinery located in Odisha, with a capacity of 15 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA). Commissioned in the late 2010s, it is one of the largest refineries in India and plays important role in meeting the country’s fuel demand. The refinery integrates advanced technologies for fuel production and petrochemical processing. It is strategically positioned near the eastern coast for easy import of crude oil and export of refined products. The refinery also supports the development of a mega petrochemical complex aimed at boosting India’s petrochemical industry. It is operated by Indian Oil Corporation.

Why in news?

The Paradip refinery is mentioned due to Arvinder Singh Sahney’s role in commissioning and optimizing this refinery and his involvement in developing the upcoming mega petrochemical complex there.

Passive Investing

Passive investing is an investment strategy involving minimal buying and selling, aiming to replicate the performance of a market index. It includes products like index funds and ETFs, which track indexes such as the Nifty 50 or Sensex. Passive funds typically have lower expense ratios compared to actively managed funds due to reduced management costs. This strategy reduces risks associated with market timing and human error. Passive investing has grown rapidly in India, driven by increased investor awareness and demand for transparent, cost-effective investment options. ETFs provide intraday liquidity, unlike traditional mutual funds.

Why in news?

Angel One Mutual Fund’s launch focuses exclusively on passive investment solutions, reflecting the growing trend and demand for ETFs and index funds in India’s asset management industry.

Pillar 3 Disclosure

Pillar 3 is part of the Basel regulatory framework requiring banks to publicly disclose detailed information about their risk exposures, risk management processes, and capital adequacy. Its goal is to improve market discipline by enhancing transparency. Unlike Pillar 1 (minimum capital requirements) and Pillar 2 (supervisory review), Pillar 3 focuses on disclosure and transparency. Basel III expanded Pillar 3 requirements to cover more detailed risk metrics. The disclosures include credit risk, market risk, operational risk, and now proposed climate-related financial risks. Jurisdictional discretion means national regulators can modify or limit disclosure requirements under Pillar 3.

Why in news?

The US has pushed for voluntary, jurisdiction-specific climate risk disclosures under Pillar 3, diluting the Basel Committee’s climate disclosure framework.

Portfolio Management Service (PMS)

Portfolio Management Service (PMS) is a professional service where asset managers manage investments on behalf of clients with personalized strategies. PMS caters to high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors, offering tailored portfolios with active management. It differs from mutual funds by providing customized investment solutions rather than pooled funds. PMS can focus on equities, debt, or hybrid assets. The minimum investment is typically higher than mutual funds. PMS providers must be registered with SEBI and follow regulatory guidelines. Performance fees and management fees are common, aligning manager incentives with client returns.

Why in news?

Unifi Asset Management Pvt. Ltd. has assets under management through its PMS platform and is expanding into mutual funds, reflecting growth in its investment services.

Power Evacuation Business

The power evacuation business involves transmitting electricity from renewable energy sources, such as wind farms, to the grid or end-users. It includes infrastructure like substations, transmission lines, and transformers. In IGESL, this segment contributed Rs.14.93 crore, or 6.19% of total turnover in the last financial year. Power evacuation is critical for grid stability and efficient energy distribution. Post-demerger, this business will be consolidated under Resco Global Wind Services Limited to streamline operations and focus IGESL on O&M services exclusively.

Why in news?

The power evacuation business of IGESL is being demerged and transferred to Resco Global Wind Services Limited as part of a strategic restructuring to specialize business operations.

Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)

Power Purchase Agreements are long-term contracts between power producers and buyers, ensuring revenue stability. NGEL’s PPAs average 25 years, providing predictable cash flow. These agreements typically fix tariffs or include escalation clauses, reducing market risk. PPAs are crucial in renewable energy projects for securing financing and operational viability. In India, state utilities often enter PPAs with renewable producers, but delayed payments can pose risks. NGEL’s dependence on state utilities for 98% of revenue marks the importance of these agreements for its financial health and project execution.

Why in news?

NGEL’s long-term PPAs are central to its IPO valuation and revenue visibility, despite concerns over payment delays from state utilities.

Power Sale Agreements (PSAs)

Power Sale Agreements (PSAs) are contracts between electricity producers and buyers, typically state electricity distribution companies (discoms), specifying terms for the sale and purchase of electricity. PSAs outline pricing, duration, delivery schedules, and penalties for non-compliance. In India, PSAs are crucial for renewable energy projects to secure revenue streams and financing. The state of Indias of Odisha, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh entered into PSAs with SECI for solar power generated by Adani Green under the bribery scheme. These agreements are vital for project viability and regulatory approvals in the energy sector.

Why in news?

PSAs were the contracts arranged through bribery to enable Adani Green Energy to sell solar power to state discoms, central to the US indictment against Gautam Adani and others.

Predatory Pricing

Predatory pricing is a strategy where a company sets prices below cost to eliminate competition. It aims to drive smaller competitors out of the market by making it unsustainable for them to operate. Once competition is reduced, the company may raise prices to recoup losses. This practice is illegal in many jurisdictions under competition laws. In India’s FMCG sector, predatory pricing by quick commerce firms using heavy subsidies is threatening traditional retailers. Regulatory bodies like the Competition Commission of India actively investigate such practices to ensure fair market competition and protect small businesses.

Why in news?

Predatory pricing by quick commerce companies is causing distress among traditional FMCG distributors, leading to calls for regulatory intervention and investigation by authorities.

Presiding Officers of DRTs

Presiding Officers are judicial officers appointed to lead Debt Recovery Tribunals. They typically come from the judiciary or have legal experience in debt recovery and civil law. Their appointment is crucial for the effective functioning of DRTs. The absence of Presiding Officers causes tribunals to become non-functional, delaying debt recovery and affecting financial institutions. Their selection involves scrutiny by a committee including representatives from the Ministry of Finance and the judiciary. The delay in appointments has been a persistent issue, affecting the timely resolution of cases and undermining the tribunal’s purpose.

Why in news?

The PIL filed in the Supreme Court marks the absence of Presiding Officers in 11 out of 39 DRTs, severely impacting the tribunals’ ability to function and recover debts efficiently.

Primary Articles Inflation

Primary articles inflation tracks price changes in unprocessed or minimally processed goods such as food grains, minerals, and crude materials. It is a key component of the Wholesale Price Index and reflects raw material cost pressures before manufacturing. This inflation category is influenced by seasonal harvests, global commodity prices, and domestic supply disruptions. A sharp rise in primary articles inflation often signals inflationary pressures that can cascade through the supply chain. In October 2024, primary articles inflation more than tripled from August, reaching 8.1%, indicating cost increases at the raw material stage.

Why in news?

Primary articles inflation surged to 8.1% in October 2024, more than tripling since August, driving up wholesale price inflation in India.

Primary Lending Institutions (PLIs)

Primary Lending Institutions (PLIs) include a diverse range of financial entities such as housing finance companies, public and private sector banks, regional rural banks, small finance banks, and co-operative banks. They serve as the first point of contact for borrowers seeking loans, especially under government schemes like PMAY-U 2.0. PLIs play a critical role in disbursing subsidies and loans to urban and rural populations. Their broad network enables penetration into underserved markets. Regional rural banks specifically cater to rural areas, while small finance banks focus on financial inclusion by targeting unbanked and underbanked segments of society.

Why in news?

PLIs signed MoUs with the National Housing Bank to implement the Interest Subsidy Scheme under PMAY-U 2.0, facilitating housing finance for urban poor and middle-class families.

Private Placement Memorandum (PPM)

A Private Placement Memorandum is a legal document provided to prospective investors when a fund or company offers securities privately, rather than through a public offering. It details the investment strategy, risks, financial statements, and terms of the offering. In India, angel funds must submit their PPM to SEBI for record-keeping before onboarding investors. The PPM serves to disclose material information and protect both issuers and investors by outlining rights, obligations, and potential conflicts. It plays a critical role in private fundraisings by ensuring transparency and compliance with regulatory requirements.

Why in news?

Angel funds are required to take their PPM on record with SEBI before conducting their first close, ensuring regulatory oversight and investor protection.

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACC)

The PLI scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cells (ACC) is an Government of India initiative launched to boost domestic manufacturing of advanced battery cells, including lithium-ion and other chemistries. It offers financial incentives based on incremental production over a five-year period. The scheme aims to reduce import dependence, create jobs, and develop a local EV battery ecosystem. It supports investments in manufacturing infrastructure, technology upgrades, and R&D. The ACC PLI scheme is part of India’s broader strategy to become a global hub for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions, attracting both domestic and foreign companies.

Why in news?

The PLI scheme is credited with kick-starting growth in India’s EV battery ecosystem, with IISD emphasizing the need for accelerated investment and regulatory support to enhance competitiveness.

Production Linked Incentives (PLI)

The Production Linked Incentives (PLI) scheme was launched by the Government of India in 2020 to boost domestic manufacturing and exports. It offers financial incentives to companies based on incremental sales from products manufactured in India. The scheme targets key sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and automobiles. PLI aims to reduce import dependency and enhance global competitiveness. It has encouraged foreign direct investment and technology transfer. By 2024, over 14 sectors were covered under PLI, with an outlay exceeding $26 billion. The scheme has led to job creation and increased export volumes in participating industries.

Why in news?

PLI is credited with improving India’s manufacturing competitiveness and contributing to the recent surge in exports, as noted by the Commerce Secretary in the October 2024 trade report.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is a government initiative to boost domestic manufacturing by providing financial incentives based on incremental production. Launched in India for various sectors including battery manufacturing, it aims to reduce import dependency and increase local production capacity. The scheme offers subsidies over several years, encouraging investments in technology and infrastructure. It targets advanced battery technologies like lithium-ion cells and aims to create a robust supply chain within India. PLI also supports job creation and innovation, aligning with India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub.

Why in news?

The PLI scheme is referenced as a key policy to strengthen India’s domestic battery manufacturing capabilities and reduce reliance on imports.

Protected Ecosystems

Protected ecosystems in Kerala’s tech sector refer to government-established campuses where startups and IT companies operate within a secure, collaborative environment. Unlike other state of Indias where private tech parks dominate, Kerala’s protected ecosystems are designed to encourage innovation by providing shared resources, infrastructure, and regulatory support. These campuses encourage networking, knowledge exchange, and easier access to government programs. The model aims to reduce operational risks for startups and create a cohesive tech community across interconnected cities, enhancing efficiency and growth opportunities. This approach is unique to Kerala’s IT strategy and contributes to its reputation as a compact, integrated ecosystem.

Why in news?

Kerala’s use of government-set protected ecosystems distinguishes its startup infrastructure and supports its rapid growth as a unified tech hub rather than isolated clusters.

Protectionism

Protectionism refers to economic policies that restrict imports to protect domestic industries, often through tariffs, quotas, or subsidies. It contrasts with free trade by prioritizing national economic interests over global market integration. Protectionist measures can lead to trade wars, reduced market efficiency, and higher consumer prices. Historically, protectionism surged during the Great Depression, worsening global economic conditions. In recent years, some countries have revived protectionist policies to counter perceived unfair trade practices or to support strategic industries. Protectionism can also affect diplomatic relations and global supply chains.

Why in news?

Both Biden and Xi warned of rising protectionism at the APEC summit, with concerns about Trump’s potential tariffs on Chinese goods and Mexico, signaling risks of renewed trade conflicts.

Prototype Capital

Prototype Capital is an early-stage solo general partner fund based in Berlin, founded by Andreas Klinger, former CTO of Product Hunt. The fund has backed over 90 companies, including Remote.com, Lumalabs, Fly.io, and Acquire. It also invests internationally, supporting Indian startups like PierSight, a maritime surveillance spacetech firm, and Skillbee, a jobs platform for migrant workers in Noida. Prototype Capital co-initiated EU.inc, a collective aiming to create a unified legal framework for European startups to streamline regulatory challenges and enhance cross-border collaboration. The fund focuses heavily on AI startups and addresses regulatory impacts on European innovation.

Why in news?

Prototype Capital’s founder commented on the stifling impact of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act on innovation, denoting the fund’s role in backing AI startups amid tightening EU regulations discussed at Slush 2024.

Public Investment Fund (PIF)

The Public Investment Fund (PIF) is Saudi Arabia’s sovereign wealth fund, established in 1971. It manages assets worth over $700 billion, making it one of the largest globally. PIF plays a central role in Saudi Vision 2030, aiming to diversify the economy away from oil dependence. It invests heavily in sports, technology, and entertainment sectors worldwide, including ownership stakes in football clubs like Newcastle United. PIF’s strategy includes acquiring media rights, funding infrastructure, and signing top athletes to elevate Saudi Arabia’s global influence. The fund operates under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s direction and is very important in the kingdom’s international soft power projection.

Why in news?

PIF is the financial backbone behind Saudi Arabia’s recent sports ventures, including hosting the IPL mega-auction and investments in tennis, golf, and football to boost the kingdom’s global sports profile.

Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Foods

Ready-to-Eat (RTE) foods are pre-prepared meals that require no further cooking before consumption. They gained popularity due to convenience, urbanization, and changing lifestyles. RTE foods include items like instant noodles, frozen meals, and packaged snacks. In India, the RTE segment is growing rapidly, supported by advances in food preservation technologies such as retort packaging and freeze-drying. The sector faces regulatory oversight from food safety authorities concerning labeling, preservatives, and hygiene standards. RTE foods contribute to the food processing industry’s expansion by enabling supply chain efficiencies and catering to on-the-go consumers.

Why in news?

RTE foods are identified as a key product segment driving job creation in supply chain and market research within the expanding Indian food processing and FMCG sectors in 2024.

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in India in 1975 to provide banking services to rural areas, focusing on small farmers, artisans, and agricultural laborers. They operate under a joint ownership model – the central government (50%), the concerned state government (15%), and a sponsoring public sector bank (35%). RRBs are crucial for financial inclusion but often face challenges like limited technology adoption and capital constraints. They primarily provide credit for agriculture, small industries, and rural development. There are about 43 RRBs in India, with continuous efforts to merge and strengthen them for better efficiency and expanded reach.

Why in news?

RRBs are mentioned in the context of needing greater technological transformation and inclusion in digital banking initiatives to ensure equitable growth in rural economies.

Reserve Bank Climate Risk Information System (RB-CRIS)

The Reserve Bank Climate Risk Information System (RB-CRIS) is a proposed framework to provide financial institutions with access to high-quality climate-related data. It aims to integrate climate risk assessment into the banking sector’s risk management processes. RB-CRIS is designed to align with global standards like the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). It will help banks and non-banking financial companies identify vulnerabilities related to environmental changes such as extreme weather events and regulatory shifts. The system supports India’s green finance goals by enabling better-informed lending decisions and promoting sustainability in the financial ecosystem.

Why in news?

RBI introduced RB-CRIS as part of its agenda to proactively manage climate risks within the financial sector and support sustainable development initiatives.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established in 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act. It is the central banking institution of India, responsible for regulating the issue and supply of the Indian rupee and managing the country’s monetary policy. The RBI also oversees the banking sector, including licensing banks and payment providers. It introduced the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in 2016, revolutionizing digital payments in India. RBI’s regulatory framework supports the growth of fintech and digital payment platforms. It has issued over 30 licenses to payment companies and continues to evaluate new applications to expand the sector.

Why in news?

RBI has issued over 30 licenses to digital payment companies and is evaluating more than 40 applications, reflecting rapid growth and competition in India’s digital payments sector.

Reserve Bank of India Asset Development Fund

The RBI Asset Development Fund is a financial reserve set aside by the Reserve Bank of India to support strategic projects and initiatives that promote financial sector development. It funds innovation, infrastructure, and technology advancements within the banking and financial ecosystems. This fund has a corpus of approximately 229.74 billion Indian rupees (~$2.72 billion) as of 2024. It is used to back projects that may not have immediate commercial returns but are critical for long-term financial stability and modernization, such as the RBI’s cloud services pilot program.

Why in news?

The RBI Asset Development Fund is financing the upcoming cloud platform pilot project, providing the initial capital for infrastructure and development before inviting financial firms to invest.

Reserve Contracts

Reserve contracts are backup financial contracts created by stock exchanges to provide trading continuity during outages. These contracts represent scrips or single stock derivatives that are exclusively listed on one exchange but can be made available on another as a contingency. Reserve contracts help maintain liquidity and enable hedging when the primary trading venue is unavailable. They are invoked only during outages and are part of the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) exchanges prepare to mitigate risks. Reserve contracts ensure that investors can offset open positions and reduce margin pressures even in adverse technical conditions.

Why in news?

Exchanges may create reserve contracts for scrips and single stock derivatives to be used as a fallback during trading outages, per SEBI’s new continuity guidelines effective April 2025.

Retail Lending Regulations (RBI, 2023)

In November 2023, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced tighter regulations on unsecured retail lending by banks and NBFCs to curb rising asset quality risks. These rules included stricter underwriting norms, limits on loan exposure, and enhanced risk management for personal loans, credit cards, and microfinance. The measures aimed to reduce defaults amid growing retail credit. The restrictions led to slower loan disbursals and higher interest rates, affecting consumer financing for durables, electronics, and vehicles. RBI’s stance remained firm in early 2024, prioritizing inflation control over easing credit, thereby constraining urban discretionary spending.

Why in news?

The RBI’s 2023 regulatory tightening on unsecured loans was a key factor dampening urban consumer demand and delaying purchases of high-value goods in 2024.

Retail of the Future (ROTF)

Retail of the Future (ROTF) is Mercedes-Benz India’s direct-to-customer sales model launched three years ago. It eliminates hidden pricing and ensures complete price transparency. ROTF removes the need for high dealer stock, reducing inventory costs and enhancing dealer profitability. The model has improved customer experience by simplifying the purchase process and increasing residual values of vehicles. This approach has been recognized as a global best practice and adopted in markets like Germany, the UK, Turkey, Malaysia, and Thailand. Over 50,000 cars have been retailed through ROTF in India so far.

Why in news?

Mercedes-Benz India brought into light the success of its ROTF model while announcing new luxury car launches and discussing its impact on sales and customer experience.

Rice Shellers

Rice shellers are machines that remove the husk from paddy to produce brown rice. They are essential in the milling process to convert raw paddy into edible rice. Shellers can be single-pass or multi-pass, affecting efficiency and grain breakage. In Punjab, rice shellers play a critical role in procurement as mills rely on them to process and store paddy. Disputes involving shellers, such as refusal to store procured paddy or delayed processing, can disrupt procurement cycles and impact farmer payments. Shellers require regular maintenance and calibration to ensure minimal grain damage and optimal output.

Why in news?

Rice shellers caused procurement delays in Punjab during the 2024-25 season by refusing to store paddy, leading to farmer distress and reduced paddy arrivals at mandis.

Safeguard Measures Extension 2024

The EU extended its steel safeguard measures for two years beyond the original 2019-2024 period, despite objections from affected countries like India, Russia, Brazil, China, and Turkey. These measures were initially introduced after the US imposed additional steel tariffs during the Trump administration. The extension, lasting until 2026, continues to impose a 25% duty on steel imports exceeding quota limits. The extension has been criticized for contravening WTO rules and causing trade losses to exporting countries, which have sought diplomatic and legal channels to challenge the decision.

Why in news?

The EU’s extension of steel safeguard duties has led India and others to consider retaliatory trade actions and WTO challenges due to the economic impact on their steel exports.

Saraswati River Bridge

The Saraswati River in Gujarat is a seasonal river, historically but less prominent than perennial rivers. The original two-lane bridge over the Saraswati, constructed in 1959, served as a vital link on the Mehsana-Unjha-Sidhpur-Palanpur highway. The new four-lane bridge, funded with Rs 145 crore, will be built to the right of the old one and align with a future six-lane corridor plan. This upgrade reflects efforts to enhance road connectivity and support economic growth in North Gujarat, particularly in Patan district’s Sidhpur taluka.

Why in news?

Gujarat CM Bhupendra Patel approved Rs 145 crore for constructing a new four-lane bridge over the Saraswati River to improve road infrastructure on a key state highway.

Search Distribution Agreements

Search distribution agreements are contracts between search engine providers and device manufacturers, browsers, or carriers that determine the default search engine on devices. Google has such agreements with Apple, Mozilla, smartphone OEMs, and wireless carriers. These agreements influence market share by directing user search traffic. They often involve large payments; for example, Google pays Apple billions annually to remain the default search engine on iPhones and iPads. These contracts can limit competitor access to users, reinforcing Google’s dominance. Antitrust scrutiny targets these agreements due to their role in restricting competition in the search market.

Why in news?

The DOJ lawsuit demands ending Google’s exclusive search distribution agreements with Apple and other partners to promote competition in online search.

Second-Order Inflation Effects

Second-order inflation effects refer to the indirect impact of rising prices in one sector spreading to others, often through increased costs of inputs or wages. For example, a surge in primary food prices like cooking oils can lead to higher prices in processed foods as manufacturers pass on costs. These spillover effects can entrench inflationary pressures beyond initial shocks. Central banks monitor second-order effects to assess whether inflation is becoming broad-based and persistent, which may influence monetary policy decisions. Such effects complicate inflation control as they reflect deeper changes in the economy’s price structure.

Why in news?

The RBI report noted early signs of second-order effects from high primary food prices, such as rising processed food inflation, indicating inflationary pressures spreading across sectors.

Sectoral Plans for Efficient Logistics (SPEL)

The Sectoral Plans for Efficient Logistics (SPEL) are specialized frameworks under PM GatiShakti aimed at optimizing logistics for specific sectors. SPEL addresses the unique requirements of bulk and break-bulk cargo movement to reduce transit time and costs. The coal sector’s SPEL has been notified and finalized, followed by the cement sector. Work is ongoing to develop SPEL for steel and food-grains sectors. These plans integrate sector-specific logistics needs with the broader infrastructure network to ensure smooth, cost-effective supply chains and better coordination between production and transportation.

Why in news?

SPEL frameworks for coal and cement sectors have been finalized, with steel and food-grains sectors in development, enhancing sector-specific logistics under PM GatiShakti.

Secured Unsecured Lending

Secured Unsecured Lending is a new retail mortgage product piloted by Muthoot FinCorp Ltd, combining secured and unsecured loan features. It involves lending against collateral while also offering unsecured credit options, aiming to cater to a wider range of borrower risk profiles. This hybrid model allows flexibility in credit assessment and risk management. The pilot phase included retail mortgages, with plans for national rollout. It reflects innovation in lending practices by non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) to balance security and accessibility in credit products. The approach is designed to expand credit penetration in underserved markets.

Why in news?

Muthoot FinCorp announced plans to roll out the Secured Unsecured Lending business nationally following successful pilot completion, as part of its growth strategy.

Security Receipts (SRs)

Security Receipts (SRs) are financial instruments issued by Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) to investors as a form of securitized debt from stressed assets. SRs represent a beneficial interest in the underlying stressed assets acquired by ARCs and entitle holders to recoveries from these assets. They are typically issued after ARCs buy non-performing assets from banks at a discount, allowing banks to clean their balance sheets. SRs are tradable but often illiquid, and their recovery depends on the resolution of the underlying assets. The recovery rate of SRs is a key performance metric for ARCs, reflecting success in asset resolution and debt recovery.

Why in news?

SRs are central to the reported rise in cumulative recovery rates for stressed road projects managed by ARCs, improving from 21% in FY23 to 50-55% in FY24.

Senior Citizens’ Deposits

Senior citizens’ deposits are bank deposits made by individuals aged 60 and above, often offering higher interest rates as a social welfare measure. Their share in total deposits rose to 20.1% in September 2024 from 19.7% a year earlier. These deposits contribute to stable funding for banks due to typically longer tenures and lower withdrawal rates. Banks actively target senior citizen deposits during monetary policy tightening to secure low-cost, stable funds. The increase reflects demographic trends and the attractiveness of fixed deposits with higher interest rates offered during recent monetary tightening cycles.

Why in news?

Senior citizens’ deposits increased their share in total bank deposits in September 2024 amid rising term deposit interest rates.

Shankar-6 Cotton Variety

Shankar-6 is a hybrid cotton variety developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and widely cultivated in Gujarat and other cotton-growing regions. It is known for its high yield potential and resistance to certain pests like bollworm. Shankar-6 produces medium staple fiber suitable for both yarn and textile industries. It matures early, allowing farmers to harvest before peak pest seasons. The variety’s adaptability to semi-arid conditions contributes to its popularity. It has contributed to India’s cotton production growth since its release in the early 2000s.

Why in news?

The price of Shankar-6 cotton was reported at ₹54,500 per quintal, reflecting market conditions in November 2024.

Ship Breaking Credit Note

The ship breaking credit note is a financial incentive under SBFAP 2.0, granting shipowners a credit of approximately 40 percent of the cost when scrapping old vessels in Indian yards. This credit is redeemable against the construction cost of new vessels built in India, promoting domestic shipbuilding and fleet modernization. About 44 percent of India’s merchant fleet is over 20 years old, making this incentive crucial for fleet renewal. The credit note aims to stimulate demand for new ships and support the circular economy within the maritime sector.

Why in news?

The government is introducing the ship breaking credit note in SBFAP 2.0 to encourage scrapping of old vessels and construction of new ones domestically, aligning with efforts to modernize India’s shipping fleet.

Show-Cause Notice

A show-cause notice is a formal communication issued by a regulatory authority requiring an entity to explain or justify why a proposed action, such as a penalty or sanction, should not be taken against it. In banking regulation, the Reserve Bank of India issues show-cause notices to banks suspected of non-compliance with laws or guidelines. The notice provides an opportunity for the bank to respond and present its case before any punitive action is finalized. The issuance of a show-cause notice is a procedural step ensuring due process and transparency in regulatory enforcement.

Why in news?

RBI issued a show-cause notice to RBL Bank for KYC violations, leading to a fine after the bank’s oral response was found unsatisfactory.

Sin Goods

Sin goods are products that are considered harmful or undesirable by society, often including alcohol, tobacco, and gambling-related items. Governments impose higher taxes on sin goods to discourage consumption and generate revenue. In India, sin goods attract higher GST rates compared to essential items. The consumption patterns of sin goods can vary across states, influencing GST revenue. These goods are part of the broader GST basket that includes automobiles, cement, and luxury items, which contribute disproportionately to tax collections due to higher rates. Sin goods taxation is also used as a public health tool to reduce harmful behaviors.

Why in news?

Sin goods are mentioned as a major contributor to GST revenue, with states consuming more of these products showing higher GST growth despite overall slow consumption.

Single Super Phosphate (SSP)

Single Super Phosphate (SSP) is a phosphorus fertilizer made by reacting rock phosphate with sulfuric acid, producing a product containing 16-20% available phosphorus and calcium sulfate. It is widely used in India due to its low cost and suitability for crops requiring phosphorus and sulfur. SSP production increased 7.2% to 31.76 lakh tonnes in April-October 2024. Unlike DAP, SSP contains sulfur, which is essential for protein synthesis in plants. It is less concentrated than DAP but beneficial in soils deficient in sulfur. SSP remains fertilizer for Indian farmers, especially in regions with sulfur-deficient soils.

Why in news?

The text reports a rise in SSP production amid fluctuating fertilizer import and production volumes, reflecting changing fertilizer demand and supply dynamics in India.

Skewed Capital-Labour Income Ratio

The skewed capital-labour income ratio refers to the growing disparity between profits earned by capital owners (shareholders, investors) and wages paid to workers. In many economies, including India, corporate profitability has risen faster than wage growth, leading to income inequality and reduced consumer spending power. This imbalance can hinder economic development by limiting demand and social mobility. Addressing it requires policies promoting fair wages, labor rights, and inclusive growth. However, interventions that disrupt this ratio abruptly may deter investment and slow economic progress, posing a dilemma for policymakers.

Why in news?

The Chief Economic Adviser pointed out this imbalance as a factor stagnating wage growth and complicating India’s path to becoming a developed country.

Slippage Ratio

The slippage ratio measures the proportion of new non-performing assets (NPAs) created during a period relative to the total advances of a bank. It indicates the quality of fresh loan disbursal and asset management. Bank of Baroda’s slippage ratio improved from 1.53% in H1 FY23 to 0.9% in H1 FY25, reflecting better credit discipline and asset quality. A lower slippage ratio suggests fewer loans turning bad, crucial for maintaining profitability and capital adequacy. It is a key metric monitored by regulators and investors to assess ongoing credit risk in bank portfolios.

Why in news?

Bank of Baroda reported a decline in its slippage ratio, indicating improved asset quality and reduced fresh NPAs in recent quarters ending FY25.

Small and Medium REITs (SM REITs)

Small and Medium REITs (SM REITs) are a novel category of Real Estate Investment Trusts in India, registered with SEBI. Unlike traditional REITs, SM REITs issue new units with every asset acquisition, similar to mutual fund new fund offers. They focus on smaller, segmented real estate assets rather than large portfolios. SM REITs provide investors hybrid returns, combining regular rental yields and capital appreciation. The lock-in periods and rental escalations are structured to attract long-term investors. SEBI introduced SM REITs to democratize real estate investments and enhance liquidity in smaller commercial properties.

Why in news?

PropShare Platina, an SM REIT, filed a draft offer to raise ₹353 crore by issuing units to acquire office space in Bengaluru, marking development in this emerging asset class.

Small Ticket Lending to MSMEs

Small ticket lending involves providing relatively low-value loans to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). These loans support working capital, business expansion, and operational needs. MSMEs are crucial for economic growth and employment in India. The government and banks have set ambitious lending targets, with ₹6 lakh crore planned for 2025-26 and ₹7 lakh crore for the following year. Increased small ticket lending aims to enhance financial inclusion and support MSMEs’ resilience. The Finance Ministry recently approved an additional ₹1.54 lakh crore on top of an existing ₹4.21 lakh crore target to boost MSME credit flow.

Why in news?

Nirmala Sitharaman encouraged public sector banks to increase lending to MSMEs, emphasizing the importance of small ticket loans for sector growth and economic stability.

Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)

Established in 1991, the Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is an autonomous society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. It promotes software exports and IT services by providing infrastructure, incubation, and policy support. STPI operates over 60 centers across India, facilitating benefits like duty-free imports and tax exemptions for registered units. It plays important role in monitoring and reporting software export data. STPI also supports startups and innovation through incubation centers and accelerator programs. Its data is a key benchmark for India’s IT export performance and policy formulation.

Why in news?

STPI data showed Karnataka’s software and services exports crossed ₹4.11 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, contributing to India’s ₹9 lakh crore IT export total.

Solvent Extractors’ Association of India (SEA)

The Solvent Extractors’ Association of India (SEA) is a key industry body representing oilseed processors and solvent extraction units in India. Established in 1961, SEA facilitates policy advocacy, research, and development in the edible oil and oilseed sector. It plays a very important role in stabilizing prices and ensuring supply chain efficiency. SEA also monitors import-export trends and advises the government on trade policies. The association organizes seminars and publishes data on oilseed production, consumption, and market dynamics. It is instrumental in promoting technological advancements such as genetically modified crops and improving export competitiveness of oilseed products like rapeseed meal.

Why in news?

SEA brought into light the potential of GMO crops to boost India’s oilseed productivity and urged government support for rapeseed meal exports amid falling export volumes in 2024.

Sound Box Payment Machines

Sound box payment machines are audio-enabled digital payment devices designed to assist merchants in accepting digital payments. They provide voice confirmation of transactions in local languages, improving trust and transparency for customers unfamiliar with digital interfaces. These devices are widely used in tier-II and tier-III cities and rural areas in India to promote cashless transactions. Sound boxes support multiple payment modes including UPI, wallets, and cards. They are part of government and fintech initiatives to increase digital payment penetration among small merchants and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).

Why in news?

MobiKwik is expanding its merchant base by signing up sound boxes and payment machines to enhance digital payment acceptance and increase its footprint in the MSME segment.

Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB)

Sovereign Gold Bonds were launched by the Government of India in November 2015 as an alternative to physical gold investment. Investors buy bonds denominated in grams of gold, with a fixed interest rate of 2.5% per annum payable semi-annually. The bonds are redeemable in cash at maturity, based on prevailing gold prices, eliminating risks of storage and purity concerns. Since inception, ₹72,274 crore worth of bonds (146.96 tonnes of gold) have been issued through 67 tranches. SGBs are traded on the RBI’s retail direct online portal. The government has recently paused fresh issuances citing high borrowing costs and economic rationale.

Why in news?

The Finance Ministry has not committed to issuing new SGB tranches in the current fiscal year, citing cost concerns, while RBI announced premature redemption of 30 tranches between October 2024 and March 2025.

Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED)

The Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) is a temporary tax levied on crude oil and petroleum product exports in India as part of the windfall tax regime. It was introduced on July 1, 2022, with rates such as Rs 23,250 per tonne on crude and Rs 13/litre on diesel exports. SAED rates are reviewed fortnightly based on average crude prices and product crack spreads. It aims to capture excess profits during periods of high global oil prices. The duty has undergone multiple revisions, with recent reductions leading to its near elimination on crude oil exports, though it remains at nil for diesel and aviation turbine fuel exports.

Why in news?

The government is evaluating the removal of SAED on crude oil and petroleum products due to easing crude prices and reduced windfall profits.

Special Mention Accounts (SMAs)

Special Mention Accounts (SMAs) classify loans showing early signs of repayment stress before becoming Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). They are divided into three categories – SMA-0 (payment overdue up to 30 days or showing stress), SMA-1 (31-60 days overdue), and SMA-2 (61-90 days overdue). SMAs help banks identify potential defaults early, enabling preventive action. Under the SARFAESI Act, enforcement powers apply only to NPAs, not SMAs. Selling SMAs to Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) can improve banks’ credit-deposit ratios by reducing stressed loans on balance sheets, aiding liquidity and risk management.

Why in news?

Private sector banks are increasingly selling SMAs to ARCs to manage credit-deposit ratios and maintain healthier financial metrics amid rising credit growth and regulatory pressure.

Speciale Invest

Speciale Invest is a venture capital firm specializing in early-stage investments in technology startups, often focusing on innovative sectors like aerospace, mobility, and sustainability. It is known for backing companies in emerging markets, particularly in India and Europe. The firm typically co-leads funding rounds and provides strategic support beyond capital. It has a history of investing in electric mobility and clean tech companies, aiming to accelerate the transition to sustainable transportation. Speciale Invest emphasizes partnerships with founders to scale operations and enter global markets, leveraging its network of industry experts and corporate connections.

Why in news?

Speciale Invest co-led the $14 million funding round for The ePlane Company, an Indian eVTOL startup.

Spot Gold Price

The spot gold price is the current market price at which gold can be bought or sold for immediate delivery, usually quoted in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. In November 2024, spot gold fell by 4.5% in the U.S., reaching a two-month low near $2,563.25 per ounce. Spot price movements are influenced by macroeconomic factors such as U.S. Treasury yields, the strength of the U.S. dollar, and Federal Reserve policies. Spot prices serve as the global benchmark for gold trading and affect local market prices after accounting for premiums and taxes.

Why in news?

Spot gold prices dropped sharply in November 2024 due to strong U.S. economic data and expectations of prolonged high interest rates, impacting global and local gold markets.

Spring Board Platform

Spring Board is a startup growth platform launched at the Bengaluru Tech Summit to accelerate innovation through three pillars – investor connect, mentorship, and innoverse (innovation-focused ecosystem). It supports startups by offering structured pitching sessions, expert guidance, and networking opportunities. The platform aims to bridge gaps between entrepreneurs and investors, encouraging scalable business models. Spring Board also promotes cross-industry collaboration, featuring startups from over 30 sectors. It serves as a catalyst for sustainable startup growth by integrating funding, knowledge sharing, and innovation incubation under one umbrella during major tech events.

Why in news?

Spring Board was announced as a key feature of the Bengaluru Tech Summit 2024 to fuel startup growth with investor and mentor engagement.

Steel Production in South America

South America’s steel production is dominated by Brazil, which accounted for about 3.1 million tonnes in October 2024, marking a 16.2% increase year-on-year. The region’s steel industry is characterized by a mix of large integrated mills and smaller mini-mills. Brazil’s steel sector benefits from abundant iron ore reserves and a growing domestic market. Other countries like Argentina and Chile contribute smaller shares. South American steel production is influenced by infrastructure development, automotive manufacturing, and construction sectors. The region is increasingly focusing on sustainable steelmaking practices and expanding export markets, especially to North America and Asia.

Why in news?

South America’s steel production increased by 7.2% in October 2024, driven mainly by rise in Brazil’s output.

Stock Projection Method

The stock projection method is a quantitative forecasting technique used to estimate future numbers of assets or products based on current stock and expected growth rates. It tracks the existing inventory (“stock”) of items, such as vehicles or infrastructure, and projects additions and retirements over time. This method accounts for replacement cycles, technological adoption rates, and policy impacts. It is widely used in transport and energy sectors to predict fleet sizes and infrastructure demand. The method helps policymakers plan resource allocation by providing realistic estimates of future requirements based on current trends and assumptions.

Why in news?

The Bengaluru EV study applied the stock projection method to estimate that over 23 lakh electric vehicles will be on the road by 2030, guiding infrastructure planning.

Subordinated Bonds

Subordinated bonds are debt instruments that rank below other debts in the event of liquidation or bankruptcy, meaning they are repaid after senior debt holders. They carry higher risk and therefore typically offer higher interest rates. These bonds are often used by banks to raise capital while complying with regulatory capital requirements. Subordinated bonds can be unsecured and non-convertible, and they play a critical role in the capital structure by absorbing losses first in financial distress. They are also called junior debt and are treated as part of Tier 2 capital under Basel norms.

Why in news?

Bank of India issued unsecured, subordinated, redeemable long-term bonds as part of its ₹5,000 crore infrastructure bond issue to raise long-term capital.

Sunil Barthwal

Sunil Barthwal is the Commerce Secretary of India, a senior bureaucrat responsible for overseeing the country’s trade policies and international economic relations. He has played a key role in shaping India’s trade strategy, particularly in strengthening ties with major partners like the US. Barthwal has a background in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and has served in various ministries, including commerce and industry. His tenure is marked by efforts to boost exports, diversify markets, and navigate complex geopolitical trade environments. Barthwal emphasizes bipartisan support in US-India trade relations and closely monitors US policies towards China for their impact on India’s export strategy.

Why in news?

Sunil Barthwal commented on India-US trade relations and the uncertainty surrounding the incoming Trump administration’s policy towards China in November 2024.

Suo-Motu Tariff Reduction

Suo-motu tariff reduction refers to bidders voluntarily lowering their discovered tariffs after the bidding process if no buyers agree to purchase power at the initially discovered rates. This mechanism allows developers to adjust prices downward to ensure project viability and power off-take. In 2022, Adani Green Energy and Azure Power reduced their tariffs from ₹2.92 to ₹2.54 and ₹2.42 per kWh, respectively, following this practice. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) approved these reductions, which are part of the flexible tariff adjustment provisions in renewable energy tenders managed by SECI.

Why in news?

The practice became controversial after allegations surfaced that Adani companies manipulated tariff reductions in a 2019 solar tender linked to manufacturing incentives.

Supply Chain Financing

Supply Chain Financing (SCF) is a financial service launched in March by Muthoot FinCorp Ltd to optimize capital flow within supply chains. SCF enables suppliers to receive early payments on invoices approved by buyers, improving liquidity for small and medium enterprises. It reduces working capital constraints and strengthens business relationships. The financing is often facilitated through digital platforms, offering transparency and efficiency. SCF helps businesses manage cash flow cycles better and supports the overall supply chain ecosystem by mitigating payment delays. It is an emerging financial solution in India’s NBFC sector aimed at MSMEs and corporate clients.

Why in news?

Muthoot FinCorp’s launch of Supply Chain Financing was noted as a new product addition to diversify its loan portfolio and support MSME growth.

Supply-Chain Finance

Supply-chain finance (SCF) involves short-term credit facilities extended mainly by nonbanking financial companies (NBFCs) to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). These loans typically span 30 to 180 days and are structured as distinct term loans within an overall credit limit. SCF helps MSMEs manage seasonal or cyclical working capital needs, especially when traditional banks do not fully cater to these demands. Unlike revolving credit lines, each tranche is individually monitored, and delinquency in one tranche affects the entire exposure. SCF loans do not allow partial payments or interest-only servicing, ensuring stricter repayment discipline.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India has requested NBFCs to revise supply-chain finance offers amid concerns over credit monitoring and delinquency management in these short-term loans to MSMEs.

Sustainable Trade Index

The Sustainable Trade Index is an annual ranking that evaluates countries based on their ability to balance economic growth, social advancement, and environmental resilience in trade practices. It uses a composite framework assessing policies, infrastructure, workforce adaptability, and environmental impact. The Index is jointly produced by the Hinrich Foundation and IMD Business School. It marks leaders and laggards in sustainable trade, providing vital information about global supply chain resilience and green economy transitions. The Index has become a reference for policymakers and investors focused on long-term sustainability and inclusive economic development in the international trade sector.

Why in news?

The 2024 edition of the Sustainable Trade Index was released, showing New Zealand as the top-ranked sustainable trade economy for the third consecutive time amidst growing global focus on trade resilience.

Switch Mobility

Switch Mobility Automotive Ltd. is an Indian-based manufacturer specializing in electric buses and light commercial vehicles (eLCVs). It is a subsidiary of Ashok Leyland, a major commercial vehicle manufacturer. The company focuses on sustainable transportation solutions targeting urban mobility challenges like pollution and congestion. Switch Mobility uses advanced electric powertrain technology and aims to expand its presence globally, including markets in Europe and Asia. It develops vehicles with a focus on energy efficiency, low emissions, and reduced operational costs. The company actively partners with fleet operators to accelerate electric vehicle adoption in commercial transport sectors.

Why in news?

Switch Mobility signed a memorandum of understanding with Vertelo to deploy 1,000 electric vehicles across India over the next 3-5 years, enhancing fleet electrification efforts.

Syndicate Bank Centenary

Syndicate Bank, established in 1925, is one of India’s oldest banks, originally founded in Udupi, Karnataka. It started by accepting jewellery as collateral, catering to local traders and small entrepreneurs. Over its 100-year history, the bank expanded nationally, supporting rural and urban sectors, particularly MSMEs. It played a vital role in financial inclusion in South India through innovative loan products and public procurement support. Syndicate Bank merged with Canara Bank in 2020 but continues to be celebrated for its legacy in regional economic growth. The centenary marks a century of banking services impacting local industries and entrepreneurship.

Why in news?

The Syndicate Bank centenary was mentioned during the CII Mangalore Integrate 2024 event as part of the region’s economic history and development narrative.

Unified Payments Interface (UPI)

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an instant real-time payment system developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) launched in 2016. It enables inter-bank transactions through mobile devices using a single identifier, eliminating the need for bank details. UPI supports multiple payment methods, including QR codes, and has been adopted widely across India, processing billions of transactions monthly. It introduced features like peer-to-peer payments, bill splitting, and request money options. UPI’s architecture is open, allowing third-party apps to integrate, which has boosted digital payment adoption, transforming India’s financial ecosystem.

Why in news?

UPI is referenced as the successful predecessor to ULI, having redefined payments in India and laying the groundwork for integrating lending and payment systems in the digital finance infrastructure.

Unique Customer Identification Code (UCIC)

The Unique Customer Identification Code (UCIC) is a system introduced by the Reserve Bank of India to assign a single identification number to each banking customer across all accounts held with a particular bank. This code helps banks maintain consolidated customer data, preventing duplication and enhancing monitoring. The UCIC facilitates better risk assessment, fraud detection, and customer service. It is mandatory for banks to assign one UCIC per customer, regardless of the number of accounts or products held. The system was introduced to streamline regulatory compliance and improve data accuracy in banking operations.

Why in news?

RBL Bank was fined for allotting multiple customer identification codes instead of a single UCIC to some customers, violating RBI’s KYC directions.

Vajpayee Bankable Yojana 2.0

The Vajpayee Bankable Yojana 2.0 is a financial scheme aimed at artisans and craftsmen, providing loans to support their businesses. The loan limit was increased from ₹8 lakh to ₹25 lakh under the new policy. The scheme facilitates easier access to credit for small-scale producers in the cottage and rural industries sector. It promotes entrepreneurship by enabling artisans to invest in materials, tools, and technology. The scheme is named after Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a former Prime Minister of India, symbolizing government support for rural economic development. It is implemented through various banks and financial institutions.

Why in news?

The Gujarat government increased the loan limit under Vajpayee Bankable Yojana 2.0 from ₹8 lakh to ₹25 lakh to boost cottage and rural industries in the state.

Variable Rate Repo Auction

Variable Rate Repo Auctions are monetary policy tools used by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to manage liquidity in the banking system. Unlike fixed-rate repos, the interest rate in variable rate repos is determined through a bidding process, allowing market forces to set the rate within RBI’s specified limits. These auctions help banks borrow funds for short durations to meet liquidity requirements. They are typically used during periods of financial stress or volatility to stabilize the banking system and ensure adequate cash flow. Variable rate repos have gained prominence as a flexible liquidity management tool since their introduction in the 2010s.

Why in news?

RBI conducted four variable rate repo auctions starting November 22, 2024, to inject liquidity into the Indian banking system amid deposit outflows and market volatility.

Vegetable Inflation

Vegetable inflation measures the rate of price increase specifically for vegetables, component of food inflation in India. It can be highly volatile due to factors like seasonal harvests, monsoon variability, supply chain disruptions, and regional demand-supply imbalances. Vegetable inflation often exceeds general food inflation and can disproportionately affect rural consumers, who spend a larger portion of their income on food. Sharp increases in vegetable prices can contribute to overall inflation and impact poverty and nutrition. Monitoring vegetable inflation is critical for policymakers to address food security and inflation control.

Why in news?

In November 2024, vegetable inflation in India was reported at 42.18%, a major driver of the overall food inflation rate of 10.87%.

Vertical Agreements

Vertical agreements refer to contracts or arrangements between companies at different levels of the supply chain, such as manufacturers and retailers. These agreements can involve pricing, supply restrictions, or exclusive distribution rights. In competition law, vertical agreements are scrutinized when they limit market competition by controlling prices or restricting access for other sellers. Unlike horizontal agreements between competitors, vertical agreements can be legal but may become anti-competitive if they create market dominance or block competitors. In India, such agreements are regulated under the Competition Act, 2002. Their misuse can lead to price manipulation and limited consumer choices.

Why in news?

CAIT accused quick commerce platforms of using vertical agreements to control supply, pricing, and distribution, harming competition and disadvantaging independent sellers.

Vizhinjam International Container Port Terminal

The Vizhinjam International Container Port Terminal is a deep-water, all-weather port located near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is strategically positioned on the international shipping route connecting the Middle East, Europe, and Southeast Asia. The port is designed to handle ultra-large container vessels with a natural depth of 18.5 meters, reducing the need for extensive dredging. It is developed as a public-private partnership and aims to become a major transshipment hub in India. The terminal is expected to boost Kerala’s economy by creating a development zone and facilitating global supply chain networks.

Why in news?

The port is brought into light as a key development hub in Kerala’s industrial growth plan, linked to attracting investments and expanding global supply chain opportunities.

West Texas Intermediate (WTI)

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing. It is sourced primarily from Texas and southern US states and is known for its relatively low sulfur content, making it a light sweet crude oil. WTI is traded primarily on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). It serves as a key pricing reference for oil in the Americas and globally. WTI prices are influenced by US production, inventory levels, and geopolitical events. It generally trades at a premium or discount to Brent crude depending on supply-demand dynamics and transportation costs.

Why in news?

WTI crude oil futures prices rose on November 18, 2024, amid escalating Russia-Ukraine tensions affecting global oil markets.

White Revolution 2.0

White Revolution 2.0 refers to the modern phase of India’s dairy cooperative movement, building on the original White Revolution that made India the world’s largest milk producer. It focuses on technological integration, improving milk production, processing, and marketing through cooperatives like Amul and IFFCO. The initiative incorporates digital tools, better animal husbandry, and sustainable practices. It aims to increase farmers’ incomes, improve milk quality, and strengthen rural livelihoods. White Revolution 2.0 also emphasizes women’s participation and environmental sustainability. It is supported by the Ministry of Cooperation and aligns with India’s broader agricultural and rural development goals.

Why in news?

White Revolution 2.0 was brought into light by Union Home Minister Amit Shah as a key initiative driven by cooperatives under the Ministry of Cooperation, reflecting recent advancements in India’s cooperative sector at the International Year of Cooperatives 2025 launch.

Wholesale Food Index

The Wholesale Food Index (WFI) measures the price changes of food items at the wholesale level before they reach consumers. It includes vegetables, fruits, cereals, pulses, and animal products. The WFI is a subset of the broader Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and is used to track inflation trends in food commodities. It reflects supply-demand dynamics, seasonal variations, and external factors like weather and trade policies. The index is crucial for policymakers to monitor food inflation and its impact on the economy. The WFI can fluctuate , as seen with a 3% month-on-month jump in October 2024.

Why in news?

The Wholesale Food Index rose sharply by 3% in October 2024, contributing to a four-month high in India’s wholesale price inflation, driven by soaring vegetable prices and food articles.

Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods at the wholesale level before reaching consumers. It covers three main categories – primary articles, fuel and power, and manufactured products. WPI is a key inflation indicator in many countries, especially India. Unlike the Consumer Price Index (CPI), WPI excludes services and focuses on goods traded in bulk. It is released monthly by government agencies and helps policymakers adjust monetary policy. WPI inflation trends often precede changes in consumer inflation and provide early signals of input cost pressures in manufacturing and agriculture.

Why in news?

Nomura’s report references WPI inflation trends to analyze manufacturing input costs and overall inflation trajectory for late 2024 and early 2025.

Willingdon Island

Willingdon Island is a man-made island in Kochi, Kerala, created in the 1920s by Sir Robert Bristow during the construction of Cochin Port. It was once a central hub for port-related activities until container terminal operations shifted to Vallarpadam Island in 2011 under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) agreement. The island spans a vast area suitable for commercial ventures such as cold storage, cargo handling, and tourism. Its waterfront location positions it as a potential cruise and luxury yacht destination. The island’s revival is considered crucial for local employment and economic growth in the region.

Why in news?

Trade unions and stakeholders are urging the Cochin Port Authority to implement a comprehensive revival plan for Willingdon Island to restart commercial operations and boost local employment.

Windfall Tax

Windfall tax is a higher tax levied by governments on certain products or industries when they generate above-average profits due to favorable economic conditions. In India, it was imposed on crude oil and petroleum product exports from July 1, 2022, targeting excessive profits from elevated crude prices. The tax included Rs 23,250 per tonne on crude oil and excise duties on diesel, petrol, and aviation turbine fuel exports, reviewed fortnightly. Small producers under 2 million barrels annual production were exempt. The tax aimed to curb windfall gains, generate government revenue, and ensure domestic supply. It has been revised over 20 times and is now being considered for removal.

Why in news?

The petroleum ministry has requested the finance ministry to remove the windfall tax due to decline in global crude prices since its imposition in 2022.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Alluri Sitharama Raju District

Alluri Sitharama Raju district, named after the Indian freedom fighter Alluri Sitarama Raju, was carved out from parts of Visakhapatnam and East Godavari districts in Andhra Pradesh. It is predominantly tribal and forested, with population belonging to Scheduled Tribes. The district is known for its biodiversity and natural reserves, including parts of the Eastern Ghats. It plays a key role in regional development projects due to its natural resources and cultural heritage. The district’s name honors Raju’s leadership in the Rampa Rebellion against British colonial rule in the 1920s.

Why in news?

Alluri Sitharama Raju district is part of the Visakhapatnam Economic Region selected as a Growth Hub pilot site, emphasizing its inclusion in economic and sustainability plans.

Bane Lands

Bane lands are a unique category of privileged agricultural lands in Kodagu district, Karnataka, granted under the Karnataka Land Reforms Act 1964 and its 2011 amendment. These lands are allocated to cultivators for areca nut and other plantation crops, recognized for their importance in local agrarian economies. The Karnataka High Court upheld the amendment allowing Bane land grants, reinforcing legal protections for cultivators. Bane lands differ from regular forest or agricultural lands due to their special status, which supports sustainable cultivation while balancing ecological concerns. Their legal recognition has become a precedent for similar land grant demands in neighboring regions.

Why in news?

The Karnataka High Court upheld the amendment granting Bane lands, prompting areca growers in Shivamogga to seek similar rights for Soppinabetta and Kaan lands in Malnad.

Indian Search and Rescue Region (ISRR)

The Indian Search and Rescue Region (ISRR) covers approximately 4.6 million square kilometers of oceanic area under India’s responsibility for maritime search and rescue operations. It extends beyond India’s territorial waters, including parts of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean. The ISRR is managed by the Indian Coast Guard, which coordinates rescue missions involving distress signals from ships or aircraft. It operates under international maritime conventions and collaborates with neighboring littoral states and friendly countries to ensure timely assistance. The ISRR is among the largest SAR regions globally, emphasizing India’s strategic maritime role.

Why in news?

The ISRR is central to the upcoming National Maritime Search and Rescue Exercises (SAREX-24) in Kochi, focusing on enhancing regional collaboration and mass rescue operations within this vast maritime zone.

Kottar-Parvathipuram Road

The Kottar-Parvathipuram road is a key arterial route in Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, connecting important commercial and residential zones. It supports high daily traffic volumes due to numerous shops and eateries along the stretch. The road has undergone multiple infrastructure upgrades, including recent underground drainage (UGD) installations. Despite its importance, maintenance has been inconsistent, causing safety hazards, especially during monsoons. The stretch from Collectorate to Chettikulam Junction is particularly notorious for potholes and incomplete repairs. Its condition directly impacts local commerce and daily commuting, making it a critical focus for municipal and state highway authorities.

Why in news?

The Kottar-Parvathipuram road is in the news due to prolonged restoration delays after excavation for underground drainage work, causing traffic congestion and safety concerns in Nagercoil.

Kottavalasa Kirandul (KK) Line

The Kottavalasa Kirandul (KK) line is important railway corridor in India, primarily used for transporting iron ore from the mineral-rich areas of Kirandul in Chhattisgarh to the eastern coast. It passes through difficult terrain in the Eastern Ghats, covering parts of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Commissioned in the late 20th century, the line was built by Indian Railways to support mineral extraction industries. It includes several tunnels and bridges, making it an engineering feat. The line is vital for freight movement, especially for steel plants and ports in the region. It also supports passenger services in remote areas.

Why in news?

Electric traction was introduced on the KK line’s Nagarnar Railway siding to enhance goods train movement for NMDC Steel Limited’s Nagarnar plant in November 2024.

Satluj Yamuna Link Canal

The Satluj Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal is a proposed 214-kilometer canal intended to connect the Sutlej River in Punjab to the Yamuna River in Haryana, facilitating water sharing between the two states. The canal project was initiated in the 1980s but has faced decades of legal and political challenges, primarily from Punjab, which opposes the water-sharing agreement. The Supreme Court of India has upheld the canal’s construction, but Punjab has stalled the project citing environmental and agricultural concerns. The canal is crucial for Haryana’s irrigation and drinking water needs. Its completion remains a contentious issue affecting inter-state relations.

Why in news?

Haryana demands Punjab complete the SYL canal project as a condition for Chandigarh’s exclusive claim.

Shanthinagar Bus Station

Shanthinagar Bus Station is a prominent bus terminal located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It primarily serves intracity and intercity buses, including those operated by KSRTC. The station is strategically situated near the Shanthinagar metro station, enabling easy connectivity with other parts of the city. It handles volume of passengers daily and is equipped with basic amenities such as waiting areas, ticket counters, and food stalls. The station is a key departure point for buses heading towards southern Kerala and Tamil Nadu, making it an important hub for interstate travel.

Why in news?

Shanthinagar Bus Station is the starting point for the newly introduced KSRTC Volvo bus service to Nilakkal, facilitating pilgrim travel to Sabarimala from Bengaluru.

Shi Yomi District

Shi Yomi is a newly created district in Arunachal Pradesh, carved out from West Siang district in 2018. It is located in the eastern Himalayan region and is known for its rich biodiversity and tribal communities. The district is part of the Siang river basin, which is crucial for hydroelectric projects. It has limited infrastructure and connectivity, which the Tato-I project aims to improve. The district’s economy depends largely on agriculture, forestry, and hydroelectric development. Its remote location makes it a strategic area for India’s border security with China.

Why in news?

Shi Yomi District is the site for the new Tato-I Hydro Electric Project, approved in 2024, which will bring infrastructure and socio-economic development to this remote region.

Soppinabetta Lands

Soppinabetta lands are a category of special privileged lands in the Malnad region of Karnataka, primarily used by cultivators for agricultural purposes and procuring firewood or green manure. These lands have traditionally been granted to local growers for sustainable farming. Unlike regular forest lands, Soppinabetta lands have a distinct legal status allowing limited use for cultivation. Their recognition fluctuated over time, with periods when such lands were reclassified as forest areas, restricting access. The demand to treat Soppinabetta lands on par with Bane lands reflects ongoing legal and administrative efforts to secure land rights for cultivators in Malnad.

Why in news?

Areca growers in Shivamogga district are urging the Karnataka government to grant Soppinabetta lands to cultivators, similar to the Bane lands granted in Kodagu district, following a recent court ruling supporting such land grants.

Stratigraphic Wells

Stratigraphic wells are drilled primarily to study subsurface geological formations rather than for immediate hydrocarbon production. They provide detailed data on rock layers, sediment distribution, and petroleum system characteristics. These wells help in identifying potential hydrocarbon reservoirs and understanding basin evolution. Stratigraphic drilling is essential in frontier exploration areas, including deep and ultra-deep offshore regions, where data scarcity is high. The information gathered supports petroleum system modeling, reservoir characterization, and risk assessment. This method complements conventional exploratory wells by focusing on geological context, improving exploration success rates.

Why in news?

Oil India Limited and TotalEnergies signed a Technical Service Agreement in November 2024 to drill stratigraphic wells in Indian offshore waters for enhanced exploration and data acquisition.

Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital city of Kerala. It is located on the southwestern coast and serves as the administrative and political hub of the state. The city is known for its rich cultural heritage, educational institutions, and as a center for research and development. Thiruvananthapuram hosts the Kerala State Senior Citizen Commission headquarters. It is also home to the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple, an architectural marvel with religious importance. The city has a tropical climate and a growing IT sector, making it a blend of tradition and modernity.

Why in news?

Thiruvananthapuram has been chosen as the headquarters for the newly formed Kerala State Senior Citizen Commission, denoting its role as the state’s administrative center.

V.O. Chidambaranar Port

The V.O. Chidambaranar Port, formerly known as Tuticorin Port, is a major port located in Tamil Nadu. It was renamed after V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, a freedom fighter and entrepreneur. The port is one of the largest in India in terms of cargo handling capacity and is a key hub for thermal coal, salt, and seafood exports. It has a natural deep-water harbor and modern container terminals. The port operates under the Ministry of Shipping and has implemented several green initiatives, including solar power usage and waste management systems to reduce environmental impact. It plays important role in India’s maritime trade.

Why in news?

V.O. Chidambaranar Port’s operational improvements and cooperation efforts were brought into light at an award ceremony organized by ICCI in Thoothukudi, emphasizing its role in enhancing India’s export infrastructure.

Zojila Pass

Zojila Pass is a 3,528-meter (11,575 feet) high mountain pass in the Himalayas, connecting Ladakh with Kashmir Valley. It is located in the Indian union territory of Ladakh and serves as a critical route for civilian and military movement. The pass is often closed during winter due to heavy snowfall, disrupting connectivity. Zojila has strategic importance for India’s defense and logistics. The pass lies on the National Highway 1 and is one of the few routes linking Ladakh to the rest of India. Efforts to build tunnels under Zojila aim to provide all-weather connectivity.

Why in news?

Snow clearance operations were carried out by BRO at Zojila Pass after heavy snowfall to restore road access.

Environment & Ecology

Aluminum Oxide in Atmosphere

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is a white, powdery compound released into the atmosphere primarily from rocket launches and satellite burn-up. It acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions that deplete the ozone layer by accelerating the breakdown of ozone molecules in the stratosphere. Unlike chlorofluorocarbons, aluminum oxide is a particulate pollutant that can persist in the stratosphere for months to years. It also affects cloud formation by promoting the nucleation of ice particles. The increased emission of aluminum oxide from space activities poses a new threat to the ozone layer, which had been recovering since the Montreal Protocol’s restrictions on CFCs.

Why in news?

Aluminum oxide emissions from satellite reentries and rocket launches have risen sharply, raising concerns about renewed ozone layer depletion despite previous international agreements.

Amur Falcon Festival

The Amur Falcon Festival is an annual event in Tamenglong district, Manipur, celebrating the migratory Amur falcon. It raises awareness about the bird’s migration and conservation. The festival features cultural performances from local communities, denoting tribal traditions. The Amur falcon migrates from Siberia and East Asia to southern and eastern Africa, stopping in Tamenglong during October-November. The festival is organized by the District Administration, State Forest Department, and Rainforest Club of Tamenglong. Conservation efforts include satellite tagging to track the birds’ migration routes and protect them from hunting and habitat loss.

Why in news?

The 9th edition of the Amur Falcon Festival was held in Tamenglong district in November 2024, focusing on conservation and celebrating the arrival of the migratory bird.

Atmospheric Inversion

Atmospheric inversion occurs when a layer of warmer air overlays cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical air mixing. This phenomenon traps pollutants, including particulate matter and gases, close to the earth’s surface, leading to poor air quality and reduced visibility. Inversions are common during winter in northern India due to lower temperatures and weaker sunlight. They can last from hours to days, depending on meteorological conditions like wind speed and humidity. Inversions exacerbate smog formation by limiting the dispersion of emissions from vehicles, industries, and agricultural burning. They are a key factor in seasonal pollution spikes in urban and rural areas.

Why in news?

Atmospheric inversion contributed to the early onset of smog in northern India by trapping pollutants near the ground during the start of winter.

Atmospheric Waves Near Equator

Atmospheric waves near the equator, such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), are large-scale disturbances in tropical weather patterns that influence convection and precipitation. These waves travel eastward around the globe every 30 to 60 days and can enhance or suppress tropical cyclone formation by altering wind patterns and moisture availability. Their activity affects the timing and intensity of tropical storms, particularly in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The exact relationship between these waves and climate change remains uncertain, but they are recognized as key drivers of tropical weather variability and can explain unusual storm clusters independent of global warming effects.

Why in news?

In 2024, active atmospheric waves near the equator were suggested as a possible cause of the unusual cluster of four simultaneous typhoons in the West Pacific during November.

Bagafa Kakulia Rajnagar Range

The Bagafa Kakulia Rajnagar range is a forested administrative division within the South Tripura district, adjacent to protected areas like Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary. It is characterized by dense vegetation and serves as a corridor for wildlife movement. This range is for local forest management and anti-poaching patrols. It includes several small villages and tribal settlements, where community-based conservation initiatives have been introduced. The area is also known for its traditional forest-dependent livelihoods and has been a focus of efforts to balance human activity with wildlife preservation.

Why in news?

The range was the location where officials apprehended a suspect involved in illegal deer meat transactions, indicating enforcement actions in this forest area.

Bar-tailed Godwit

The bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) is a migratory shorebird known for the longest non-stop flight recorded among birds, covering up to 13,560 km from Alaska to Australia without stopping. It breeds in the Arctic tundra and winters in coastal wetlands across Asia, Australia, and Africa. The bird is smaller than other godwits and distinguished by its mottled brown upper body and barred tail feathers. Its diet mainly consists of crustaceans and invertebrates. It uses tailwinds to aid its long flights and typically arrives in India between October and February.

Why in news?

Five bar-tailed godwits were unusually spotted together at Pulicat Lake, a rare group sighting for this species usually seen alone during migration.

Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary

Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary spans 244.66 sq. km in Chhattisgarh. It hosts 44 species including leopards, elephants, sloth bears, guars, spotted deer, and Indian wolves. The sanctuary had no tigers for almost 40 years until a young male tiger appeared in 2024. It has a rich prey base with wild boars and chitals and sufficient water resources. The sanctuary is monitored with 200 camera traps and regular night patrols to protect wildlife. It is part of efforts to revive tiger populations and boost eco-tourism in the region.

Why in news?

A young male tiger was spotted in Barnawapara after nearly 40 years, prompting plans to introduce female tigers to revive the population and enhance conservation efforts.

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) store electrical energy for later use, enhancing grid stability and renewable energy integration. They include technologies like lithium-ion batteries and flow batteries. BESS can provide frequency regulation, peak shaving, and backup power. India plans to add 47 GW of BESS capacity over the next eight years to support its growing renewable energy generation and transmission expansion. BESS helps manage intermittent energy supply from solar and wind, reducing curtailment and improving grid reliability. The technology is critical for energy transition, enabling smoother load balancing and facilitating a shift away from fossil fuels.

Why in news?

EnerGrid will focus on developing greenfield transmission and battery energy storage projects in India, aligning with the country’s target of adding 47 GW of BESS capacity by 2032.

Bee Migration Routes in India

Managed western honey bees in India are transported seasonally by beekeepers along established migratory routes to optimize access to floral resources. In North India, migration occurs through mustard and sunflower fields in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In Jammu and Kashmir, bees move from plains to apple orchards, overlapping with native bumble bee habitats. These migratory practices can lead to the displacement or decline of local bee populations, possibly due to introduced diseases. For example, after western honey bee colonies were introduced in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, indigenous pollinators were decimated and forest honey production dropped sharply.

Why in news?

Surveys reveal that managed bee migration may contribute to disease spread and native pollinator declines, prompting calls for better management practices.

Beejamrit

Beejamrit is a traditional natural farming input used as a seed treatment to enhance germination and protect seeds from pests and diseases. It is prepared by fermenting cow dung, cow urine, lime, and water for 24 hours. The cow dung and urine must come from indigenous breeds to ensure efficacy. Beejamrit acts as a bio-fertilizer and bio-pesticide, promoting beneficial microbial activity around the seed. It helps reduce dependency on chemical pesticides and improves soil health. Farmers prepare Beejamrit on-site using local materials, making it a cost-effective and sustainable alternative in natural farming practices.

Why in news?

Beejamrit is part of the inputs promoted under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) to support chemical-free, sustainable agriculture across India.

Beladakuppe Sri Mahadeshwaraswamy Temple

The Beladakuppe Sri Mahadeshwaraswamy Temple is a Hindu temple located within the core area of the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka. Originally a small shrine in the Hediyala range, it has grown into a major religious site attracting nearly one lakh devotees annually during its jathra festival. The temple is managed by the Muzrai Department, which oversees Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments. Due to its location inside a protected tiger reserve, strict restrictions are imposed on visitor movement, including bans on private vehicles and temporary stalls, to minimize disturbance to wildlife habitats.

Why in news?

Restrictions were imposed on the temple’s annual jathra from November 23 to 25, 2024, to protect the Bandipur Tiger Reserve’s core area from environmental and wildlife disturbances caused by large crowds and unauthorized activities.

Bharat Stage Emission Standards

Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards regulate vehicular air pollutant emissions in India, modeled after European norms with a lag of about five years. Introduced in 1991, the standards have progressively tightened, with BS-I and BS-II notified in 1999 following a Supreme Court order. BS-IV was implemented nationwide by 2017, skipping BS-V to directly adopt BS-VI in 2020. BS-VI fuel contains 80% less sulphur than BS-IV, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 70% in diesel vehicles. These standards mandate vehicle manufacturers to upgrade engines and fuel quality to curb pollution and improve public health.

Why in news?

The Delhi government banned BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles in November 2024 under GRAP, emphasizing the transition to BS-VI compliant vehicles and fuels to improve air quality.

Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome

CKM syndrome is a complex condition involving interconnected dysfunctions of the heart, kidneys, and metabolic processes, often triggered by obesity and lifestyle factors. It leads to increased risks of premature death due to complications like hypertension, diabetes, and organ failure. The syndrome marks the need for integrated care addressing multiple organ systems simultaneously rather than isolated treatment. Its progression is marked by gradual weight gain, increased waist circumference, and metabolic disturbances affecting major organs. CKM syndrome is emerging globally as public health challenge linked to modern lifestyle changes and globalization-driven habits.

Why in news?

CKM syndrome is gaining attention due to its rising prevalence in Tamil Nadu and India, with increasing obesity, diabetes, and hypertension rates threatening public health and economic stability.

Central Insecticides Board

The Central Insecticides Board (CIB) is a statutory body under India’s Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, responsible for regulating the import, manufacture, distribution, and use of insecticides in India. It oversees the registration of pesticides, ensuring safety and efficacy standards. The CIB operates under the Insecticides Act, 1968, and advises the government on pesticide-related policies. It has specialized committees for technical evaluation and registration. The board also monitors pesticide residue limits in food products. The prioritization of molecules discovered in India marks a strategic shift to promote indigenous innovation and reduce dependence on foreign patented chemicals in agriculture and home-care sectors.

Why in news?

The Central Insecticides Board announced a policy to prioritize Indian-discovered molecules, aiming to boost domestic innovation and reduce reliance on imported patented chemicals in the Indian chemicals industry.

Centre of Excellence, Watershed Management

The Centre of Excellence in Watershed Management is a specialized institution focused on sustainable land and water resource management. It conducts research, training, and development of watershed models to improve agricultural productivity and ecological balance. The center works on techniques to conserve soil and water, mitigate drought effects, and enhance groundwater recharge. It collaborates with government agencies to implement watershed projects across Karnataka, covering millions of hectares. These projects aim to increase farmers’ incomes by improving irrigation and reducing land degradation. The center also addresses climate change impacts on agriculture through innovative resource management strategies.

Why in news?

Mahesh B. Shirur, Commissioner of the Centre, announced a new land resource survey model covering 25 lakh hectares to support farmers against climate change challenges.

CH4 Global

CH4 Global is an organization focused on reducing methane emissions from cattle, source of greenhouse gases. Methane (CH4) has a global warming potential many times greater than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. CH4 Global develops technologies and strategies to mitigate these emissions through dietary supplements, breeding practices, and waste management. The company collaborates with agricultural and environmental partners to implement solutions that improve livestock sustainability while reducing environmental impact. Its work contributes to global climate goals by targeting methane, a potent but often overlooked greenhouse gas.

Why in news?

UPL partnered with CH4 Global to combat cattle methane emissions, aiming to reduce environmental impact from agriculture in India.

Chinna Kaleshwaram Project

The Chinna Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is an offshoot of the larger Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme, designed to irrigate 45,000 acres in Telangana’s Manthani Assembly Constituency. It draws water from the Godavari River via an approach canal to the Kannepalli Pump House, lifting 600 cubic feet per second. The project includes two pump houses and aims to supply 0.5 TMC of water for drinking. It enhances storage capacity of Erra Cheruvu and reinforces Rudraram Tank’s breached bund. Initiated in 2007, it is 75% complete and budgeted at ₹571.57 crore for pending works.

Why in news?

The Telangana government approved ₹571.57 crore for completing the Chinna Kaleshwaram Project to improve irrigation and drinking water supply in Manthani constituency.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was established in India in 2020 as a statutory body to coordinate and enforce air pollution control measures across multiple states and union territories. It has powers to issue directions, monitor air quality, and implement action plans. The CAQM can override state pollution control boards and municipal authorities to ensure compliance. It also promotes research and awareness programs on air pollution. The commission plays a key role in managing pollution in the Delhi-NCR region, especially during winter smog episodes. It is empowered to regulate vehicular emissions, construction dust, and industrial pollution sources.

Why in news?

CAQM proposed hiking parking charges in Delhi’s Lutyens area to reduce pollution caused by private motor vehicles, aiming to discourage car use and improve air quality.

COP28 UAE Declaration

The COP28 UAE Declaration on Climate and Health is a global commitment launched at the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It focuses on strengthening climate-resilient health systems and addressing the intersection of climate change and public health impacts. The declaration aims to mobilize countries to take coordinated action against health threats exacerbated by climate change. Since its launch, 123 countries signed the pledge initially, with signatories increasing by 30–40% over the following year. India remains a notable non-signatory despite its vulnerability to climate-related health issues.

Why in news?

The declaration is brought into light due to India’s ongoing refusal to sign it amid worsening air pollution and climate health crises, despite global pressure and WHO advocacy at COP29 in Baku.

COP29 Climate Summit

The COP29 is the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It serves as an annual global meeting where countries negotiate and review progress on climate action under the Paris Agreement. COP29 was held in 2024, continuing efforts to finalize rules for carbon markets and enhance commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also focuses on climate finance, adaptation, and loss and damage issues. The summit gathers negotiators, scientists, activists, and policymakers to address the accelerating climate crisis. Attendance fluctuates depending on geopolitical and environmental priorities.

Why in news?

Argentina’s government asked its negotiators to leave the ongoing COP29 summit, signaling potential withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, drawing international attention to the summit’s political challenges.

Deep-Ocean Tsunami Buoys

Deep-ocean tsunami buoys are specialized instruments deployed on the ocean floor to detect tsunami waves by measuring changes in sea level and pressure. UNESCO’s global tsunami warning network includes 74 such buoys. These buoys transmit real-time data to seismic monitoring centers, enabling rapid detection and confirmation of tsunami events. The buoys are critical for early warning systems because they can detect tsunamis far from shore, providing valuable time for alerts and evacuations. They operate in conjunction with seismometers, sea-level stations, and submarine cable observatories to form a comprehensive monitoring network.

Why in news?

The 2024 conference emphasized the role of deep-ocean tsunami buoys in achieving faster tsunami confirmation times by 2030.

Dorjilung Hydroelectric Project

The Dorjilung Hydroelectric Project is a planned 1,125 MW hydropower plant in Bhutan. It is part of a broader initiative to increase Bhutan’s clean energy generation capacity. The project is designed to utilize Bhutan’s abundant river resources for sustainable power generation. It will contribute to Bhutan’s goal of 25,000 MW generation capacity by 2040 and is expected to support regional energy security through exports. The Dorjilung project is one of several large-scale hydropower developments included in the Tata Power-DGPC collaboration, denoting its strategic importance in Bhutan’s renewable energy portfolio.

Why in news?

Dorjilung HEP is included in the 5,000 MW renewable energy capacity development partnership between Tata Power and DGPC announced in November 2024.

Eastern Ghats

The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India’s eastern coast, spanning states like Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Unlike the Western Ghats, these hills are geologically older and composed mainly of charnockite rock. The region hosts unique ecosystems with dry deciduous forests, scrublands, and moist forests in isolated pockets. It is home to many endemic species, including the Marbled Map butterfly. The Eastern Ghats play important role in watershed management and support tribal communities. Despite rich biodiversity, the area remains less studied due to rugged terrain and fragmented habitats.

Why in news?

The Eastern Ghats were the focus of a decade-long butterfly biodiversity study documenting 190 species, denoting the region’s ecological significance and need for conservation efforts.

EBP Programme

The Ethanol-Blend Petrol (EBP) programme is an Government of India initiative aimed at blending ethanol with petrol to reduce fossil fuel dependence and lower pollution. It sets mandatory blending targets, increasing gradually from 2% in 2017 to an expected 20% by 2026. The programme prohibits the use of imported ethanol to meet blending targets, prioritizing domestic production. Ethanol for industrial use, however, can be imported, which helps free up domestic ethanol for blending. The programme incentivizes sugar mills and other producers to convert excess sugar and biomass into ethanol, supporting rural economies and reducing carbon emissions.

Why in news?

India’s EBP programme is central to the recent surge in US ethanol exports, as imported ethanol for industry frees domestic supplies to meet increasing ethanol-blend petrol targets.

Elephant Corridors

Elephant corridors are narrow strips of natural habitat that connect larger forest areas, allowing elephants to migrate safely between feeding and breeding grounds. These corridors are essential for maintaining genetic diversity and reducing human-elephant conflicts. In India, many corridors have been disrupted by human activities like mining, agriculture, and urbanization. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, allows for the notification of such corridors as ecologically sensitive zones to protect them legally. Odisha has 14 traditional elephant corridors proposed for protection, but bureaucratic delays have hindered formal notification and enforcement.

Why in news?

The National Green Tribunal directed Odisha to notify 14 elephant corridors to mitigate increasing conflicts and protect migrating herds, but official action remains pending.

Eman Asakgre Community Reserve

The Eman Asakgre Community Reserve is located in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya. It is a protected area managed by the local Eman Asakgre community, focusing on conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources. The reserve is part of a larger landscape that supports diverse flora and fauna, including endemic amphibians and birds. It plays important role in preserving the habitat for species such as Raorchestes asakgrensis. The reserve exemplifies community-based conservation efforts in Northeast India, where local populations actively participate in protecting their environment. It also serves as a site for scientific research and biodiversity monitoring.

Why in news?

The Eman Asakgre Community Reserve gained attention as the discovery site of the newly identified frog species Raorchestes asakgrensis, emphasizing community involvement in conservation.

Ernakulam-Kasaragod Agricultural Corridor

The Ernakulam-Kasaragod agricultural corridor spans the coastal districts of Kerala, known for diverse farming including rice, spices, and coconut cultivation. This region faces challenges such as monsoon variability and soil salinity impacting crop yields. Farmers here rely heavily on timely fertilizer supply for productivity. The corridor includes a mix of smallholder farms and larger plantations, with a strong presence of farmer cooperatives and organizations advocating for agricultural support. Fertilizer distribution logistics in this corridor are complex due to varied terrain and infrastructure constraints, affecting timely delivery and access.

Why in news?

Farmers’ organizations from Ernakulam to Kasaragod participated in a meeting with officials to address fertilizer distribution delays affecting agricultural productivity in this key Kerala region.

GHMC Bus Fleet

The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) operates a fleet of approximately 3,000 buses within its jurisdiction. These buses primarily serve urban and suburban routes in Hyderabad. The fleet is currently undergoing a phased replacement with electric buses to reduce pollution and improve sustainability. The initiative includes developing the necessary charging infrastructure. GHMC’s bus services are a critical part of Hyderabad’s public transport, catering to millions of commuters daily. The transition to electric vehicles aligns with India’s broader environmental goals and urban transport modernization efforts.

Why in news?

The Telangana government announced plans to replace the existing GHMC bus fleet with electric vehicles in phases to promote sustainable urban transport and reduce pollution in Hyderabad.

Global Carbon Budget

The Global Carbon Budget quantifies the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions permissible to keep global warming below specific temperature thresholds, such as 1.5°C or 2°C above pre-industrial levels. It includes emissions from fossil fuels, land-use changes, and carbon sinks like oceans and forests. In 2024, global anthropogenic emissions reached 11.3 gigatonnes of carbon per year (GtC yr⁻¹), with fossil fuel emissions at 10.2 GtC yr⁻¹. Land-use change emissions, mainly deforestation, contribute about 1 GtC yr⁻¹. Carbon sinks absorb more CO₂ than they release, with oceans absorbing around 3 GtC yr⁻¹.

Why in news?

The 2024 Global Carbon Budget report marks the rapid depletion of carbon budgets, warning the world has only six years left to limit warming to 1.5°C, based on current CO₂ emission trends.

Global Fund for Coral Reefs

The Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) is a public-private partnership launched in 2018 focused on financing coral reef conservation and restoration projects worldwide. Its mission is to mobilize investments to promote sustainable economic activities that protect reefs and support local communities. GFCR targets a $12 billion funding goal but had secured only $30 million by late 2024. It supports initiatives like reef restoration, sustainable fisheries, and climate resilience. GFCR collaborates with governments, NGOs, and private investors to create a reef-positive economy. It also advocates for increased global funding and policy support for coral reef ecosystems.

Why in news?

GFCR’s funding shortfall and efforts to close the gap were brought into light at COP29, emphasizing the need for urgent investment in coral reef conservation.

Global Hunger Index

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is an annual report measuring hunger at global, regional, and national levels. It combines indicators like undernourishment, child wasting, stunting, and child mortality to assess food security. India has shown gradual improvements but still faces challenges in rural malnutrition and child undernutrition. The GHI uses a 100-point scale, where zero is no hunger and 100 is extreme hunger. India’s performance varies widely across states, with some regions scoring better due to targeted nutrition programs. The index influences policy-making and international aid allocation.

Why in news?

The Global Hunger Index 2024 report has sparked discussions about India’s ongoing food inflation and its impact on middle-class and vulnerable populations amid economic slowdown concerns.

Global Matchmaking Platform (GMP)

The Global Matchmaking Platform is an initiative launched by UNIDO and the Climate Club at COP29 to accelerate decarbonisation in heavy-emitting industries. It serves as a support mechanism for the Climate Club, with its secretariat hosted by UNIDO and interim secretariat support from OECD and IEA. The platform aims to connect emerging and developing economies with financial and technical resources tailored to their industrial decarbonisation needs. Pilot projects are underway in countries including Argentina, Kenya, and Cambodia. The GMP is part of the Climate Club’s 2024 work programme focused on industrial transformation and international cooperation.

Why in news?

The GMP was launched at COP29 to address the $125 billion annual funding gap for net-zero industrial emissions, supporting developing countries in accessing climate finance and technology.

Global Methane Pledge

The Global Methane Pledge was launched at COP26 in November 2021 to reduce global anthropogenic methane emissions by 30% by 2030. Over 150 countries representing more than 50% of methane emissions have signed it. The pledge aims to limit warming by at least 0.2°C by 2050. Methane accounts for roughly one-third of current human-induced global warming. The pledge encourages national commitments, data transparency, and international cooperation to curb methane emissions from oil, gas, agriculture, and waste sectors. It is a complementary effort to carbon dioxide reduction strategies in global climate action.

Why in news?

The pledge’s progress was reviewed at COP29, with UNEP urging countries to translate commitments into concrete methane emission reductions following widespread under-response to alerts.

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is an Amsterdam-based organization established in 1997 to promote sustainability reporting. It provides standardized guidelines that help companies measure and communicate their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) impacts. GRI standards are widely used globally, enabling transparency and comparability across industries. The framework includes disclosures on economic performance, labor practices, human rights, and environmental impact. GRI’s guidelines are voluntary but increasingly adopted by businesses to meet stakeholder demands. It operates through multi-stakeholder governance, including corporations, NGOs, and labor representatives. The GRI also collaborates with the United Nations and other international organizations to advance sustainability goals.

Why in news?

GRI guidelines are being adopted by Harrisons Malayalam Limited to enhance ESG compliance and sustainability reporting, aligning with global standards despite the lack of mandatory regulations.

GloLitter Partnership Project

The GloLitter Partnership Project is a collaboration between the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) focused on combating marine plastic litter. It supports countries in monitoring, reporting, and reducing plastic pollution in oceans. The project promotes best practices in waste management on ships and in ports and encourages regional cooperation to tackle marine debris. It integrates scientific research with policy frameworks to protect marine ecosystems from plastic contamination.

Why in news?

The GloLitter Partnership Project was launched in India on World Fisheries Day 2024 to address marine plastic pollution alongside new fisheries initiatives.

Glyphosate

Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide widely used with herbicide-tolerant (HT) genetically modified crops. It inhibits the shikimate pathway, essential for plant amino acid synthesis, effectively killing most weeds but not glyphosate-resistant crops. Initially considered environmentally safe due to rapid degradation, recent studies reveal potential harmful effects on human health and the environment. Overuse has led to the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weed species worldwide. Glyphosate is often sold in combination with HT seeds by a few major companies, creating dependency on specific herbicides. Its widespread use has raised regulatory and ecological concerns, especially regarding long-term toxicity and weed resistance management.

Why in news?

Glyphosate’s increased use with HT crops is linked to rising herbicide resistance and health concerns, prompting calls for better management and alternative weed control strategies.

Green Hydrogen Hub Vishakhapatnam

The Green Hydrogen Hub in Vishakhapatnam is planned on a 1,200-acre site to produce green hydrogen and its derivatives. This hub will use renewable energy sources to power electrolysers that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. NTPC Green has partnered with two technology providers for electrolyser supply and is bidding for green hydrogen tenders. The hub aligns with India’s push for green hydrogen as a clean fuel alternative, aiming to reduce carbon emissions in heavy industries and transport sectors. The Vishakhapatnam hub is among the largest planned green hydrogen facilities in India.

Why in news?

NTPC Green announced the development of a large green hydrogen hub in Vishakhapatnam as part of its future renewable energy and hydrogen production strategy.

Green Railways Initiative

The Green Railways Initiative is an Indian Railways program aimed at achieving sustainable, environmentally friendly railway operations. It includes goals such as 100% electrification of railway lines, energy efficiency improvements, use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and zero carbon emissions. The initiative also promotes water conservation, waste management, and afforestation along railway tracks. Indian Railways operates one of the world’s largest solar power plants at its sites. The program aligns with India’s national commitments under the Paris Agreement and aims to reduce the carbon footprint of one of the world’s largest rail networks.

Why in news?

Indian Railways aims to become a global leader in green railways by achieving full electrification and zero carbon emissions, as stated by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw.

Habalikhati

Habalikhati is a small village located within Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha. It gained attention as the landfall site of Cyclone Dana in October 2024. The village lies in a sensitive mangrove ecosystem known for rich biodiversity, including saltwater crocodiles and migratory birds. Bhitarkanika is the second largest mangrove forest in India and a Ramsar Wetland site. Habalikhati’s proximity to the coast makes it vulnerable to cyclones, and local communities often rely on fishing and agriculture. The area also has traditional cyclone shelters built to protect residents during severe weather events.

Why in news?

Habalikhati was the landfall point of Cyclone Dana, which struck Odisha in late October 2024, causing weather impact.

Haemaphysalis spinigera

Haemaphysalis spinigera is a hard-bodied tick species primarily responsible for transmitting Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. It inhabits forested and grassy areas in South Asia, particularly Karnataka. This tick species feeds on various mammals, including monkeys, cattle, and humans. The tick has a three-host life cycle – larva, nymph, and adult, each requiring a blood meal from different hosts. It is active mainly during the cooler months, aligning with KFD outbreaks. Control measures include habitat management and personal protection like using tick repellents or oils. Its role as a vector is critical in the ecology of KFD transmission.

Why in news?

Samples of Haemaphysalis spinigera ticks were collected from villages in the Malnad region to test for Kyasanur Forest Disease presence and prevent an outbreak.

Hydrogen and Lithium Extraction

Hydrogen extraction involves producing hydrogen fuel primarily through methods like steam methane reforming or electrolysis. It is considered a clean energy carrier when produced via renewable-powered electrolysis. Lithium extraction is critical for manufacturing batteries used in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Lithium is primarily mined from brine pools in South America’s Lithium Triangle or hard rock deposits in Australia. Both hydrogen and lithium extraction are capital-intensive and involve environmental concerns, including water use and habitat disruption. Innovations aim to improve efficiency and reduce ecological impacts. These sectors are increasingly important as energy companies diversify beyond fossil fuels.

Why in news?

Exxon Mobil invested in hydrogen and lithium extraction as part of its energy transition strategy, diverging from wind and solar investments favored by other firms.

Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS)

The Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS) is a professional organization established in 1934 to promote soil science research and education in India. It organizes conferences, publishes journals, and facilitates collaboration among soil scientists. ISSS plays a key role in addressing soil-related challenges such as degradation, nutrient deficiency, and sustainable management. The society contributes to policy recommendations and awareness programs on soil health, fertility, and conservation. ISSS also works closely with government agencies like ICAR to integrate scientific advances into agricultural practices and supports capacity building for farmers and researchers.

Why in news?

ISSS organized the global conference on soil science in New Delhi, focusing on soil health, climate change mitigation, and ecosystem services.

Land Commons

Land commons refer to shared natural resources such as forests, pastures, and uncultivated lands managed collectively by communities. These lands provide ecosystem services including food, water, soil fertility, and cultural values. Commons have traditional governance systems that regulate access and use, preventing overexploitation. Globally, land commons contribute to biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. In India, they cover millions of hectares and are crucial for millions of people dependent on agriculture and forest resources. However, they face threats like encroachment, degradation, and poor management, which jeopardize their ecological and economic functions.

Why in news?

The economic valuation of Odisha’s land commons marks their socio-ecological importance and the urgent need for legal reforms and sustainable management to protect these resources.

Land Resource Survey Model

A land resource survey model involves detailed mapping and analysis of soil, water, and topography to optimize land use for agriculture. It helps identify suitable crops, irrigation methods, and conservation practices based on land characteristics. This model supports precision farming and sustainable agriculture by minimizing resource wastage and maximizing yield. In Karnataka, the government developed a model covering 25 lakh hectares to assist farmers in adapting to climate variability. The survey uses satellite imagery, GIS technology, and field data to create actionable land-use plans. It aids in policy formulation and targeted interventions for watershed and agricultural development.

Why in news?

The Government of Karnataka’s new land resource survey model was introduced as a key initiative to strengthen farmers financially and address climate change impacts on agriculture.

Lithium Reserves in Jammu and Kashmir

In 2023, India discovered approximately 5.9 million tonnes of lithium reserves in Jammu and Kashmir, marking the country’s first find of this critical mineral. Lithium is essential for lithium-ion batteries, powering electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Exploration of these reserves has progressed through three stages, with the fourth stage underway as of late 2024. Earlier attempts to auction lithium mines in the region failed due to insufficient bidders. The government is focusing on advancing exploration and production to leverage these reserves for India’s energy transition and reduce reliance on imports.

Why in news?

The government updated progress on lithium exploration stages in Jammu and Kashmir and announced plans to resume production after completing exploration.

National Bioenergy Coordination Committee

The National Bioenergy Coordination Committee in India focuses on promoting bioenergy technologies, coordinating research, and implementing policies to increase bioenergy production. It works on integrating biomass, biogas, and biofuels into the national energy mix to reduce fossil fuel dependence. The committee facilitates collaboration between states, research institutions, and industries. Karnataka’s inclusion would leverage its agricultural residues and forest biomass potential. The committee aims to enhance rural energy access and contribute to India’s renewable energy targets. It also supports innovations in bioenergy conversion and sustainable biomass supply chains.

Why in news?

The Government of India is urged to include Karnataka in the National Bioenergy Coordination Committee to boost bioenergy production, aligning with national energy and sustainability goals discussed at the CII summit.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) is a division of the CDC focused on reducing injuries and violence in the US. Established in 1997, it conducts research, surveillance, and prevention programs on topics including drug overdoses, motor vehicle crashes, and violence. NCIPC develops public health guidelines and funds state and local injury prevention initiatives. It also provides technical assistance and promotes evidence-based interventions. The center collaborates with multiple federal agencies and community partners to address injury-related health disparities among vulnerable populations.

Why in news?

The NCIPC’s director brought into light uneven progress in reducing overdose deaths, emphasizing ongoing challenges for marginalized communities amid the recent decline in US drug fatalities.

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

The NTCA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, established in 2005. It oversees tiger conservation efforts nationwide and implements the Project Tiger initiative. The NTCA has powers to regulate and coordinate conservation activities, including designating critical tiger habitats. It conducts periodic tiger population estimations and ecological assessments. The authority also issues guidelines for wildlife protection and habitat management and works closely with state forest departments. Its Assistant Inspector-General of Forests plays important role in field inspections and submitting conservation reports to ensure compliance with wildlife protection norms.

Why in news?

The NTCA’s Assistant Inspector-General submitted a report recommending that Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary be notified as a core tiger habitat, but the recommendation remains unimplemented by the Karnataka government.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report 2024

The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report 2024 compiles updated climate commitments from countries under the Paris Agreement. It projects that global emissions could peak by 2030, with a 2.6% reduction compared to 2019 levels, if nations fulfill their pledges. The report assesses progress toward emission targets, identifies financing and technology gaps, and marks the need for enhanced cooperation. It serves as a key reference for COP negotiations, guiding policy and investment decisions. The report stresses that achieving these reductions depends on equitable access to finance, technology, and capacity-building, especially for developing countries.

Why in news?

The NDC Synthesis Report 2024 was cited during COP29 discussions as evidence that global emissions can peak by 2030 if all countries cooperate and support developing nations with finance and technology.

Natural Farming

Natural farming is an agricultural practice distinct from organic farming, emphasizing minimal external inputs and working with natural processes. It avoids synthetic chemicals and relies on locally available resources, microbial activity, and crop diversity. Natural farming can maintain crop productivity after a transition period, often several years. It promotes soil biodiversity and reduces dependency on chemical fertilizers. This method originated from traditional practices and has been adapted in various Indian regions to improve sustainability. Unlike organic farming, natural farming does not necessarily require certification or strict input restrictions but focuses on ecological balance and resilience.

Why in news?

Natural farming was mentioned at the soil science conference as a viable alternative to chemical farming that may sustain yields while improving soil health.

Net Zero Industry Act

The Net Zero Industry Act is a legislative package introduced by the European Union in 2023 to accelerate the development of clean energy technologies and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It aims to boost manufacturing of renewable energy equipment, batteries, and hydrogen technologies within the EU. The Act sets targets for increasing production capacity and streamlining permitting processes for green projects. It is part of the EU’s broader Green Deal strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The Act also supports innovation funding and supply chain resilience to reduce dependency on imports of clean technology components.

Why in news?

The EU announced the Net Zero Industry Act in March 2023 as part of its commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050, supporting industrial growth and clean energy deployment.

Non-food Grade Plastics

Non-food grade plastics are plastic materials not certified safe for direct contact with food. These plastics may leach harmful chemicals like BPA, phthalates, or heavy metals into food or beverages. They lack the necessary testing and approval from food safety authorities. Non-biodegradable and often cheaper, these plastics are commonly used in packaging for industrial or non-consumable goods. Their use in food packaging is banned under many food safety regulations worldwide due to health risks. Food-grade plastics must comply with strict standards to ensure no contamination or toxicity occurs during food storage or transport.

Why in news?

Chennai’s Food Safety Department warned food business operators against using non-food grade plastics for packing food and announced fines and penalties for violations.

Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary

Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary covers approximately 30.32 square kilometers and is located in Karnataka. It forms a buffer zone for the Bandipur Tiger Reserve and lies within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The sanctuary supports a high density of elephants, including a notable number of tuskers (male elephants with large tusks). It is home to diverse fauna such as tigers, leopards, dholes (wild dogs), spotted hyenas, sloth bears, gaur, sambar, chital, and four-horned antelope. The sanctuary’s ecological corridors connect it to larger tiger landscapes in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.

Why in news?

The NTCA recommended notifying Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary as a core and critical tiger habitat of Bandipur Tiger Reserve to protect its inviolate space, but the state government has yet to implement this decision nearly a year after the recommendation.

Ophiophagus Kaalinga

Ophiophagus Kaalinga is a newly identified species of king cobra native to the Western Ghats in India. It was distinguished from other king cobra species through nearly a decade of research involving DNA mapping and extensive sampling across South and Southeast Asia. The species name “Kaalinga” honors the local vernacular name “Kalinga Sarpa.” This discovery splits the previously singular species Ophiophagus hannah into four distinct lineages – Western Ghats (Kaalinga), Indo-Chinese, Indo-Malaysian, and Luzon Island (Salvatana). The Western Ghats lineage is genetically distinct and exhibits unique characteristics not found in other king cobra populations.

Why in news?

Ophiophagus Kaalinga was officially named in Bengaluru on November 22, 2024, following a decade-long research project led by herpetologist Dr. P. Gowri Shankar that reclassified king cobra species.

Oxygen-Depleted Zones (ODZ)

Oxygen-Depleted Zones, or dead zones, are areas in aquatic environments where dissolved oxygen levels fall below 2 mg/L, insufficient to support most marine life. These zones form due to excessive organic matter decomposition by microbes, consuming oxygen in the water column, often linked to nutrient enrichment from rivers or runoff. ODZs disrupt marine ecosystems by causing fish kills, altering species distribution, and degrading habitats. They can occur seasonally or persistently in coastal and open ocean regions. The Bay of Bengal experiences seasonal ODZs near river mouths like the Godavari due to monsoonal discharge and phytoplankton blooms.

Why in news?

Seasonal ODZs off the Godavari River mouth were studied for their impact on marine life and fisheries, denoting environmental challenges linked to monsoonal river discharge.

Parali (Rice Husk)

Parali refers to the leftover rice husk and straw after harvesting paddy crops. It is an abundant agricultural residue in India, often burned causing air pollution and smog. Parali contains silica, making it useful for producing biochar and silica-based industrial products. It has low bulk density and high moisture content, which complicates its collection and transport. Traditionally considered waste, parali is increasingly recognized as a valuable feedstock for bioenergy, biochar production, and as a raw material in cement and brick manufacturing. Efficient utilization of parali can reduce stubble burning and contribute to rural income generation.

Why in news?

Parali is one of the key biomass types being characterized and converted into biochar in the IIT (ISM) Dhanbad and sentra.world project targeting sustainable steel manufacturing and pollution reduction.

Payments for Environmental Services (PES)

Payments for Environmental Services (PES) is a conservation mechanism where landowners are financially compensated for managing their land to provide ecological benefits. Costa Rica’s PES program, funded mainly through fuel taxes, has been instrumental in reversing deforestation by paying private farmers to protect forest cover. Initiated in the 1990s, it helped increase forest cover from 24.4% in 1985 to over 50% by 2011. PES schemes often target biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and watershed protection. The program is considered a pioneering example of using economic incentives to promote sustainable land use and environmental stewardship in developing countries.

Why in news?

Costa Rica’s success with PES is brought into light as a model for reversing deforestation and increasing forest cover, contrasting with deforestation trends in countries like India.

Phytoplankton Bloom

A phytoplankton bloom is a rapid increase in the population of microscopic algae in aquatic environments, often triggered by optimal light, temperature, and nutrient availability. These blooms can cover thousands of square kilometers and change the color of ocean surface waters due to chlorophyll pigments. Phytoplankton produce about 50% of Earth’s oxygen and form the base of marine food webs. Blooms can act as carbon sinks by absorbing CO₂ during photosynthesis. While some blooms are seasonal and predictable, large, unexpected blooms like the 2019-2020 event southeast of Madagascar are rare and linked to unusual environmental conditions.

Why in news?

The 2019-2020 phytoplankton bloom southeast of Madagascar was the largest in 27 years, caused by dust deposition from drought-affected southern African drylands, denoting climate change impacts on marine ecosystems.

Pink Bollworm

The Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a pest primarily affecting cotton crops but can infest other plants. It bores into cotton bolls, reducing yield and quality. The pest has developed resistance to some genetically modified Bt cotton varieties, complicating control measures. It thrives in warm climates and can cause up to 80% crop loss in severe infestations. Management includes crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, and integrated pest management. Its presence in Punjab’s wheat fields, as reported, is unusual and may relate to residue management practices affecting pest ecology.

Why in news?

A farmer using a Super Seeder in Punjab reported an 80% crop loss due to pink bollworm infestation, denoting unintended consequences of residue management alternatives to stubble burning.

Post-Harvest Loss in Tomatoes

Post-harvest loss in tomatoes refers to the spoilage and wastage occurring after harvesting due to inadequate cold storage, poor handling, and inefficient transportation. Tomatoes are highly perishable, with losses reaching up to 30% in some regions. Factors include mechanical damage, microbial infection, and temperature fluctuations. Lack of cold chain infrastructure in India exacerbates these losses. Innovative packaging and transportation solutions aim to extend shelf life and reduce spoilage. Addressing post-harvest loss is critical for improving farmer incomes, stabilizing market prices, and ensuring food security.

Why in news?

The Tomato Grand Challenge focused on reducing post-harvest losses through innovative packaging and cold storage solutions to improve tomato supply chain efficiency.

Post-Harvest Physiological Deterioration (PPD)

Post-Harvest Physiological Deterioration (PPD) is a rapid spoilage process affecting fresh tuber crops like cassava and tapioca after harvest. It typically begins within 24-72 hours, causing discoloration, texture loss, and reduced marketability. PPD is triggered by cellular damage and oxidative stress leading to vascular streaking and cell death. The rate of PPD varies by variety and storage conditions. Controlling PPD is crucial for tuber crop commercialization, as it limits shelf life and increases post-harvest losses. Breeding for PPD-resistant varieties, such as Sree Annam, helps extend storage time and reduce wastage.

Why in news?

Sree Annam tapioca’s ability to resist PPD for up to a week enhances its market value and reduces losses, a key feature brought into light by CTCRI in their recent variety release.

Potash from Molasses (PDM)

Potash derived from molasses (PDM) is a fertilizer produced entirely within India using molasses, a byproduct of sugar production. It was included under the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) regime effective from 13 October 2021 to promote indigenous fertilizer production. PDM provides potassium nutrients essential for crop growth and soil fertility. Its local manufacturing reduces dependency on imported potash, which is typically sourced from countries like Canada and Russia. PDM supports sustainable agriculture by utilizing molasses, a renewable resource from the sugar industry, thereby linking two agricultural sectors in India’s fertilizer ecosystem.

Why in news?

The government brought into light PDM’s inclusion under the NBS subsidy scheme in November 2024 as part of efforts to boost indigenous fertilizer production and reduce import reliance.

Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU)

The Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) measures the percentage of a population with insufficient caloric intake to meet minimum dietary energy requirements over a year. It is a key indicator used by the FAO to assess food security. PoU rose sharply in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has remained nearly constant from 2021 to 2023. Africa has the highest PoU globally, followed by Asia. The PoU helps distinguish between food availability and access, denoting that increased food production does not always reduce hunger if distribution and affordability issues persist.

Why in news?

The FAO’s 2024 Statistical Yearbook reported that global PoU levels remained high from 2021 to 2023, emphasizing ongoing hunger challenges despite rising food production.

Problematic and Avoidable Plastics

‘Problematic plastics’ are plastic products difficult to recycle or degrade, causing persistent environmental pollution; examples include multi-layer packaging, plastic utensils, straws, and balloons. ‘Avoidable plastics’ refer to items that can be eliminated through design changes, policy, or consumer behavior, often single-use products. These categories guide global treaty efforts to phase out or restrict harmful plastics by improving recyclability, reducing production, or substituting alternatives. The UK and Switzerland have developed frameworks to classify these plastics, while Small Island Developing States emphasize waste hierarchy and equity. National approaches vary, with some countries advocating flexibility and others pushing for strict global mandates.

Why in news?

The treaty negotiations focus on phasing out ‘problematic and avoidable plastics’ to reduce pollution and promote sustainable alternatives globally.

Rai Mona National Park

Rai Mona National Park is located in Assam’s Kokrajhar district. It is known for its rich biodiversity, including species such as the Asian elephant, clouded leopard, Bengal tiger, gaur, and chital. The park plays important role in wildlife conservation and habitat protection in the northeastern region. It is part of the larger ecosystem of the Brahmaputra valley and serves as a corridor for various migratory animals. Despite its ecological importance, the park faces threats from illegal poaching and habitat fragmentation, impacting key species like elephants and leopards.

Why in news?

Three poachers were arrested in Rai Mona National Park for smuggling leopard flesh and skins, denoting ongoing wildlife trafficking issues in the region.

Rainforest Club of Tamenglong

The Rainforest Club of Tamenglong is a local environmental organization focused on forest and wildlife conservation in Manipur’s Tamenglong district. It actively participates in awareness campaigns, such as the Amur Falcon Festival. The club works with government bodies to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable practices. It engages local communities in conservation efforts, combining traditional knowledge with modern techniques. The club also supports research initiatives like satellite tagging of migratory birds. Its activities contribute to preserving the unique rainforest ecosystem of Tamenglong, which is part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot.

Why in news?

The Rainforest Club of Tamenglong co-organized the 9th Amur Falcon Festival in November 2024, emphasizing community involvement in protecting migratory birds.

Raised Bog Breeding Grounds

Raised bogs are a type of peatland ecosystem characterized by a dome-shaped accumulation of peat, primarily fed by precipitation rather than groundwater. These bogs create acidic, nutrient-poor conditions that support specialized plant species like sphagnum mosses. Raised bogs develop over thousands of years and act as carbon sinks, storing large amounts of carbon in their peat layers. They provide critical breeding habitats for certain bird species, including the Slender-billed Curlew. Extensive drainage and conversion of raised bogs for agriculture have led to habitat loss and degradation across Europe and Siberia.

Why in news?

Drainage of raised bogs for agriculture was identified as one of the key pressures contributing to the decline and possible extinction of the Slender-billed Curlew.

RE100 Initiative

RE100 is a global initiative led by The Climate Group in partnership with CDP, where influential companies commit to sourcing 100% of their electricity from renewable sources by a specified year. Launched in 2014, it includes over 400 companies worldwide across various sectors. Members publicly disclose their renewable energy progress and strategies. RE100 aims to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy by promoting corporate renewable energy procurement, influencing policy, and driving market demand. Companies often use power purchase agreements, onsite generation, or renewable energy certificates to meet their RE100 commitments.

Why in news?

Hyundai Motor India aims to achieve the RE100 benchmark by 2025 through its renewable energy projects with Fourth Partner Energy Ltd.

Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMCs)

There are six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) worldwide designated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to monitor and issue warnings for tropical cyclones in their respective regions. Each RSMC is responsible for naming cyclones once they reach a sustained wind speed of 62 km/h or more. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) acts as an RSMC for the northern Indian Ocean. These centres coordinate with five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres to ensure accurate forecasting and disaster management. The naming system avoids confusion when multiple cyclones exist simultaneously and helps in public communication and preparedness.

Why in news?

The India Meteorological Department, as an RSMC, named the recent cyclone Fengal over the Bay of Bengal, denoting the role of RSMCs in cyclone monitoring and naming.

Sapparla Hills

Sapparla Hills are located in the Alluri Sitarama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh within the Eastern Ghats mountain range. The hills rise to an elevation of around 1,141 meters and feature dry, rocky forest ecosystems. They serve as a habitat for endemic flora, including the newly identified Crinum andhricum. The area is known for its scenic viewpoints and attracts tourists, which poses risks such as forest fires and grazing pressure on local biodiversity. Sapparla Hills are part of a lesser-studied region with ecological value due to their unique microhabitats and species diversity.

Why in news?

Sapparla Hills gained attention as the exclusive known location for the newly discovered plant species Crinum andhricum.

Satellite Megaconstellations

Satellite megaconstellations are large networks of hundreds to thousands of small satellites deployed in low Earth orbit to provide global internet and communication services. These constellations, operated by companies like SpaceX and OneWeb, aim to improve connectivity but increase orbital congestion and space debris risks. Their end-of-life satellites often burn up in the atmosphere, releasing pollutants including metals and nitrogen oxides. The rapid growth of megaconstellations from about 10,000 active satellites to over 100,000 in the 2030s is expected to exacerbate atmospheric pollution and complicate space traffic management.

Why in news?

The expansion of satellite megaconstellations is linked to rising atmospheric pollution from satellite reentries, prompting scientific warnings about environmental impacts.

Satellite Tagging of Amur Falcons

Satellite tagging involves attaching small GPS transmitters to Amur falcons to track their migration routes in real time. The Wildlife Trust of India began satellite tagging Amur falcons in Tamenglong district to collect data on their flight paths, stopover sites, and threats faced during migration. Tagged falcons provide valuable information for conservation strategies across multiple countries. The tags transmit location data via satellites, allowing researchers to monitor the birds’ journey from Northeast India to Africa. This method helps identify critical habitats and informs international conservation collaborations to protect the species along its migratory corridor.

Why in news?

In 2024, two Amur falcons were satellite-tagged and released in Tamenglong as part of ongoing conservation efforts brought into light during the Amur Falcon Festival.

Sattari Taluka

Sattari is a taluka (administrative division) in North Goa known for its forested hills, biodiversity, and rural villages. It forms part of the Western Ghats and is home to several tribal communities. The region features laterite plateaus, streams, and sacred groves, which support diverse wildlife including endemic amphibians and birds. Sattari’s economy is largely agrarian, with cashew and rice cultivation predominant. The area is under ecological scrutiny due to pressures from mining and tourism. In recent environmental assessments, Sattari villages have been proposed for exclusion from ESA status by the Goa government, citing local development concerns.

Why in news?

The Goa government has requested the exclusion of 21 villages in Sattari taluka from the ESA demarcation proposed by the Centre, amidst ongoing discussions on ecological sensitivity in the Western Ghats.

SEEDS (Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society)

SEEDS is an Indian non-governmental organization founded over 30 years ago, specializing in disaster recovery, resilience, and sustainable development. It focuses on vulnerable populations, especially children, through initiatives like Child-Friendly Spaces and health awareness programs. SEEDS works in disaster-prone regions to provide relief, rehabilitation, and community-based disaster risk reduction. The organization integrates environmental sustainability with social development, promoting hygiene education, health, and psychosocial support. SEEDS has been active in flood, earthquake, and cyclone responses, facilitating recovery by engaging local communities and coordinating with government and international agencies for effective disaster management.

Why in news?

SEEDS established 11 Child-Friendly Spaces in flood-ravaged areas of Karimganj district, Assam, in 2024, supporting 392 children affected by displacement and infrastructure damage.

Senna spectabilis

Senna spectabilis is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to tropical America, often used for timber, shade, and ornamental purposes. It thrives in areas with higher rainfall and has large yellow flowers. The species is invasive in many tropical regions, where it displaces native vegetation by forming dense stands. It fixes nitrogen, altering soil chemistry and affecting native plant communities. Senna spectabilis produces abundant seeds that disperse easily, aiding rapid spread. Its invasiveness has ecological consequences, including reduced biodiversity and habitat alteration in forest reserves.

Why in news?

Senna spectabilis is an existing invasive species within Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, contrasting with the newly emerging Senna tora in drier areas, both threatening local ecosystems.

Senna tora

Senna tora is a leguminous plant native to Central America, known for its bright yellow flowers and seed pods. It thrives in dry, open areas and germinates after monsoon rains, with a lifecycle that ends by year-end. The plant contains compounds used in traditional medicine, including laxative and anti-inflammatory properties. Senna tora seeds are sometimes processed for use as coffee substitutes. It can exhibit cyclical emergence patterns, appearing and disappearing over years. The plant has potential to become invasive outside its native range, threatening local ecosystems by outcompeting native flora, especially in grassland habitats.

Why in news?

Senna tora has recently emerged in the drier buffer zones of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, prompting the Forest Department to experiment with its removal to protect local ecology.

Sikkim State Organic Certification Agency (SSOCA)

The SSOCA is an organic certification body authorized by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to issue organic certification in the state of India of Sikkim. Sikkim is the first fully organic state in India, having adopted organic farming statewide since 2016. SSOCA issues provisional and final transaction certificates to exporters for organic products. Provisional certificates are temporary and subject to validation. SSOCA’s certification is crucial for exporters targeting organic markets, especially in Europe and the US. The agency’s withdrawal of certificates can halt organic exports and trigger regulatory actions by Customs and other authorities.

Why in news?

SSOCA issued provisional certificates for organic rice exports later withdrawn, leading to Customs fines and detention of shipments by Indian authorities in November 2024.

Silent Valley National Park

Silent Valley National Park, located in the Western Ghats of Kerala, is a biodiversity hotspot known for its undisturbed tropical evergreen forest. It harbors numerous endemic species, including the newly described Koima remadevii loach. The park covers approximately 89.52 square kilometers and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It was declared a national park in 1984 to protect its rich flora and fauna. Silent Valley is characterized by fast-flowing rivers, rocky substrates, and microhabitats that support diverse aquatic life. It is also a critical watershed for the region.

Why in news?

Silent Valley National Park is the type locality for Koima remadevii, a newly identified endemic fish species, underscoring the park’s role in conserving unique freshwater biodiversity.

Silicosis

Silicosis is a chronic occupational lung disease caused by inhaling fine crystalline silica dust over prolonged periods. It leads to inflammation and scarring of lung tissue, resulting in breathing difficulties and increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. Silicosis is incurable but preventable through dust control measures and protective equipment. It primarily affects workers in mining, construction, and sandblasting industries. India reports thousands of cases annually, with many unreported due to lack of awareness. The disease can progress even after exposure ends, making early diagnosis and intervention critical.

Why in news?

The NGT emphasized the health hazards of silicosis among workers in silica sand mining and washing plants and urged immediate healthcare infrastructure improvements in affected areas.

Silver Iodide in Cloud Seeding

Silver iodide (AgI) is a chemical compound used as a cloud condensation and ice nuclei agent in cloud seeding to stimulate rainfall. It has a crystalline structure similar to ice, encouraging ice crystal formation in supercooled clouds. Silver iodide particles are dispersed via aircraft or ground generators into clouds to enhance droplet coalescence. However, its environmental impact is debated, as accumulation in soil and water may harm ecosystems and agriculture. The effectiveness of silver iodide in increasing precipitation is uncertain, with studies showing variable results depending on cloud conditions and atmospheric factors.

Why in news?

Silver iodide is mentioned as the primary chemical used in artificial rain efforts proposed to improve Delhi’s severe air pollution conditions.

Silviculture in Kerala

Silviculture involves the management and cultivation of forest trees to sustain ecological balance and economic benefits. In Kerala, silviculture is integrated with agroforestry to diversify income sources for farmers and improve environmental health. It supports the regeneration of degraded forest lands and plantation areas by introducing tree species that enhance soil fertility and biodiversity. Kerala’s government and institutions promote silviculture to complement traditional agriculture, reduce soil erosion, and increase carbon sequestration. The practice is part of a broader strategy to develop sustainable plantations and create a Kerala brand that aligns with ecological and economic goals.

Why in news?

Silviculture was recommended by IIM-Kozhikode as part of Kerala’s plantation diversification strategy to improve sustainability and economic returns in the sector.

Sinkholes around Dead Sea

Sinkholes near the Dead Sea are subsidence craters formed by karstification, the dissolution of massive salt layers beneath the surface. These craters can be up to 100 meters wide and 20 meters deep, posing risks to population, agriculture, and infrastructure. They develop because the groundwater level is dropping, causing cavities to form in the subsoil. Thousands have appeared in recent decades, but their locations remain unpredictable. The sinkholes form suddenly when the ground collapses over these cavities.

Why in news?

The white smokers’ discovery helps forecast sinkhole formation, providing a potential method to identify regions at risk of collapse near the Dead Sea.

Siruthuli

Siruthuli is an environmental organization based in Coimbatore focusing on water conservation and green cover improvement. It is implementing Project Nalla Thanni, aimed at sustainable sewage treatment in water bodies across the Noyyal River system. The initiative includes mapping sewage ingress points and developing treatment systems at locations such as Vellakinar South Solai Pond. The project has government approval and incorporates partial monetization of treated water to finance ongoing operations. Siruthuli collaborates with local industries, including construction and real estate sectors, to promote treated water usage for various applications, ensuring environmental sustainability and economic viability.

Why in news?

Siruthuli is launching a sustainable sewage treatment project at Vellakinar South Solai Pond as part of a broader initiative to restore water bodies in the Noyyal River system.

Sky Cycling

Sky cycling is an elevated cycling experience where participants ride bicycles on suspended tracks or elevated pathways above ground level. It combines adventure tourism with scenic views and is designed to be safe with proper harnesses and guardrails. The concept originated in adventure parks and eco-tourism sites to provide unique perspectives of natural environments without disturbing wildlife. Sky cycling tracks can be made of steel or reinforced materials and are often integrated into forest canopies or urban landscapes. It promotes eco-friendly recreation and physical activity.

Why in news?

Sky cycling is one of the key attractions planned for the upcoming Lucknow night safari, offering visitors a novel way to explore nocturnal wildlife safely.

Slender-billed Curlew

The Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) was a migratory shorebird breeding in western Siberia and wintering around the Mediterranean. It had a distinctive slender, down-curved bill and was known for its elusive behavior. The last confirmed sighting was in 1995 in north Morocco. Its breeding habitats were raised bogs, which were extensively drained for agriculture. The species faced threats from habitat loss, hunting, pollution, disease, and climate change. Despite many searches across hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, no individuals have been found since the 1990s, leading to its possible extinction. It is the first confirmed bird extinction from mainland Europe, North Africa, and West Asia.

Why in news?

Scientists announced in November 2024 that the Slender-billed Curlew may have become extinct, marking loss in migratory shorebird biodiversity.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of 38 low-lying coastal countries facing unique social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. They are characterized by small populations, limited resources, and geographic isolation. SIDS are disproportionately affected by climate change, including sea-level rise, extreme weather, and natural disasters. Many SIDS rely heavily on tourism, fisheries, and agriculture, sectors highly sensitive to environmental changes. The Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for SIDS is a strategic framework adopted to address their sustainable development challenges. SIDS participate actively in international climate negotiations to secure support and financing.

Why in news?

CDRI’s recent funding targets 17 SIDS, reflecting their heightened vulnerability and the need for resilient infrastructure to protect lives and livelihoods.

Smog Towers

Smog towers are large-scale air purifiers designed to filter and reduce particulate matter in urban environments. Delhi installed two experimental smog towers at a cost of nearly ₹23 crore each to combat severe air pollution. These towers use fans and filters to clean air in their immediate vicinity but have shown minimal impact on the overall city air quality. The Delhi Pollution Control Committee reported their ineffectiveness to the National Green Tribunal, denoting the limited spatial influence of these structures. The technology remains expensive and has not been widely adopted in other Indian cities.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court revisited the issue of smog towers following reports that they failed to reduce pollution in Delhi during the 2024 smog crisis.

Smooth-coated Otter

The smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is a semi-aquatic mammal native to South and Southeast Asia. It prefers freshwater habitats like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It is distinguished by its smooth, sleek fur and social behavior, living in family groups. The species is listed as Vulnerable due to habitat loss and pollution. It feeds mainly on fish and crustaceans. The smooth-coated otter is an important indicator of healthy aquatic ecosystems and is protected under Indian wildlife laws. It is relatively rare in protected areas like Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary.

Why in news?

Mentioned in the NTCA report as one of the two important riverine species in Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, denoting the sanctuary’s aquatic biodiversity and need for habitat protection.

Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)

The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) is a government-owned company under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, responsible for implementing solar energy projects and power purchase agreements across India. SECI acts as an intermediary to facilitate large-scale solar power procurement, often providing sovereign-backed PPAs with fixed prices to renewable energy producers. This reduces market risk and attracts investment. SECI’s role supports India’s renewable energy targets and energy transition by enabling financing and operational stability for solar developers. It is a key entity in India’s renewable infrastructure development.

Why in news?

SECI provides long-term fixed-price PPAs backing Adani Green Energy’s hybrid projects, which underpin Fitch Ratings’ credit assessment of the company’s bond issuance.

Solar Water Pumping Systems

Solar water pumping systems use photovoltaic panels to power pumps that extract groundwater or surface water for irrigation and drinking. These systems reduce dependence on diesel and grid electricity, lowering costs and carbon emissions. They are particularly valuable in remote or off-grid areas where traditional power supply is unreliable or absent. Solar water pumps are often used in agriculture to improve water access, increase crop yields, and reduce post-harvest losses. The technology can be integrated with smart sensors to optimize water use. Challenges include initial investment costs and maintenance in harsh environments.

Why in news?

Solar water pumping systems are part of the new solar projects planned by India and ISA to address irrigation and water supply issues in Fiji, Comoros, Madagascar, and Seychelles.

Somasila Wellness & Spiritual Retreat

The Somasila Wellness & Spiritual Retreat is located in the Nallamala region of Telangana. It focuses on combining wellness therapies with spiritual experiences, incorporating natural landscapes and organic food through an organic café. The retreat includes an interpretation centre for visitors to learn about local culture and wellness practices. The Nallamala hills are known for their biodiversity and spiritual significance, hosting several ancient temples and forests. The retreat aims to promote sustainable tourism by integrating wellness with ecological preservation and cultural heritage.

Why in news?

The government approved ₹68.10 crore in loans to develop the Somasila Wellness & Spiritual Retreat as part of 40 tourism projects announced in November 2024.

South African Pelagic Fishing Industry Association

The South African Pelagic Fishing Industry Association (SAPFIA) represents commercial fishing companies harvesting pelagic fish like sardines and anchovies in South African waters. SAPFIA argues that the fishing industry’s impact on African Penguin food supply is minimal compared to other environmental factors. The association engages in policy discussions and negotiations regarding fishing quotas and marine conservation zones. It plays a key role in balancing economic interests of fisheries with marine biodiversity conservation. SAPFIA’s stance often contrasts with conservation groups pushing for expanded no-fishing zones near penguin colonies.

Why in news?

SAPFIA disputes claims that commercial fishing threatens African Penguin populations amid ongoing debates over fishing restrictions near penguin habitats.

South Asia Biotechnology Centre (SABC)

The South Asia Biotechnology Centre (SABC) is an organization focused on advancing biotechnology applications in agriculture across South Asia. It promotes sustainable farming practices, agro-processing innovations, and export facilitation. SABC collaborates with government bodies and private stakeholders to implement projects that enhance agricultural productivity and quality. It plays a key role in training farmers and exporters on compliance with international standards such as sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. SABC also supports traceability systems and regenerative agriculture practices. The center is headquartered in India and often partners with NABARD and export promotion authorities.

Why in news?

SABC co-organized a two-day agri-export training and exposure visit in Jodhpur, focusing on agro-processing and export industries, promoting pesticide residue-free and sustainable spice production.

South–South Cooperation

South–South cooperation refers to the exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between developing countries, bypassing traditional North-South aid models. It plays a growing role in climate finance, with emerging economies supporting each other through concessional loans, technical assistance, and joint projects. This cooperation helps mobilize finance more efficiently and encourages regional climate resilience. South–South cooperation is recognized by multilateral institutions and is increasingly factored into global climate finance frameworks. It complements bilateral and multilateral funding and is seen as vital in closing the climate finance gap for developing countries.

Why in news?

The COP29 climate finance report brought into light South–South cooperation as and expanding source of climate finance, contributing $80-100 billion annually to support EMDCs excluding China.

Sree Annam Tapioca Variety

Sree Annam is a newly developed tapioca variety with a cream-colored rind and dark yellow flesh rich in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It has a low cyanogenic glucoside content, reducing toxicity risks. This variety can be stored for up to one week without post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD), which is uncommon in tapioca. It requires only 25% of the normal NPK fertilizer inputs while maintaining yields of 30-40 tonnes per hectare. Its soft texture and excellent cooking quality make it well-suited for Kerala’s climate and culinary preferences.

Why in news?

Sree Annam is one of the two new tapioca varieties released by CTCRI with reduced fertilizer needs and improved storage, supporting sustainable agriculture in Kerala.

Stubble Burning

Stubble burning is the agricultural practice of setting fire to leftover crop residue in fields after harvest, primarily wheat and rice. Common in northern India, it produces large amounts of smoke containing PM2.5, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. This practice contributes to seasonal air pollution spikes, especially in Delhi and surrounding areas. Despite government bans and alternatives like mulching and mechanized residue management, stubble burning persists due to low costs and time constraints faced by farmers. Efforts to reduce it include subsidies for equipment and awareness campaigns, but its contribution to winter pollution remains substantial.

Why in news?

The pollution spike in Delhi in November 2024 was partly attributed to stubble burning, though its contribution had decreased from earlier in the harvest season.

Sub-tropical Ridge

The sub-tropical ridge is a belt of high atmospheric pressure located typically between 20° and 40° latitude in both hemispheres. It plays important role in steering tropical cyclones by influencing their paths, often directing storms westward or poleward. The ridge forms part of the global atmospheric circulation system and is associated with stable, dry weather. Variations in its strength and position can affect storm intensity and duration. In 2024, the ridge was unusually strong and extended further north and west, which helped multiple typhoons coexist by steering them away from weakening factors like cooler waters and wind shear.

Why in news?

The sub-tropical ridge’s unusual strength and position in 2024 contributed to the rare simultaneous occurrence of four tropical cyclones in the West Pacific in November, a phenomenon not seen since 1961.

Supra Glacier Lake

A Supra Glacier Lake forms on the surface of a glacier, often in depressions or meltwater pools atop ice. These lakes are dynamic and can rapidly change size due to melting. They contribute to glacial hydrology and can influence glacier stability. Supra Glacier Lakes are distinct from Proglacial Lakes, which lie in front of glaciers, and Moraine Dammed Lakes, which are retained by glacial debris. Their presence is an indicator of glacier health and melting rates, making them important for climate change studies and disaster risk assessments in mountainous regions.

Why in news?

Supra Glacier Lakes are among the different categories of glacial lakes being studied in Uttarakhand to assess flood risks amid rising concerns over glacier retreat and climate change impacts.

Surya Nutan Solar Cooker

The Surya Nutan is a patented solar cooking device developed by Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). It integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, thermal storage, and grid power to enable cooking functions like boiling, steaming, frying, and making chapatis. Manufactured at the GHG Reductions Technologies plant in Nashik, it is designed to be smoke-free and maintenance-free. The device aims to reduce indoor air pollution and improve health outcomes in underprivileged regions. It has been deployed in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, with 350 units distributed in Dhar district since January 2024.

Why in news?

Surya Nutan is central to a pilot project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for solar cooker distribution in tribal districts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra.

UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)

SBSTA is a permanent subsidiary body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It provides scientific and technological advice to the Conference of Parties (COP) to support informed decision-making on climate policies. SBSTA focuses on issues such as greenhouse gas inventories, climate modeling, technology transfer, and adaptation strategies. It meets twice annually alongside COP and other UNFCCC bodies. SBSTA’s recommendations influence climate negotiations and the implementation of international agreements. It also facilitates collaboration between scientific communities and policymakers to bridge knowledge gaps and promote evidence-based climate action.

Why in news?

SBSTA expressed utmost concern over record high greenhouse gas concentrations in 2023 and the likelihood of 2024 being the hottest year on record, underscoring the urgency of climate action at COP29.

Vadakumbada Sankaranarayan

Vadakumbada Sankaranarayan is a three-metre-tall, 800-kg mechanical elephant introduced by the Edayar Sree Vadakkumbad Shiva Vishnu Temple in Kerala. It serves as a replacement for live elephants in temple ceremonies, aiming to balance tradition with animal welfare. Inspired by a similar model at the Irinjadappilly Sri Krishna Temple, it was developed in collaboration with PETA. This mechanical elephant helps avoid issues like high costs, legal restrictions, and safety risks linked to live elephants. It also reduces zoonotic disease transmission risks and prevents accidents during crowded festivals. It is the sixth mechanical elephant introduced in Kerala and Karnataka temples.

Why in news?

The mechanical elephant Vadakumbada Sankaranarayan was revealed on November 14, 2024, marking a shift in temple rituals by replacing live elephants with mechanical ones to promote animal welfare and public safety.

Vasudhara Glacier Lake

Vasudhara Glacier Lake, located in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand, has expanded from 0.14 sq km in 1968 to 0.59 sq km in 2021, a growth of over 421%. Water volume increased from approximately 2.11 million cubic meters in 1968 to 162 million cubic meters in 2021, a rise of about 768%. The lake is categorized as highly sensitive due to its rapid expansion caused by glacier retreat linked to global warming. It is monitored by a multidisciplinary team including experts from Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and other scientific organizations.

Why in news?

Vasudhara Glacier Lake is under inspection by Uttarakhand authorities due to its increasing size and water volume, raising concerns about potential glacial lake outburst floods.

Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve

Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve, located in Madhya Pradesh, was notified in 2023. It is named after Rani Durgavati, a 16th-century queen known for her valor and resistance against Mughal invasion. The reserve aims to protect tigers and their habitats within the region’s deciduous forests. It covers area of forestland that supports diverse flora and fauna, contributing to tiger conservation efforts. The reserve is part of India’s expanding network of protected areas to safeguard the Schedule I species under the Wildlife Protection Act. It helps in maintaining ecological balance and enhancing tiger population connectivity in central India.

Why in news?

Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve was recently notified in 2023, adding to India’s tiger conservation network amid concerns over uneven tiger distribution and habitat threats.

Vellarimala

Vellarimala is a mountain range and forest area in the Wayanad district, part of the Western Ghats in Kerala. It is known for its rich biodiversity, including rare flora and fauna such as the Nilgiri tahr and Malabar civet. The region features shola forests and grasslands, which are important for ecological balance and water conservation. Vellarimala is culturally for indigenous communities and is a site for traditional medicinal plant harvesting. It is also a key watershed area feeding several rivers in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Vellarimala has been proposed for ecological sensitive area (ESA) status to prevent deforestation and habitat loss.

Why in news?

Vellarimala was included in the Kerala government’s revised proposal for ESA demarcation following the 2024 Wayanad landslides, denoting the need to protect fragile ecosystems in the Western Ghats.

Vishnui Group Mosquitoes

The Vishnui group of Culex mosquitoes, including species like Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex pseudovishnui, are the primary vectors for Japanese Encephalitis virus in India. These mosquitoes breed predominantly in rice fields, irrigation canals, and shallow water bodies with dense vegetation. They are mostly exophilic, resting outdoors in shaded vegetation but may enter homes in summer. Their population surges during the monsoon season, correlating with JE outbreaks. They transmit the virus from infected animals to humans but do not sustain human-to-human transmission.

Why in news?

Vishnui group mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting JE virus in the recent Delhi case and across endemic regions in India.

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)

VIIRS is an instrument onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP) satellite, launched by NASA in 2011. It provides high-resolution visible and infrared imagery of Earth’s surface and atmosphere. VIIRS detects thermal anomalies such as active fires and smoke plumes with better spatial resolution than its predecessor MODIS on Aqua. It operates in polar orbits, passing over the same location twice daily, and contributes to monitoring environmental changes including forest fires, agricultural burning, and air pollution. VIIRS data also supports aerosol and atmospheric composition studies, aiding in air quality assessments globally.

Why in news?

VIIRS data is used by India to monitor farm fires, but its twice-daily overpass limits detection to specific times, leading to undercounting and disputes over the accuracy of farm fire statistics.

Walking Pneumonia

Walking pneumonia is an atypical pneumonia primarily caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It was named in the 1930s because patients can continue daily activities despite infection. Symptoms mimic a common cold, including cough, sore throat, low-grade fever, and fatigue, often lasting weeks if untreated. It is sometimes called silent pneumonia due to the absence of symptoms despite lung abnormalities visible on X-rays. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, especially in crowded settings. It is less contagious than influenza but can still spread in schools, offices, and public transport. Treatment usually involves rest, fluids, and antibiotics if necessary.

Why in news?

Walking pneumonia cases have recently increased across India, with doctors reporting more patients showing mild symptoms but persistent lung infection, possibly linked to seasonal changes, pollution, and weakened immunity.

Warming El Niño

El Niño is a periodic climate phenomenon characterized by the warming of surface waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It typically occurs every 2 to 7 years and influences global weather patterns, including increased rainfall in some regions and droughts in others. The 2024 El Niño event is noted for boosting global temperatures by increasing atmospheric heat content. El Niño events can disrupt marine ecosystems, fisheries, and agriculture worldwide. The warming phase affects the jet stream, altering storm tracks and intensifying extreme weather events, contributing to the record-breaking global surface air temperature in 2024.

Why in news?

The 2024 global temperature rise was amplified by a warming El Niño event, as reported by the WMO during COP29.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

The Water Act of 1974 was India’s first legislation aimed at preventing water pollution and establishing regulatory bodies. It led to the creation of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) tasked with monitoring and controlling water contamination. The Act requires industries to obtain permission before discharging effluents into water bodies. Amendments in 2024 strengthened the Centre’s power to override SPCBs in certain cases and relaxed imprisonment provisions for minor violations, aiming to balance environmental protection with ease of doing business.

Why in news?

Recent amendments to the Water Act facilitated the exemption of certain industries from state pollution board approvals, aligning with the government’s move to ease compliance burdens.

Wayanad Landslides

The Wayanad landslides occurred on July 30, 2024, triggered by intense monsoon rains in Kerala’s Wayanad district. The region is part of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot prone to landslides due to steep slopes and heavy rainfall. These landslides caused loss of life, property damage, and disruption of infrastructure. Wayanad’s terrain and soil composition make it vulnerable to such disasters during monsoons. Post-event, multiple Central and State agencies conducted search, rescue, and relief operations. The landslides brought into light challenges in disaster preparedness and the need for improved early warning systems in hilly regions.

Why in news?

The 2024 Wayanad landslides prompted requests for disaster relief funding and national disaster declaration, which were denied by the Union government citing procedural and fund availability reasons.

Western Ghats Biodiversity

The Western Ghats is a mountain range along the west coast of India, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. It hosts over 7,400 species of plants, 139 mammal species, and numerous endemic freshwater fish species. The region’s complex topography and climate variations create microhabitats supporting high endemism. Many species remain undiscovered or poorly studied, especially freshwater fauna like loaches. The area faces threats from habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, impacting its fragile ecosystems.

Why in news?

The identification of the Koima genus puts stress on the Western Ghats’ rich but underexplored biodiversity, denoting conservation urgency amid environmental threats.

WMO State of the Climate

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) State of the Climate report is an annual assessment of global climate trends and indicators. It compiles data from multiple international sources to track temperature, ice melt, ocean heat, and extreme weather events. The 2024 update issued a Red Alert due to rapid climate change accelerated by greenhouse gases. It uses six independent datasets for accuracy. The report marks the decade 2015-2024 as the warmest on record and puts stress on the urgency of global climate action. It serves as a scientific benchmark for policy discussions at UN climate conferences.

Why in news?

The WMO State of the Climate 2024 Update was released on the first day of COP29 in Baku, emphasizing the critical state of global warming and the challenge to meet Paris Agreement goals.

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is an agricultural method that eliminates the need for external chemical inputs, credit, and machinery, focusing on natural processes and local resources. It was launched in Andhra Pradesh in 2016 to reduce farmers’ input costs and promote sustainable agriculture. ZBNF emphasizes soil health, biodiversity, and water conservation, using indigenous seed varieties and natural pest management. The method aims to make farming financially viable without debt, hence the term “zero budget.” It has been adopted by millions of farmers across Andhra Pradesh, contributing to improved incomes and environmental restoration.

Why in news?

ZBNF underpins Andhra Pradesh’s natural farming strategy, which the AgroEco2050 report projects will increase farmer employment and reduce unemployment by 2050.

History (India / World) & Culture

Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar

Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar (1883–1955) was an Indian lawyer, politician, and member of the drafting committee of the Constitution of India. He played a key role in framing the judiciary-related provisions. Ayyar emphasized judicial independence but cautioned against the judiciary overstepping its role into legislative or executive functions. He was a prominent advocate of constitutional law and served as Advocate-General of Madras. His contributions helped shape the balance between judicial autonomy and constitutional limits. Ayyar was also involved in the Indian National Congress and was a respected legal scholar in the early 20th century.

Why in news?

Ayyar’s views on judicial independence and the limits of judicial power were quoted during India’s 75th Constitution Day celebrations to show the framers’ intentions regarding judiciary autonomy.

Allahdino Site

Allahdino is a lesser-known Harappan archaeological site located near Karachi, Pakistan. Excavations have revealed a smaller urban settlement with evidence of craft production, including bead making and pottery. The site dates to the Mature Harappan period (c. 2600–1900 BCE) and provides vital information about regional variations within the Indus Valley Civilization. Unlike major sites like Harappa or Mohenjodaro, Allahdino’s findings emphasize localized trade and artisanal activities. Recent studies show that Allahdino had a strategic position near trade routes connecting inland settlements to coastal ports, contributing to the broader economic network of the civilization.

Why in news?

Scholars are increasingly focusing on smaller Harappan sites like Allahdino to better understand the diversity and economic structure of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904

The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, is an early Indian law enacted to protect monuments of historical and archaeological importance. Section 3, sub-section (3) allows the government to notify and protect monuments, restricting unauthorized alterations. The Shahi Jama Masjid in Chandausi was declared a protected monument under this act on December 22, 1920. The act predates the more comprehensive Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which expanded protections and public access rights. The 1904 Act was one of the first legal frameworks for conserving India’s heritage during British rule.

Why in news?

The Shahi Jama Masjid’s status as a protected monument under this act is a key element in the ongoing legal dispute regarding the mosque’s origins and public access.

Bateshwar

Bateshwar is a town in Uttar Pradesh known for its ancient temples dedicated to Lord Shiva, with over 100 small shrines along the Yamuna riverbank. It hosts the annual Bateshwar Fair, one of Asia’s largest cattle fairs, attracting thousands of traders and tourists. The town’s temple complex dates back to the 8th-11th centuries and reflects medieval Indian architecture. Bateshwar is lesser-known compared to other religious sites in UP but holds cultural and historical importance. The area is also recognized for its efforts in heritage conservation and rural tourism development.

Why in news?

Bateshwar has been identified for development under the Centre’s ₹3,295 crore tourism infrastructure loan scheme to promote lesser-known tourist destinations.

Bhadrabahu

Bhadrabahu (circa 317 BCE–297 BCE) was a Jain monk credited with spreading Jainism to South India. He was a disciple of Mahaveer and spiritual mentor to Chandragupta Maurya, the first Mauryan emperor. Bhadrabahu predicted a 12-year famine in Magadha and migrated south with 12,000 followers, including Chandragupta who renounced his throne. After reaching Karnataka, Bhadrabahu sent his disciple Vishaka to Tamil Nadu to propagate Jainism. His migration is event in Jain history, marking the establishment of Jain communities in southern India, especially Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Why in news?

Bhadrabahu’s role is brought into light in discussions on the ancient origins of Jainism in Tamil Nadu, coinciding with the 2,550th parinirvana anniversary of Mahaveer.

Charaideo Moidam

Charaideo Moidam is an archaeological site in Assam, known for its burial mounds of the Ahom dynasty, which ruled Assam for nearly 600 years. It was declared India’s 43rd UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site contains over 150 burial mounds called maidams, which are dome-shaped tumuli built for Ahom royalty and nobility. These maidams are constructed with bricks and stones and are surrounded by earthen embankments. The site offers valuable vital information about Ahom architecture, funerary customs, and history, reflecting the dynasty’s socio-political structure and cultural heritage.

Why in news?

Charaideo Moidam, the newest UNESCO World Heritage Site in India, is included as a key destination for technical visits during the International Tourism Mart in Kaziranga.

Chinar Boat Race

The Chinar Boat Race is an annual rowing competition held on Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir. It involves traditional wooden boats navigating a course from Ghat No. 23 to Char Chinar and back. The event promotes Kashmiri culture and environmental awareness, particularly the conservation of Dal Lake. Typically, over 50 boats participate, competing for cash prizes and trophies. The race is organized with support from local authorities and NGOs, encouraging community engagement. It marks the region’s rich aquatic heritage and the importance of preserving Kashmir’s water bodies. The race also encourages youth participation and sportsmanship.

Why in news?

The Chinar Boat Race 2024 was successfully organized by the Indian Army in collaboration with White Globe NGO and LCMA, featuring 60 boats competing and promoting Dal Lake conservation efforts.

Congress (O)

The Congress (O), or Congress (Organisation), was a faction formed in 1969 after the split of the Indian National Congress. Led by the party’s old guard, including Morarji Desai and K. Kamaraj, it opposed Indira Gandhi’s Congress (R) faction. Congress (O) represented conservative and syndicate elements within the party. It failed to win any seats in the 1972 Maharashtra Assembly election, marking its decline in the state. The faction merged into the Janata Party in the mid-1970s and played a key role in the anti-Indira Gandhi opposition during the Emergency period (1975-77).

Why in news?

Referenced in the political history of Maharashtra during the Congress party split and subsequent electoral battles.

Constitution Drafting Committee Women

Fifteen women contributed to the drafting of the Constitution of India, a fact often overshadowed by more prominent figures. These women represented diverse regions and communities, bringing unique perspectives on gender equality, social justice, and minority rights. Their involvement ensured that women’s rights and social reforms were embedded in the Constitution. Among them were members like Durgabai Deshmukh and Hansa Mehta, who advocated for gender equality clauses. Their contributions helped shape provisions related to fundamental rights and social welfare policies. The recognition of these women marks the inclusive nature of the Constitution-making process in India’s democratic history.

Why in news?

The 75th anniversary celebrations of the Constitution of India include a focus on educating citizens about the 15 women who helped draft the Constitution.

Erikulam Valiyapara Temple Decoration

The temple decoration at Erikulam Valiyapara in Kasaragod, north Kerala, is an ancient Megalithic rock art site featuring intricate carvings. These include motifs of animals, human figures, and symbolic designs etched onto temple walls or nearby rocks. This decoration is believed to be over 2,000 years old and offers insight into the religious and cultural practices of prehistoric communities in the region. The site is important for understanding the continuity of ritualistic art forms from the Megalithic period to later historic periods in Kerala.

Why in news?

The Erikulam Valiyapara temple decoration was mentioned as part of the broader archaeological context surrounding the recent discovery of prehistoric rock carvings in Madikkai panchayat.

Odhuvars

Odhuvars are traditional Tamil temple singers specializing in the recitation of sacred hymns and Tamil devotional poetry during temple festivals and rituals. They perform Vedic chants and songs from Tamil Shaiva and Vaishnava literature, often accompanied by traditional instruments. Odhuvars play important role in preserving Tamil religious and cultural heritage, especially in temples like the Brihadeeswarar Temple. Their performances are integral to ceremonies such as the Sadhaya Vizha, enhancing the spiritual atmosphere. Historically, odhuvars belonged to specific castes tasked with temple duties, and their art has been passed down through generations.

Why in news?

Odhuvars are prominently featured during the Sadhaya Vizha celebrations at the Brihadeeswarar Temple, performing hymns and songs to honor Raja Raja Chola I’s legacy.

Ramappa Temple

The Ramappa Temple, officially known as Kakatiya Rudreshwara Temple, was built in the 13th century under the Kakatiya dynasty. It is located near Warangal, Telangana, about 68 km from the city. The temple is renowned for its unique floating bricks used in the roof, which are lighter than regular bricks and contribute to earthquake resistance. The temple complex includes the Kateshwara, Kameshwara, Pakashala, Nandi Mandapa, inscriptions, and Rudreshwara temples. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in November 2021. The temple is an example of Kakatiya architectural innovation and craftsmanship.

Why in news?

The Union government approved ₹73.74 crore for the Ramappa Region Sustainable Tourism Circuit to develop the area as a major tourism destination under the SASCI scheme in November 2024.

Sadhaya Vizha

Sadhaya Vizha is an annual festival celebrated in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, during the Tamil month of Aippasi (mid-October to mid-November). It honors the birth anniversary of Raja Raja Chola I with religious ceremonies and cultural events. Central to the festival are rituals like abhishekam (holy bath) to Lord Peruvudaiyar, perundeepa vazhipaadu (lamp waving), and swami purappadu (deity procession). Devotees attend classical dance performances and hymns sung by odhuvars, traditional temple singers. The festival extends beyond Thanjavur to Udaiyalur, believed to house Raja Raja Chola’s mortal remains.

Why in news?

Sadhaya Vizha is celebrated with great fervor in 2024, marking the birth anniversary of Raja Raja Chola I and drawing attention to his legacy through temple rituals and cultural events.

Seal of Authenticity of the Craft

The Seal of Authenticity of the Craft is a certification program introduced by the World Crafts Council to verify and endorse handmade crafts produced using traditional, centuries-old methods. It aims to protect cultural heritage, prevent counterfeit products, and promote quality assurance for artisans. The seal is intended to enhance market value and consumer trust globally. It initially focuses on the textile industry in Jammu and Kashmir, known for its intricate weaving and embroidery techniques. This certification helps preserve indigenous knowledge and supports sustainable livelihoods by linking artisans to international markets.

Why in news?

The Seal of Authenticity was launched in Jammu and Kashmir to certify local crafts, starting with textiles, as part of efforts to promote the region’s artisanal heritage.

Shillong Chamber Choir

The Shillong Chamber Choir (SCC) is a renowned Indian choir group from Shillong, Meghalaya, known for blending Western classical choral music with Indian folk and contemporary genres. Founded in 2001, SCC gained national fame by winning the reality show India’s Got Talent (Season 3) in 2011. The choir has performed internationally and collaborated with various artists across genres. SCC’s repertoire includes arrangements of traditional Khasi and Northeast Indian folk songs, Bollywood hits, and Western classical pieces. The group promotes cultural integration and has contributed to popularizing Northeastern music on mainstream platforms.

Why in news?

The Shillong Chamber Choir is among the performers at the Ashtalakshmi Mahotsav, offering live cultural entertainment during the three-day event in Delhi.

Shri Hari Har Temple

The Shri Hari Har Temple in Sambhal is claimed to be an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to a combined representation of Lord Vishnu (Hari) and Lord Shiva (Har). According to petitioners, it was constructed by Lord Vishwakarma, the divine architect, at the universe’s beginning. The temple is linked to Lord Kalki, the prophesied tenth incarnation of Vishnu, who is expected to appear at the end of the current age, Kalyuga. Historical claims suggest the temple was partly demolished by Hindu Beg, a lieutenant of Babur, in 1527-28, after which it was converted into a mosque. The temple is cited under Hindu Shastras as a sacred site.

Why in news?

The temple is central to a legal dispute in Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh, where petitioners allege the mosque was built over the demolished temple, leading to a court-ordered survey and communal tensions.

Sikkim State Delegation at Hornbill

The Sikkim State Delegation consists of 150 members, including government officials, bikers, media personnel, and participants from social organizations. They represent Sikkim as a Partner State at the Hornbill Festival, symbolizing inter-state cultural collaboration. The delegation was flagged off from Ridge Park, Gangtok, by Chief Minister Prem Singh Tamang-Golay. This partnership marks shared cultural heritage and promotes tourism and commerce between Sikkim and Nagaland. The delegation’s activities include cultural performances and participation in events to encourage unity and cultural exchange between the northeastern states of India.

Why in news?

Sikkim’s 150-member delegation was flagged off on November 29, 2024, to participate in the 25th Hornbill Festival, marking Sikkim as a Partner State for the first time.

Silver Filigree Work

Silver filigree work, locally known as “Tarakasi,” is a traditional craft from Cuttack, Odisha, involving intricate silver wire designs. Artisans create delicate jewelry, decorative items, and religious artifacts using fine silver threads twisted and soldered together. This craft dates back several centuries and is unique to the region. It requires high skill and precision, often passed down through generations. The silver filigree is notable for its lightweight and detailed lace-like patterns, often inspired by nature and mythology. It contributes to the local economy and cultural identity of Cuttack.

Why in news?

Cuttack, famous for silver filigree work, hosted the Bali Jatra trade fair, denoting its cultural and artisanal heritage.

Space Pastoral

The term space pastoral refers to a literary genre blending traditional pastoral themes—such as nature, simplicity, and human reflection—with space settings. It juxtaposes the cosmic environment with intimate human experiences, often denoting isolation and beauty beyond Earth. This genre is rare and explores how space influences human emotions and relationships, often focusing on the psychological and existential aspects of confinement in space habitats like the International Space Station. The term gained attention with Samantha Harvey’s novel “Orbital,” which uniquely captures the cyclical nature of time and human connection against the backdrop of Earth’s fragile environment.

Why in news?

Samantha Harvey’s Booker Prize-winning novel “Orbital” is described as a “space pastoral,” a rare genre blending space settings with pastoral themes, emphasizing human experience aboard the International Space Station.

Science & Technology

Aditya-L1 Mission

Aditya-L1 is India’s first dedicated solar observation satellite launched in 2024, positioned at the Lagrangian point 1 (L1), about 1.5 million km from Earth toward the Sun. This location allows uninterrupted observation of the Sun’s corona without Earth’s shadow interference. Aditya-L1 carries seven scientific instruments, including VELC, to study solar phenomena like CMEs, solar flares, and solar winds. It complements ground-based solar observatories in India at Kodaikanal, Gauribidanur, and Udaipur. The mission aims to enhance understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather and Earth’s environment.

Why in news?

Aditya-L1 reached its operational orbit in 2024 and delivered its first major scientific results, marking achievement for India’s space science capabilities.

B3.2 Influenza Genotype

The B3.2 genotype of the H5N1 virus is a reassortant genotype combining four gene segments from the Eurasian H5 lineage (PA, HA, NA, MP) and four segments from North American low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (PB2, PB1, NP, NS). This genetic mix enhances viral adaptability and spread across different host species. The B3.2 genotype has been detected in Argentina’s poultry and wild bird populations, indicating frequent interspecies transmission and cross-border movement. Its presence in marine mammals marks the genotype’s role in the virus’s evolution and ability to infect diverse hosts, complicating control efforts.

Why in news?

The B3.2 genotype was identified in H5N1 viruses causing outbreaks in South American marine mammals and poultry, revealing complex viral reassortment and transmission patterns contributing to the 2023 epidemic.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces proteins toxic to specific insect larvae. Its genes have been inserted into crops like cotton and brinjal to create Bt crops, which produce insecticidal toxins internally. These toxins target pests such as caterpillars and beetles without harming humans or most beneficial insects. Bt toxins act by binding to receptors in the insect gut, causing cell lysis and death. Resistance to Bt toxins can develop in pest populations, necessitating strategies like planting non-Bt refuges or stacking multiple resistance genes to delay resistance evolution. Bt crops have reduced insecticide use in countries like India and Bangladesh.

Why in news?

Bt crops are discussed as a sustainable alternative to insecticides, with ongoing challenges like pest resistance and strategies to mitigate it brought into light in recent research reviews.

Bathydevius Caudactylus

Bathydevius caudactylus is a newly discovered species of glowing sea slug found in the ocean’s midnight zone, between 1,000 and 4,000 meters deep. It measures about the size of an apple and features a large gelatinous hood and a paddle-like tail with fingerlike projections called dactyls. Unlike most sea slugs that live on the seafloor or in coastal areas, Bathydevius swims in open deep waters and emits bioluminescence. It was first spotted in 2000 by MBARI scientists using the remotely operated vehicle Tiburon and has been sighted over 150 times since.

Why in news?

The species was recently featured in a study published in Deep Sea Research Part I, denoting its unique adaptations and bioluminescent properties in the deep ocean’s midnight zone.

Benzobisthiazole Fluorescent Probe (TGS64)

TGS64 is a synthetic benzobisthiazole-based fluorescent probe designed to selectively bind G-Quadruplex DNA structures. It exhibits high specificity for GQ conformations over double-stranded DNA, enabling sensitive fluorometric detection. The probe’s fluorescence increases upon binding GQ, facilitating real-time monitoring of nucleic acid conformational changes. TGS64 operates effectively under physiological pH conditions and contributes to single-step quantitative detection methods. Its design allows integration into molecular diagnostic assays to improve selectivity and reduce false positives by targeting unique DNA topologies rather than general sequences.

Why in news?

TGS64 is a key component of the new GQ-RCP diagnostic platform developed for reliable detection of HIV-derived G-Quadruplex DNA.

Bharat 6G Vision

The Bharat 6G Vision is India’s strategic roadmap for developing and deploying sixth-generation (6G) telecommunications technology. Launched post-2023, it aims to position India as a global leader in next-generation telecom innovation. The vision includes research in ultra-high-speed connectivity, AI integration, and advanced spectrum management. It emphasizes collaboration between government, academia, and industry to accelerate 6G technology development. The initiative also focuses on ensuring affordability and inclusivity, expanding digital access nationwide. Bharat 6G Vision builds upon the success of India’s 5G rollout and aims to support emerging technologies like IoT, augmented reality, and smart cities.

Why in news?

India is actively pursuing the Bharat 6G Vision as part of its digital infrastructure advancement brought into light in the NRI 2024 report.

Bharat Biotech

Bharat Biotech International Limited is an Indian biotechnology company founded in 1996, headquartered in Hyderabad. It specializes in vaccine development and bio-therapeutics, producing vaccines for diseases like rotavirus, rabies, and COVID-19. Bharat Biotech developed Covaxin, one of India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccines. The company emphasizes research in tropical diseases and biosecurity, holding numerous patents globally. It also engages in public-private partnerships for affordable vaccine access. Bharat Biotech’s facilities comply with WHO and US FDA standards. Its co-founder and executive chairman, Krishna Ella, is a prominent figure in Indian biotech innovation.

Why in news?

Krishna Ella spoke at the November 2024 ICRISAT-CII panel on addressing challenges faced by farmers and agricultural development.

CA 19-9 Marker

CA 19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen used as a blood biomarker primarily for monitoring pancreatic cancer. It is produced by tumor cells and elevated levels often correlate with tumor burden. CA 19-9 is not specific to pancreatic cancer; it can also rise in other conditions like cholangitis and liver diseases. It is ineffective as a standalone screening tool due to false positives and negatives but is useful in tracking treatment response and disease progression. Approximately 5-10% of the population cannot produce CA 19-9 due to a genetic mutation in the Lewis antigen system, limiting its diagnostic utility.

Why in news?

CA 19-9 blood tests are mentioned as a complementary diagnostic tool alongside imaging techniques for identifying high-risk pancreatic cancer patients.

Centre of Excellence on Quantum Computing

Telangana’s Centre of Excellence (CoE) on Quantum Computing is an upcoming initiative to encourage research, development, and innovation in quantum technologies. The CoE will collaborate with global partners to advance quantum computing capabilities, focusing on applications in cryptography, optimization, and AI integration. It aims to build a skilled workforce and promote quantum startups. The CoE supports Telangana’s vision to be a technology hub by leveraging emerging technologies. This initiative complements the existing AI Centre of Excellence, positioning Telangana at the forefront of next-generation computing technologies.

Why in news?

The Telangana government announced plans to establish a Centre of Excellence on Quantum Computing during the AI in Healthcare Summit to boost technological innovation and global collaboration.

Cephalopod Jet Propulsion

Cephalopods like squids and octopuses use a unique form of locomotion called jet propulsion. They draw water into their mantle cavity and forcefully expel it through a siphon, propelling themselves backward. This mechanism also allows them to release ink as a defensive strategy. The pressure and direction of the jet can be precisely controlled by muscular contractions. Jet propulsion in cephalopods is powered by rapid mantle contractions, enabling bursts of speed up to 25 km/h in some species. This biological system inspired the design of ingestible drug-delivery capsules that mimic jetting to release medication inside the gastrointestinal tract.

Why in news?

Researchers used the jet propulsion mechanism of cephalopods as inspiration to develop ingestible capsules that deliver drugs directly inside the digestive system, improving oral delivery of large-molecule medications like insulin.

Chandrayaan Museum

The “ChandrayaanThe Museum of the Moon” is an artistic lunar model created by British artist Dr. Luke Jerram. It is a seven-meter diameter replica of the Moon’s surface, featuring detailed imagery based on real lunar data. The installation marks the landing site of India’s Chandrayaan mission on August 23, 2023. This traveling exhibit combines science and art to provide an immersive educational experience about lunar exploration. It has been displayed internationally to raise awareness of space missions and inspire interest in astronomy and planetary science. The model uses high-resolution NASA imagery for authenticity.

Why in news?

The Chandrayaan Museum is a special exhibit at IISF 2024 in IIT Guwahati, celebrating India’s recent lunar mission achievements through interactive science-art display.

Coronagraph and Occulter

A coronagraph is an optical instrument designed to block the Sun’s bright photosphere to observe the faint solar corona. An occulter is a separate device that physically blocks direct sunlight, enabling the coronagraph to image the outer solar atmosphere. In Proba-3, these two components are split between two satellites flying in formation, allowing a larger occulter size than possible on a single spacecraft. This configuration improves the study of the corona by reducing stray light and enabling observation of fainter solar phenomena such as coronal mass ejections and solar wind origins.

Why in news?

Proba-3’s unique split coronagraph and occulter design will be tested in space following the upcoming PSLV launch, advancing solar observation techniques.

Deeptech

Deeptech refers to startups and technologies based on substantial scientific or engineering innovations, often involving advanced fields like AI, robotics, quantum computing, and biotechnology. Unlike typical tech startups, deeptech ventures require long research and development cycles and capital investment. Deeptech innovations often address complex, real-world problems and have a high barrier to entry due to the specialized knowledge needed. This sector is crucial for breakthroughs in healthcare, environment, and manufacturing. Deeptech companies frequently collaborate with academic institutions and government labs to translate fundamental research into practical applications. The term has gained prominence with the rise of AI and other transformative technologies.

Why in news?

The conference theme is AI & Deeptech for a Smarter Tomorrow, denoting the role of deep technologies in transforming industries and society.

Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

Electronic Stability Control is a computerized technology that improves vehicle stability by detecting and reducing loss of traction. It automatically applies brakes to individual wheels and adjusts engine power to help drivers maintain control during extreme steering maneuvers. ESC became mandatory in many countries for new vehicles after studies showed it reduces fatal single-vehicle crashes by about 50%. It integrates sensors such as yaw rate sensors, steering angle sensors, and wheel speed sensors. ESC systems are especially effective in preventing skidding and rollover accidents. The technology evolved from anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and traction control systems (TCS).

Why in news?

ZF Commercial Vehicle Solutions India inaugurated a new ESC test track in Chennai to enhance the development and testing of vehicle stability and safety systems.

End-to-End Encryption in AI Security

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) in AI security ensures data is encrypted at the source and decrypted only by the intended recipient, preventing unauthorized access during transmission and storage. In AI, E2EE protects sensitive training data and model outputs from interception or tampering. Only 36% of surveyed organizations had capabilities for E2EE combined with security audits, continuous monitoring, and instant threat response to safeguard AI models. E2EE is crucial for maintaining privacy and compliance in AI systems, especially when handling confidential or personal data, and is a growing focus amid rising cybersecurity threats in AI deployments.

Why in news?

The Cisco report brought into light that only 36% of companies have implemented end-to-end encryption and other security measures to protect AI data, exposing a major cybersecurity gap in AI adoption.

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images of the digestive tract and surrounding tissues. It allows for high-resolution visualization of the pancreas and nearby lymph nodes, facilitating the detection of small tumors often missed by CT or MRI scans. EUS also enables fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies for tissue diagnosis. The procedure requires sedation and is minimally invasive. EUS has become a critical tool in staging pancreatic cancer and guiding treatment decisions. Its effectiveness is particularly notable in high-risk individuals with familial pancreatic cancer syndromes or chronic pancreatitis.

Why in news?

EUS is brought into light for its role in improving early detection of pancreatic tumors, especially in patients at high risk for pancreatic cancer.

Gland Pharma

Gland Pharma is an Indian biopharmaceutical company specializing in sterile injectables. It was founded in 1978 and is headquartered in Hyderabad. The company is known for its expertise in aseptic filling and lyophilization technologies. It exports products to over 60 countries, including the US and Europe. Gland Pharma was acquired by Fosun Pharma, a Chinese conglomerate, in 2020, making it one of the few Indian pharma companies with foreign ownership. It holds multiple certifications from the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency. The company focuses on biosimilars and complex injectables.

Why in news?

Gland Pharma is among the six major pharmaceutical companies signing MoUs with Telangana government to expand manufacturing and research capacities in Hyderabad’s Pharma City.

Haemophilus influenzae vaccine (Hib)

The Hib vaccine protects against infections caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause severe diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis, especially in children under five. It was introduced in the 1980s and has drastically reduced Hib-related illnesses globally. Despite its success, Hib remains cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in countries with low vaccine coverage. The vaccine is typically given in combination with other childhood vaccines. Hib bacteria can also cause ear infections (otitis media) and bloodstream infections. The vaccine’s inclusion in national immunisation programs varies, with many low-income countries still scaling up coverage.

Why in news?

India’s immunisation program has recently included the Hib vaccine, with data on its disease burden still limited, denoting the need for expanded coverage and monitoring post-pandemic.

Hallucinated Responses

Hallucinated responses in AI refer to outputs generated by language models that are factually incorrect or fabricated but presented as true. These responses can include false information, fake quotes, or invented events. Hallucinations arise because AI models predict plausible text based on training data patterns without verifying factual accuracy. They pose challenges in AI deployment, especially in news and legal contexts, as they can spread misinformation. Addressing hallucinations requires improved data curation, model design, and user warnings. The phenomenon is widely recognized but remains difficult to eliminate entirely in generative AI systems like ChatGPT.

Why in news?

ANI raised concerns that ChatGPT produced “hallucinated” responses falsely attributing fabricated news stories to the agency, impacting the copyright infringement lawsuit against OpenAI.

IN-SPACe

IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center) is a government agency established to promote and regulate private sector participation in India’s space activities. It provides technical facilities, regulatory approvals, and infrastructure support to startups and private companies. IN-SPACe operates a Technical Centre in Ahmedabad, offering advanced testing and development environments. It acts as a bridge between ISRO and private entities, facilitating collaborative projects and commercial space ventures. IN-SPACe’s creation marks a shift in India’s space policy towards greater privatization and innovation, allowing non-government players to contribute to satellite launches, payload development, and space research.

Why in news?

IN-SPACe supported the testing and development of MOI-TD, India’s first AI lab in space, by providing advanced technical facilities and regulatory support to the Hyderabad-based company TakeMe2Space.

IN-SPACe Technical Centre

The IN-SPACe Technical Centre in Ahmedabad provides state-of-the-art facilities for satellite testing and validation to private space entities in India. It operates under IN-SPACe, the government’s single-window agency overseeing private sector space activities. The centre accelerates the development and evaluation of space platforms like MOI-TD by offering comprehensive infrastructure and technical support. It plays a critical role in facilitating the collaboration between public and private sectors, helping to democratize space research and innovation. The centre’s resources include testing for satellite hardware, software integration, and mission readiness.

Why in news?

IN-SPACe Technical Centre supported the testing and evaluation of MOI-TD, enabling its development for the upcoming 2024 launch.

L-band Radar

The L-band radar operates at frequencies between 1 to 2 GHz and is capable of penetrating vegetation, soil, and some man-made materials. It is widely used in remote sensing for monitoring ground deformation, forest biomass, and subsurface features. L-band radar is less affected by atmospheric conditions and can gather data day and night, making it valuable for continuous Earth observation. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the L-band radar system used on NISAR, which enhances the satellite’s ability to detect subtle motions such as landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic activity under dense vegetation.

Why in news?

NISAR’s L-band radar, combined with ISRO’s S-band radar, will provide unprecedented data on Earth’s surface movements and environmental changes.

Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP)

Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) is a type of cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries. It offers high thermal stability, long cycle life, and enhanced safety compared to other cathodes like lithium cobalt oxide. LFP batteries have a lower energy density but are more cost-effective and environmentally friendly, with no cobalt content. They perform well in high-temperature climates and have a flat discharge voltage curve. LFP chemistry was first commercialized by A123 Systems in the early 2000s. The material is abundant and less reliant on critical minerals, making it suitable for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles and stationary energy storage.

Why in news?

LFP cathodes are recommended for India’s EV battery production due to their cost-effectiveness and suitability for the country’s climate, helping reduce dependence on imported critical minerals like cobalt and nickel.

Optical Atomic Clocks

Optical atomic clocks measure time based on the frequency of light absorbed or emitted by atoms, offering precision far beyond traditional cesium-based clocks. They use atoms like strontium or ytterbium trapped in optical lattices and interrogated by ultra-stable lasers. Optical clocks achieve accuracies better than 1 part in 10^18, enabling improved GPS accuracy, fundamental physics tests, and advanced navigation systems. QuPrayog, based in Pune, focuses on innovating optical atomic clock technologies as part of India’s quantum sensing and metrology efforts. These clocks require sophisticated vacuum, laser, and cryogenic systems to maintain atomic stability and coherence over long periods.

Why in news?

QuPrayog is developing optical atomic clocks under the National Quantum Mission, aiming to enhance quantum sensing and metrology capabilities in India.

Precision Farming Drones

Precision farming drones are unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors and imaging technology to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs. They enable targeted application of fertilizers, pesticides, and water, reducing waste and increasing yields. These drones use multispectral, thermal, and RGB cameras to collect data, which is analyzed to optimize farm management. Precision farming drones can cover large areas quickly and provide real-time insights, improving decision-making. They are increasingly used in diverse agricultural zones, including hilly and remote regions. Their adoption supports sustainable agriculture by minimizing environmental impact and enhancing productivity.

Why in news?

The AVPL International facility will produce drones aimed at enhancing precision farming techniques across several state of Indias.

Priority Claims in Design Registration

Priority claims allow applicants to claim the filing date of an earlier application when filing subsequent applications in other countries, protecting the novelty of industrial designs internationally. The Riyadh Design Law Treaty makes it easier to correct or add priority claims after the initial filing, reducing risks of losing protection due to procedural errors. This flexibility supports applicants in managing complex international filing strategies and ensures better protection of design innovations across member states.

Why in news?

India’s accession to the treaty enhances applicants’ ability to manage priority claims effectively, supporting the growth of design registrations domestically and internationally.

Proba-3 Mission

The Proba-3 mission by the European Space Agency involves two satellites flying in precise formation at about 150 meters apart to create a giant coronagraph. One satellite carries an occulter to block the Sun’s bright disk, while the other carries a coronagraph to observe the solar corona. The satellites maintain position using a laser beam and reflector system. They will operate in a highly elliptical orbit of 600 x 60,530 km and perform autonomous Collision Avoidance Manoeuvres without ground control. This mission aims for millimeter-level formation accuracy over six hours daily.

Why in news?

India’s PSLV rocket is scheduled to launch the Proba-3 satellites on December 4, marking the first long-duration space formation flight dedicated to solar corona studies.

Prompt Engineer

A Prompt Engineer specializes in designing and refining text-based prompts to optimize responses from Generative AI tools. This role does not require formal engineering qualifications but demands expertise in language patterns, AI behavior, and user intent. Prompt engineers enhance AI output accuracy, relevance, and creativity by crafting effective cues. The role emerged with the rise of Generative AI technologies like ChatGPT and is vital in sectors using AI for content creation, customer interaction, and automation. It combines linguistic skills with an understanding of AI models, making it a unique techno-managerial position in the AI workforce.

Why in news?

The prompt engineer role has gained prominence due to the surge in Generative AI adoption, denoting new non-traditional AI career paths requiring specialized prompt crafting skills.

Proof of Concept (PoC)

A Proof of Concept (PoC) is a demonstration to verify that certain concepts or theories have practical potential. In the automotive industry, PoCs test new technologies or products on a small scale before full development. PoCs help validate feasibility, assess risks, and refine innovations. Hero MotoCorp’s HFS program offers startups paid PoCs to integrate their solutions into existing vehicle platforms. This approach accelerates product development and reduces market entry barriers. PoCs are critical in reducing investment risks and encouraging collaboration between startups and established manufacturers.

Why in news?

Hero For Startups includes paid Proofs of Concept, enabling startups to test and integrate innovations with Hero MotoCorp’s products, accelerating growth and market entry.

PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)

The PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) is the final stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle that, after payload deployment, remains in orbit as a platform for scientific experiments. Instead of deorbiting immediately, POEM carries instruments for technology demonstrations and in-orbit testing. It has hosted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) subsystem tests and avionics experiments. This innovative use of the PSLV’s spent stage reduces launch costs by offering an orbital platform for small payloads. POEM missions help validate new space technologies in a low Earth orbit environment, supporting both ISRO and private sector space efforts.

Why in news?

In late 2024, Indian private companies used the PSLV POEM platform for technology demonstrations, including SAR subsystem tests and deployable antenna experiments.

Psychic Symptoms of Epilepsy

Epilepsy can manifest with psychic symptoms such as sudden fear, overwhelming experiences, hallucinations, or altered perceptions. These symptoms occur due to abnormal electrical activity in brain regions responsible for emotions and sensory processing. Psychic symptoms may precede or follow seizures and can be mistaken for psychiatric disorders. They contribute to the complexity of epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and patient care. They show the neurological basis of epilepsy beyond physical convulsions, affecting cognition and emotional states.

Why in news?

Psychic symptoms are mentioned as part of the common signs of epilepsy in awareness efforts during National Epilepsy Day.

Pteranodontidae

The family Pteranodontidae includes large pterosaurs known for their toothless beaks and crested skulls. They lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 86 to 84 million years ago. Fossils are primarily found in North America and Asia. Unlike many pterosaurs, pteranodontids had elongated wing fingers supporting membranous wings adapted for soaring. Their fossils often include partial femurs, metatarsals, and vertebrae, aiding in identification. They were piscivores, feeding mainly on fish. The Japanese specimen from the Yezo Group represents an indeterminate pteranodontid, denoting the rarity of these fossils in Japan’s geological record.

Why in news?

An indeterminate pteranodontid specimen was discovered in Japan’s Yezo Group, marking find in the scarce Japanese pterosaur fossil record.

Radioisotope Dating

Radioisotope dating is a technique used to determine the age of rocks by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes within minerals. Common isotopes used include uranium-lead, potassium-argon, and rubidium-strontium. This method provides precise ages for lunar samples, allowing scientists to establish timelines for volcanic activity and geological events. The decay rates are constant and unaffected by external conditions, making the technique reliable. Lunar samples from Chang’e-6 were dated using radioisotope methods, revealing ages of 4.2 billion and 2.8 billion years for basalt fragments, indicating prolonged volcanic activity on the Moon’s far side.

Why in news?

Researchers applied radioisotope dating to Chang’e-6 samples to determine the timeline of volcanic activity on the Moon’s far side.

Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO)

The Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) is the research and development wing of Indian Railways headquartered in Lucknow. It was established in 1957 and functions under the Ministry of Railways. RDSO is responsible for setting standards, specifications, and design protocols for all railway equipment and infrastructure in India. It plays a key role in safety certification, testing, and quality assurance of railway products. RDSO also leads technological innovation and modernization projects, including signaling, rolling stock, and track development. It collaborates with international bodies for certification and technology transfer. The hydrogen train’s specifications were cleared by RDSO, ensuring compliance with Indian Railways standards.

Why in news?

RDSO cleared the specifications for the first hydrogen-powered train in India, enabling the indigenous development and safety certification of this new rolling stock technology.

Sarvam.ai

Sarvam.ai is an Indian Generative AI startup that raised over $40 million in funding during the third and fourth quarters of the 2023-24 fiscal year. The company focuses on practical AI applications, especially in business-to-business domains such as workflow automation and conversational analytics. Sarvam.ai’s funding rounds contributed to the revival of India’s GenAI sector after a global funding downturn. The startup exemplifies the shift from foundational model development to industry-specific AI solutions in India. Sarvam.ai’s growth marks the country’s emerging role as a hub for applied AI innovation.

Why in news?

Sarvam.ai’s substantial funding rounds in late 2023-24 helped drive India’s Generative AI sector growth amidst global funding declines.

Satellite Aided Distress Beacons

Satellite Aided Distress Beacons are emergency transmitters that send distress signals to satellites when activated, enabling rapid location tracking of ships, aircraft, or individuals in distress. These beacons, including EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons) for maritime use and ELTs (Emergency Locator Transmitters) for aviation, operate on frequencies monitored by international satellite systems like COSPAS-SARSAT. The technology drastically reduces search times in emergencies and is integrated into modern search and rescue protocols worldwide. Recent advancements include integration with drones and remote-controlled life-saving devices for quicker response.

Why in news?

SAREX-24 will demonstrate the use of satellite aided distress beacons alongside drones and remote-controlled life buoys to enhance rescue operations during simulated maritime emergencies.

Secondary Effects of AI

Secondary effects of AI refer to the broader, indirect impacts beyond initial benefits like cost reduction or speed. These include disruptions to industry ecosystems, changes in business models, and new creative possibilities. Analysts compare AI’s secondary effects to past technologies like the internet and cloud computing, which first served as accelerators but later transformed entire sectors. Secondary effects drive innovation by extending AI’s capabilities into creativity, discovery, predictive power, and accuracy, potentially rewriting industry rules and enabling new revenue streams.

Why in news?

Gartner analyst Soyeb Barot brought into light secondary effects as the real disruptors in AI adoption, emphasizing their role in reshaping industries beyond first-order efficiency gains.

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is a synthetic peptide drug used primarily for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is produced using yeast and recombinant DNA technology to create a molecule that mimics the human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Semaglutide’s structure includes a fatty acid chain that prolongs its activity by binding to albumin in the bloodstream, extending its half-life. The drug has low bioavailability, requiring precise formulation and delivery to ensure effectiveness. It is typically administered via a single-use pen injector, designed for accurate dosing. Stability is temperature-sensitive, with storage recommended below 30°C to maintain efficacy.

Why in news?

Semaglutide’s complex formulation and delivery system are cited by Novo Nordisk to argue against compounding pharmacies producing unregulated versions, following reports of adverse effects and dosing errors.

Sesame Molecular Breeding

Molecular marker-assisted breeding in sesame involves using DNA markers linked to desirable traits to accelerate the development of improved varieties. This technique allows precise selection for traits like disease resistance, yield, and oil quality without relying solely on phenotypic observation. Indian sesame varieties have traditionally shown genetic limitations, prompting research efforts to enhance their agronomic and nutritional properties. The Bose Institute has been a key player, developing strains with improved traits by integrating molecular biology tools with traditional breeding. Marker-assisted breeding reduces breeding cycles and improves accuracy, facilitating the harnessing of sesame’s medicinal and nutritional potential.

Why in news?

Prof. Gaurab Gangopadhayay and his team at Bose Institute developed improved sesame varieties using molecular marker-assisted breeding to enhance crop resilience and oil quality.

Shuttless Looms

Shuttless looms are advanced weaving machines that do not use traditional shuttles to insert the weft yarn. Instead, they use alternative methods like air jets, water jets, or rapier systems to weave fabric. These looms operate at higher speeds, improving productivity and fabric quality. Shuttless looms reduce noise, vibration, and wear compared to shuttle looms. In India, most shuttless looms are imported due to limited domestic technology for designing high-end jacquards and other complex weaving patterns. These looms are essential for modern textile manufacturing, enabling faster production of intricate fabrics.

Why in news?

The article notes that shuttless looms installed in India are predominantly imported, reflecting technology gaps in domestic manufacturing amid new quality control regulations.

Sify Infinit Spaces Ltd.

Sify Infinit Spaces Ltd. is an Indian company specializing in data centre services, cloud computing, and digital infrastructure. It operates multiple next-generation data centres across major Indian cities like Chennai, Bengaluru, and Mumbai. The company focuses on sustainability, implementing technologies to reduce water usage and environmental impact in its data centres. Sify Infinit Spaces is part of the larger Sify Technologies group, which has been a pioneer in India’s IT and telecom sectors since the 1990s. It supports enterprise digital transformation through scalable, secure, and sustainable infrastructure solutions.

Why in news?

Sify Infinit Spaces Ltd. was brought into light at The Hindu AI Summit 2024 for launching new generation data centres and promoting sustainable practices in the industry.

Silane Gas

Silane (SiH4) is a colorless, highly reactive gas used primarily in the semiconductor and solar photovoltaic industries. It serves as a precursor for depositing silicon layers in manufacturing solar cells and electronic devices. Silane is pyrophoric, meaning it can spontaneously ignite in air, requiring specialized handling and storage. It is produced by reacting silicon with hydrogen chloride or by chemical vapor deposition processes. Silane’s use improves the efficiency and quality of solar PV cells by enabling thin, uniform silicon films. Its safe transport and storage are critical due to its flammability and reactivity.

Why in news?

Silane is one of the key specialty gases supplied by INOX Air Products to ReNew Power’s solar PV cell manufacturing plant at Dholera, supporting advanced solar technology production.

Silent Hypoxia

Silent hypoxia is a condition where individuals have abnormally low blood oxygen levels without typical symptoms like shortness of breath. It can be detected using a pulse oximeter, a non-invasive device measuring oxygen saturation. Silent hypoxia is dangerous because it delays recognition of respiratory distress, potentially leading to sudden health deterioration. It has been notably observed in respiratory infections such as walking pneumonia and COVID-19. The condition complicates diagnosis as patients may appear clinically stable despite dangerously low oxygen levels. Early detection and monitoring are critical to prevent severe outcomes.

Why in news?

Doctors in India have reported silent hypoxia cases in patients with walking pneumonia, denoting the need for pulse oximeter use to detect low oxygen levels even without obvious symptoms.

Slip Migration Pattern

The “slip” migration pattern is a recently identified mode of cancer cell movement where the cell’s direction of motion becomes uncoupled from its morphological front, causing a sliding or slipping motion rather than aligned, directional migration. This phenomenon was observed in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells on stiff substrates, which mimic the scarred tumor microenvironment. Unlike typical migration where cells lead with their front edge, slip movement suggests altered cytoskeletal dynamics and mechanotransduction responses. This pattern may contribute to increased invasiveness and metastasis by allowing cells to navigate complex, stiff tissue matrices more effectively.

Why in news?

Researchers discovered the slip migration pattern in ovarian cancer cells on stiff surfaces, denoting a novel mechanism of cancer cell adaptation during metastasis.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

Small Modular Reactors are nuclear reactors with a capacity ranging from 30 MWe to 300 MWe per unit. They are designed to be factory-built and modular, allowing easier mass production and installation compared to traditional large reactors. SMRs use different coolants – light water, high temperature gas, liquid metal, and molten salt. The most common type is the light water reactor, similar to conventional nuclear plants but scaled down. Two operational SMRs are Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov (floating, 35 MWe modules) and China’s HTR-PM (grid-connected in 2021). SMRs address cost, complexity, and safety concerns of large nuclear plants.

Why in news?

India and the US are exploring collaboration on SMRs, with companies like Holtec International pitching SMR-300 for joint manufacturing and deployment to meet clean energy goals and strengthen nuclear ties.

Sodium-Ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries use abundant sodium ions instead of lithium, offering a potentially cheaper and more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. They are still in the research and development phase but promise good performance at low temperatures and long cycle life. Sodium-ion batteries are less energy-dense than lithium-ion but benefit from the widespread availability of sodium, especially in regions like India. They use common materials, reducing dependency on scarce metals. These batteries could be critical for large-scale grid storage and rural electrification where cost and resource availability are key factors.

Why in news?

Sodium-ion batteries are mentioned as a future potential technology for India’s battery ecosystem, leveraging abundant local sodium resources to reduce import dependence.

Software-Defined Vehicles

Software-defined vehicles (SDVs) rely primarily on software to control vehicle functions rather than traditional mechanical controls. These vehicles use over-the-air updates to improve features and safety without physical recalls. SDVs integrate advanced sensors, connectivity, and AI to enable autonomous driving, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, and personalized user experiences. They represent a shift from hardware-centric to software-centric automotive design, allowing rapid innovation and customization. SDVs support electric, hybrid, and alternative fuel vehicles by optimizing powertrain management and energy efficiency through software algorithms. Their development requires expertise in embedded systems, cybersecurity, and cloud computing.

Why in news?

The new Suzuki-Tata Elxsi centre will develop next-generation powertrains and software-defined vehicles for electric, hybrid, and alternative fuel vehicles.

Solar Cycle 25

Solar Cycle 25 is the current 11-year cycle of solar magnetic activity, starting in December 2019. It features a periodic flip of the Sun’s magnetic field and peaks in solar phenomena such as sunspots, solar flares, and solar wind. This cycle has exhibited notably higher activity than predicted, with solar activity indicators exceeding forecasts by over 1.5 times. The heightened solar activity increases ionizing radiation, disrupts satellite electronics, and causes the Earth’s atmosphere to expand, increasing drag on low Earth orbit satellites. Solar Cycle 25 is expected to reach a minimum by 2030 after peaking around 2025.

Why in news?

Solar Cycle 25’s unexpectedly intense solar activity caused increased atmospheric drag, leading to premature satellite orbital decay, including the loss of the Binar CubeSats.

South Pole-Aitken Basin

The South Pole-Aitken Basin is one of the largest and oldest impact craters in the solar system, measuring about 1,550 miles (2,500 km) in diameter and 8.1 miles (13 km) deep. It is located on the far side of the Moon, featuring the thinnest lunar crust, which facilitates the study of the Moon’s mantle. The basin formed approximately 4 billion years ago from a massive asteroid impact. Its geology provides critical clues about the Moon’s early history and volcanic activity. The basin’s depth exposes mantle materials, making it a prime site for sample-return missions like Chang’e-6.

Why in news?

Chang’e-6 landed in the South Pole-Aitken Basin to collect soil samples, revealing new evidence of ancient volcanism on the Moon’s far side.

Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40)

Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) is a launch site at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, primarily used by SpaceX for Falcon 9 launches. It was originally built for Titan III and Titan IV rockets. SLC-40 underwent extensive refurbishment to support Falcon 9 operations after a 2016 explosion during a launch attempt. The site features a fixed service structure, flame trench, and mobile transporter. It supports launches for commercial, government, and military payloads. The site’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean allows safe rocket stages to fall into unpopulated areas.

Why in news?

SLC-40 was the launch site for the Falcon-9 rocket carrying India’s GSAT-N2 satellite on November 19, 2024.

Sub-sectioning and Paralleling Post

A sub-sectioning and paralleling post is important electrical infrastructure component in railway electrification systems. It divides the overhead electric supply into manageable sections to ensure consistent voltage and power supply across long distances. The post allows isolation of faults and maintenance without disrupting the entire line. It also helps balance the electrical load by paralleling feeders, improving reliability and efficiency. These posts are typically located at strategic points along electrified routes, enhancing operational safety and reducing downtime. They are essential for supporting high-capacity, long-distance electric traction in freight and passenger rail services.

Why in news?

A sub-sectioning and paralleling post was commissioned at NMDC Steel Limited’s Nagarnar Railway siding as part of the new electric traction system introduced in November 2024.

Sulfur Crystals in Martian Stones

Sulfur crystals found embedded in Martian stones are composed of nearly pure sulfur, a rare mineralogical discovery on Mars. These crystals likely formed from the evaporation of sulfur-rich water or volcanic activity interacting with water. On Earth, sulfur crystals can indicate hydrothermal systems or biological activity. The presence of sulfur crystals on Mars suggests complex geochemical processes involving water and volcanic gases. Their purity and size provide clues about the environmental conditions billions of years ago. About their formation helps assess Mars’ potential for supporting microbial life in its past.

Why in news?

Curiosity rover discovered stones with pure sulfur crystals in Gediz Vallis, prompting renewed investigation into their origin and the history of water on Mars.

Super Heavy Booster Catch Tower

The Super Heavy booster catch tower is a novel SpaceX structure designed to catch the descending booster using mechanical arms, eliminating the need for traditional landing legs. This method aims to reduce weight and increase reusability efficiency. The tower is equipped with four large arms that grab the booster mid-air during descent. This technique was first successfully demonstrated during Starship Flight 5’s booster recovery. The tower’s design and operation represent advance in reusable rocket technology, potentially lowering launch costs and turnaround times for future missions. The system requires precise timing and control for successful booster capture.

Why in news?

Starship Flight 6 will test a new approach for catching the Super Heavy booster with the catch tower, following the success of the previous flight’s booster catch.

Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) are ultra-sensitive devices capable of detecting individual photons with high efficiency, low timing jitter, and minimal dark counts. They operate at cryogenic temperatures using superconducting materials like niobium nitride. SNSPDs are critical components in quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and optical quantum sensing. Their ability to detect single photons enables secure quantum communication and precise quantum measurements. Quan2D Technologies in Bengaluru is developing advanced SNSPDs to enhance quantum device performance. These detectors outperform traditional photodetectors in speed and sensitivity, facilitating breakthroughs in quantum information processing and fundamental physics research.

Why in news?

Quan2D Technologies was selected under the National Quantum Mission to develop advanced superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, contributing to India’s quantum technology ecosystem.

Supramolecular Self-Assembly

Supramolecular self-assembly is the process where molecules spontaneously organize into ordered structures through non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions. This phenomenon is crucial for forming complex nanostructures without external direction. It enables precise molecular arrangement essential for applications in electronics, biomedicine, and optoelectronics. The balance between kinetic and thermodynamic states influences the final structure. Environmental factors such as temperature and solvent composition can alter assembly pathways. These assemblies can form diverse morphologies like nanoparticles and nanofibers, impacting material properties including piezoelectricity and chiroptical behavior.

Why in news?

Indian researchers manipulated supramolecular self-assembly pathways of peptides to create tunable piezoresponsive nanomaterials with enhanced mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion properties.

Surface Friction Coefficient (0.9 µ)

The surface friction coefficient is a measure of the grip between a vehicle’s tires and the road surface, expressed as a dimensionless value. A coefficient of 0.9 µ indicates a very high friction surface, close to dry asphalt conditions, enabling precise control during vehicle stability tests. This value is crucial for simulating real-world driving scenarios such as sharp turns and emergency braking. Testing on high-friction surfaces helps engineers evaluate the maximum performance limits of safety systems like ESC. The coefficient varies with surface material, texture, and weather conditions and is a key parameter in road safety engineering.

Why in news?

The newly inaugurated ESC test track in Chennai features a 0.9 µ surface friction dynamic pad to simulate extreme vehicle handling conditions for advanced safety system testing.

Surface Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT)

Surface Hydrokinetic Turbines generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water without requiring height difference or “head.” Unlike traditional hydropower, SHKT does not need dams or large civil structures, making it less environmentally invasive. These turbines can be installed in canals, rivers, and hydropower tailrace channels. They operate efficiently in low-head water bodies, producing power at a cost of approximately ₹2-3 per unit. SHKT technology supports continuous, round-the-clock renewable energy generation and is scalable to gigawatt levels, making it suitable for regions with limited grid access.

Why in news?

The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has officially recognized SHKT technology under the Hydro Category to promote sustainable power generation and help India meet net zero emission targets.

SVASTIK (Scientifically Validated Traditional Knowledge)

SVASTIK is an initiative by the CSIR-NIScPR aimed at promoting and validating Indian traditional knowledge through scientific methods. It disseminates stories and research findings in 17 Indian languages via social media platforms. The program focuses on bridging traditional wisdom with modern scientific validation to enhance credibility and accessibility. SVASTIK emphasizes interdisciplinary research and public engagement, contributing to preserving and revitalizing indigenous knowledge systems. It includes digital resources and narratives that show the practical benefits and scientific basis of various traditional practices, herbs, and cultural customs across India.

Why in news?

SVASTIK was brought into light at the International Conference on Communication and Dissemination of Traditional Knowledge held at Gurugram University, emphasizing its role in promoting validated traditional knowledge.

Vertiport

A vertiport is a specialized facility designed for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, such as aerial taxis and drones. It typically includes landing pads, passenger terminals, charging stations, and maintenance areas. Vertiports enable rapid urban air mobility by integrating with existing transport infrastructure. The concept originated from helicopter landing pads but has evolved to accommodate electric VTOLs with quieter operations and lower emissions. Vertiports must meet strict safety and regulatory standards, including air traffic control coordination and emergency response capabilities. They are essential for scalable urban air mobility networks, facilitating efficient passenger flow and aircraft turnaround.

Why in news?

Dubai has started building its first aerial taxi vertiport near Dubai International Airport, marking a key step toward launching urban air mobility services by 2026.

Vijnana Bharati

Vijnana Bharati (Vibha) is a science movement in India founded in 1991 to promote indigenous scientific knowledge and integrate traditional wisdom with modern science. It encourages grassroots scientific activities and public engagement with science through workshops, seminars, and festivals. Vibha has a network of volunteers across India and organizes programs to popularize science among rural populations and students. It supports the idea of science as a cultural and national heritage. Vijnana Bharati played a key role in conceptualizing the India International Science Festival (IISF) and has been a consistent partner since its inception, promoting science communication and education.

Why in news?

Vijnana Bharati is a principal organizing partner of IISF 2024, continuing its role in encouraging public science engagement at this major national science festival.

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is an instrument aboard India’s Aditya-L1 solar mission designed to observe the Sun’s corona by artificially blocking the photosphere. It mimics the Moon’s role during a solar eclipse, allowing continuous observation of the corona 24/7. Unlike larger coronagraphs on NASA-ESA missions, VELC’s smaller size avoids hiding parts of the corona, enabling detection of the precise origin and timing of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). It captures visible emission lines from solar plasma, critical for studying solar eruptions and their trajectories toward Earth. VELC was developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.

Why in news?

VELC captured its first data on 16 July 2024, helping scientists estimate the exact start time and path of a coronal mass ejection, marking a milestone for India’s first solar observation mission.

Visual and Language Action (VLA) Technology

Visual and Language Action (VLA) technology combines computer vision and natural language processing to enable autonomous robots to interpret and respond to visual inputs and verbal commands. VLA allows robots to perform complex tasks by understanding their surroundings and executing instructions dynamically without human intervention. This technology supports real-time decision-making and adaptability in unstructured environments. It integrates multi-modal sensory data, including vision, audio, and touch, to enhance robot autonomy and operational flexibility. VLA is critical for enabling humanoid robots to function in diverse workflows and terrains with full autonomy.

Why in news?

Addverb’s upcoming humanoid robot will incorporate VLA technology to achieve full autonomy in dynamic settings, enhancing its task execution capabilities.

Wake Turbulence

Wake turbulence forms behind an aircraft due to wingtip vortices created as the plane displaces air. These vortices can persist for several minutes and pose a hazard to smaller aircraft following larger ones, especially during takeoff and landing phases. The strength of wake turbulence depends on the aircraft’s weight, speed, and wing configuration. Air traffic controllers maintain minimum separation distances between planes to mitigate wake turbulence risks. The phenomenon was first identified after multiple incidents involving small aircraft encountering vortices from larger jets in the 1960s.

Why in news?

Wake turbulence is one of the seven types of turbulence explained in the context of the Scandinavian Airlines flight turbulence incident, denoting different turbulence causes.

Xylazine

Xylazine is a veterinary tranquilizer used primarily on large animals such as horses and cattle. It acts as a sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic. Xylazine is not approved for human use and is toxic to humans, causing severe skin ulcers and necrosis with prolonged exposure. It has no specific antidote. In recent years, xylazine has appeared as an adulterant in illicit fentanyl and heroin in the US, complicating overdose treatment because it is not reversed by naloxone. The drug’s sedative effects can prolong respiratory depression and increase overdose risks. Its presence is linked to rising cases of severe skin wounds among drug users.

Why in news?

Xylazine’s increasing presence in street fentanyl mixtures is affecting overdose outcomes and causing new health complications in the US drug crisis.

International Relations & Organizations

Advanced Centrifuges

Advanced centrifuges are high-speed rotating machines used to enrich uranium by increasing the concentration of fissile U-235 isotope. They can operate more efficiently and with greater capacity than older models, accelerating uranium enrichment. Iran’s recent announcement to launch new advanced centrifuges aims to substantially increase its uranium enrichment capacity. Different types include IR-1 (first generation) and more advanced models like IR-2m and IR-4, which can enrich uranium faster and with less energy. Centrifuge development is a key indicator of nuclear program sophistication and potential weaponization capability. Enrichment levels above 20% are considered highly sensitive for proliferation concerns.

Why in news?

Iran declared it will deploy a series of new and advanced centrifuges following the IAEA resolution condemning its nuclear activities.

Chagos Islands

The Chagos Islands are a group of over 60 small islands in the Indian Ocean, forming the British Indian Ocean Territory. They are strategically important due to the Diego Garcia military base, jointly used by the US and UK. The islands were depopulated in the 1960s and 1970s when the native Chagossians were forcibly removed to make way for the base. The sovereignty of the islands has been disputed, with Mauritius claiming them as part of its territory. The International Court of Justice advised in 2019 that the UK should return the islands to Mauritius, influencing recent negotiations.

Why in news?

In 2024, Britain agreed to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius while retaining the Diego Garcia military base under a new agreement.

Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA)

CAATSA, enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2017, imposes sanctions on Iran, North Korea, and Russia. It targets entities involved in transactions with Russian military or intelligence sectors, including procurement of advanced weaponry like the S-400 missile defense system. CAATSA restricts U.S. government assistance and financial dealings with sanctioned parties. The law was passed despite opposition from then-President Donald Trump, who signed it under congressional pressure. CAATSA has complicated U.S.-India relations due to India’s purchase of Russian defense equipment. It remains a key legislative tool for U.S. sanctions policy toward Russia.

Why in news?

CAATSA is relevant amid ongoing U.S. sanctions on Indian companies linked to Russia, particularly concerning India’s defense procurement from Russia.

Galwan Skirmish

The Galwan Skirmish occurred in June 2020 along the India-China border in the Galwan Valley, Ladakh region. It was the first deadly clash between the two countries in over four decades, resulting in casualties on both sides. The conflict arose from long-standing territorial disputes and aggressive patrolling by troops. The skirmish involved hand-to-hand combat without firearms due to prior agreements. It escalated bilateral tensions, leading to diplomatic talks, military disengagement efforts, and stricter visa and investment restrictions from India targeting China. The event remains a very important moment in India-China relations.

Why in news?

The Galwan Skirmish is referenced as a key reason behind India’s continued restrictions on Chinese investments and visa controls despite recent diplomatic thaw.

Global Gag Rule

The Global Gag Rule, also known as the Mexico City Policy, restricts US federal funding to foreign NGOs that provide, counsel, or promote abortion services. First introduced in 1984, it has been rescinded and reinstated depending on US presidential administrations. Under Donald Trump’s term (2017-2021), the rule was expanded to apply to all global health funding, severely limiting reproductive healthcare access worldwide. It affects services like contraception, HIV/AIDS treatment, and maternal health programs. The policy forces NGOs to choose between US funds and abortion-related activities, impacting millions of women in developing countries. It remains a contentious issue in US foreign policy debates.

Why in news?

The text references the reinstatement of the Global Gag Rule during Trump’s presidency as part of the erosion of women’s reproductive rights globally.

Global Learning and Development Framework (GLDF)

The Global Learning and Development Framework (GLDF) is an initiative by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) aimed at enhancing the skills and knowledge of anti-doping professionals worldwide. It focuses on standardizing anti-doping procedures and improving collaboration among nations. The framework covers areas such as results management, case management, and adjudication processes. GLDF provides structured training modules to ensure consistent application of the World Anti-Doping Code and International Standards, strengthening sport integrity globally. It is part of WADA’s broader capacity-building efforts to combat doping in sports.

Why in news?

GLDF Results Management Training is being hosted in New Delhi, involving experts from over 10 countries to improve anti-doping practices internationally.

Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome (ITMO)

An Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome (ITMO) is a carbon credit unit generated under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. ITMOs represent quantified emission reductions or removals of greenhouse gases that countries can trade bilaterally to help meet their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The transfer of ITMOs requires accounting adjustments to avoid double counting. ITMOs can arise from various projects, including renewable energy and forest conservation. The governance of ITMOs involves registries that track issuance, transfer, and use. Transparency, environmental integrity, and human rights safeguards are ongoing concerns in ITMO implementation.

Why in news?

Draft text on Article 6.2 at COP29 raised concerns over transparency and accountability in ITMO governance, with experts warning about weak safeguards and risks of double counting.

Kyoto Protocol Meeting of the Parties (CMP)

The CMP is the governing body of the Kyoto Protocol, a 1997 international treaty committing industrialized countries to binding emission reduction targets. It meets alongside the UNFCCC COP sessions to oversee the Protocol’s implementation. The CMP reviews progress, adopts decisions, and addresses compliance issues. The Protocol introduced market-based mechanisms such as emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation. The CMP also manages the Adaptation Fund to support developing countries. Despite the Protocol’s expiration in 2020, CMP meetings continue to address legacy issues and integration with the Paris Agreement framework.

Why in news?

The 20th CMP meeting will take place during COP 30 in 2025, focusing on ongoing commitments under the Kyoto Protocol framework.

Peace Clause (WTO Bali 2013)

The Peace Clause was agreed upon at the WTO Bali Ministerial Conference in 2013 to grant temporary immunity to developing countries against legal challenges for breaching domestic support limits. It protects countries exceeding the 10% cap on market price support (MPS) relative to the value of production (VoP). The clause applies only for a limited period and includes conditions that can still expose countries to disputes. India has invoked this clause about five times for rice subsidies but never for wheat. The clause was designed to allow flexibility while permanent solutions were negotiated but remains controversial due to its limitations.

Why in news?

India invoked the Peace Clause multiple times for rice subsidies exceeding WTO limits but not for wheat, amid ongoing disputes over its market price support notifications at the WTO.

Red Sea Crisis

The Red Sea Crisis refers to geopolitical tensions and conflicts disrupting maritime trade routes through the Red Sea, a critical corridor connecting the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean. This region handles about 10% of global trade, including vital shipments of oil and fertilizers. The crisis causes vessel rerouting around the Cape of Good Hope, increasing transit times and shipping costs. Phosphatic acid and potash shipments to India have been affected by these delays. The crisis began in early 2024, impacting supply chains and contributing to shortages in essential imports.

Why in news?

The Red Sea Crisis in 2024 has disrupted fertilizer imports to India, forcing longer shipping routes and contributing to the shortage of Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers during the Rabi season.

Red Sea Crisis (2024)

The Red Sea crisis of 2024 refers to disruption in maritime trade routes through the Red Sea, a critical corridor connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa. This crisis involved blockades, regional conflicts, and logistical challenges that delayed shipments of essential goods, including fertilisers like DAP. The Red Sea is a narrow passage with heavy commercial traffic, and disruptions can cause global supply chain bottlenecks. The crisis began in early 2024 and affected transit times for imports to India and other countries reliant on seaborne trade. It brought into light vulnerabilities in global commodity supply chains and prompted calls for alternative routes and strategic reserves.

Why in news?

The Indian fertiliser ministry attributed delays in DAP imports to the ongoing Red Sea crisis, which has affected transit times since January 2024.

Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs)

Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) are vital maritime routes used for international trade and military movement. In the South China Sea, these routes connect the Indian Ocean to Northeast Asia, including ports in Korea, China, Russia, and Japan. Approximately USD 5.3 trillion worth of goods transit annually through these waters. Control over SLOCs is critical for economic security and naval strategy. Disruptions or restrictions in these routes can affect global trade and military logistics. Countries like India, the US, Japan, and Australia have strategic interests in maintaining freedom of navigation along these SLOCs.

Why in news?

The South China Sea’s SLOCs are at the heart of regional security concerns, prompting international calls for a code of conduct to ensure unimpeded lawful commerce and navigation.

Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)

The SBSTA is one of two permanent subsidiary bodies to the UNFCCC. Established in 1995, it provides scientific and technical advice on climate change issues to the Conference of the Parties (COP). It addresses topics such as greenhouse gas inventories, climate modeling, and technology transfer. SBSTA sessions help guide the development of protocols and agreements by reviewing scientific data and technological advances. It also facilitates communication between scientific communities and policymakers. The body meets biannually alongside COP sessions and reports its findings to the COP for decision-making.

Why in news?

The 63rd session of SBSTA will convene at the 2025 UN Climate Change Conference in Belém to discuss scientific and technological aspects of climate action.

Supervisory Body (SB)

The Supervisory Body is a UN-established entity responsible for setting rules and standards for the UN-led carbon markets under the UNFCCC framework. It recommends methodologies for calculating emissions reductions and standards for carbon dioxide removal activities. In 2023, its recommendations were initially rejected by negotiators for inadequacy. Ahead of COP29, the SB revised and operationalized these standards, an unprecedented move bypassing usual negotiator approval. The SB also may convene scientific expert panels to guide its work. It plays a key role in transitioning Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to new market mechanisms.

Why in news?

The Supervisory Body’s move to operationalize carbon market standards without negotiator approval was endorsed at COP29, sparking debate over process and trust among countries.

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement is a multilateral export control regime established in 1996 to promote transparency and responsibility in the transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. It has 42 participating states, including India since 2017. The arrangement facilitates information exchange on transfers and helps prevent destabilizing accumulations of arms. It covers a wide range of items, from firearms to advanced electronics and software. The Wassenaar Arrangement is non-binding but influential in shaping national export control laws. India’s membership marked step in aligning its strategic trade controls with global norms.

Why in news?

India cited its Wassenaar Arrangement membership when responding to U.S. sanctions, emphasizing its compliance with international export control regimes.

WTO Fisheries Subsidies Agreement

The World Trade Organisation’s Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies aims to regulate government subsidies that contribute to overfishing, overcapacity, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Adopted in 2022 after years of negotiations, it is the first global trade agreement targeting fisheries sustainability. The agreement requires member countries to prohibit subsidies that lead to overfishing and to improve transparency and monitoring. It includes special provisions for developing countries, allowing differentiated treatment to support their economic and food security needs. Enforcement mechanisms involve dispute settlement procedures under WTO rules.

Why in news?

Experts discussed the need for differential treatment of developing nations under the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Agreement during ongoing negotiations involving India and other stakeholders.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Amrit Sarovar Scheme

The Amrit Sarovar Scheme is an Government of India initiative aimed at rejuvenating water bodies and enhancing water storage capacity, particularly in rural areas. It supports improved water management and agricultural productivity by restoring ponds, lakes, and other water reservoirs. The scheme complements efforts like the interlinking of rivers project, which aims to improve irrigation and water availability. It plays a role in promoting sustainable water resource management and rural development by increasing groundwater recharge and reducing water scarcity in drought-prone regions.

Why in news?

Haryana’s Chief Minister expressed interest in the Amrit Sarovar Scheme during talks with the World Bank, linking it to river interlinking efforts to improve irrigation and water sustainability.

AMRUT 2.0 Scheme

AMRUT 2.0 stands for Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, a central government initiative aimed at improving urban infrastructure and governance in Indian cities. It focuses on water supply, sewerage, urban transport, and green spaces. AMRUT 2.0 builds on the first phase by emphasizing reforms in urban local bodies, including property tax collection efficiency. The scheme encourages cities to develop sustainable infrastructure and enhance quality of life. It also promotes financial sustainability by increasing own-source revenues through better tax administration and user fees. The program is implemented in multiple rounds, targeting thousands of cities across India.

Why in news?

AMRUT 2.0 is mentioned as a factor influencing differences in property tax revenue collection efficiency and urban local body reforms across state of Indias in FY24.

Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat

Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat is a national campaign launched by the Government of India to eliminate child marriage across the country. It focuses on raising awareness, prevention, and reporting of child marriage incidents through a multi-sectoral approach involving government ministries, civil society, and the public. The campaign supports girls’ education, skilling, and entrepreneurship to encourage empowerment. It is inspired by the vision of a developed India (Viksit Bharat) by 2047, emphasizing gender equality and the protection of girls’ rights. The campaign includes the launch of the ‘Child Marriage Free Bharat’ portal for effective monitoring and reporting.

Why in news?

The campaign was officially launched on 27th November 2024 by the Union Minister for Women and Child Development to combat child marriage in India.

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP), launched in 2015, is an Government of India campaign aimed at improving the sex ratio and promoting girls’ education. It targets gender-based discrimination and child marriage by raising awareness and improving access to education, health, and protection for girls. The scheme involves coordinated efforts between ministries, states, and local bodies. BBBP uses mass media campaigns and grassroots mobilization to change societal attitudes. It has contributed to gradual improvements in the sex ratio at birth and increased school enrollment for girls. The program is a precursor and model for subsequent initiatives like Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat.

Why in news?

The Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat campaign builds on the successes of BBBP, emphasizing continued efforts for gender equality and child marriage prevention.

BharatNet III Project

The BharatNet III project is an ambitious government initiative aimed at enhancing broadband connectivity across rural India, with a focus on underdeveloped regions. It follows two previous phases, BharatNet I and II, and includes extensive fibre optic network deployment to connect gram panchayats and villages. The project incorporates advanced technologies like drone surveys, GIS mapping, and AI-led network design to improve efficiency and reduce fibre cuts. The budget allocation for the Jammu and Kashmir segment is ₹2,600 crore, with ₹1,625 crore dedicated to capital expenditure and ₹975 crore for operations and maintenance.

Why in news?

Sterlite Technologies Limited, in consortium with Dilip Buildcon, won the Jammu and Kashmir portion of the BharatNet III project, valued at ₹2,600 crore, to deploy advanced fibre optic networks in the region.

Cattle Insurance Scheme (India)

The cattle insurance scheme in India provides financial protection to dairy farmers against cattle mortality and disease losses. Subsidized by the government, it covers portion of the insurance premium, often up to 85%, to encourage participation. The scheme aims to stabilize farmers’ incomes and promote better cattle health management. It includes coverage for indigenous and crossbred cattle, with payouts based on the animal’s age and breed. The scheme is implemented through state dairy departments and cooperative societies, covering millions of cattle nationwide. It supports rural livelihoods and dairy sector sustainability.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu’s Dairy Development Minister brought into light the ongoing implementation of a cattle insurance scheme with 85% subsidy covering 5 lakh cattle to support dairy farmers.

Charitable Status of Religious Institutions

Many Catholic religious institutions in India operate under charitable or not-for-profit status, which historically allowed priests and nuns to be exempt from income tax on funds used for social welfare, education, and healthcare. These institutions reinvest earnings into their missions rather than distributing profits. Their charitable status requires adherence to legal standards governing non-profit activities, including transparency and accountability. The status is crucial for obtaining tax benefits and public trust. However, the 2024 Supreme Court ruling challenges the tax treatment of clergy income within these institutions, potentially affecting their operational funding and charitable outreach.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court ruling impacts the financial framework of charitable religious institutions by mandating taxation on clergy income, raising concerns about future funding and service delivery.

Child Stunting

Child stunting is a condition where children have low height-for-age due to chronic malnutrition during the first 1,000 days of life. It indicates long-term nutritional deficiencies affecting physical growth and brain development. Stunting affects 22% of children under five globally, with higher prevalence in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. It is linked to impaired cognitive development, reduced school performance, and lower adult productivity. Causes include inadequate maternal nutrition, recurrent infections, poor sanitation, and insufficient dietary intake. Stunting is irreversible after the age of two, making early intervention critical. It is a key indicator used by global health agencies to assess child health and nutrition status.

Why in news?

The research compares child stunting rates between India and Sub-Saharan Africa, emphasizing social identity’s role in India’s higher prevalence.

Child-Friendly Spaces (CFS)

Child-Friendly Spaces (CFS) are safe environments established in disaster and conflict zones to support children’s psychological recovery and well-being. Developed by UNICEF in 1999 during the Kosovo crisis, CFS provide children with opportunities for play, learning, and psychosocial support. These spaces help children regain normalcy, cope with trauma, and protect them from exploitation and abuse. Activities include art, storytelling, hygiene education, and physical exercise like yoga. CFS are designed to address children’s rights to survival, development, participation, and protection during emergencies. They have been implemented worldwide in various crises to encourage resilience and recovery.

Why in news?

CFS were recently established by SEEDS in Assam’s flood-affected Karimganj district to support displaced children by providing safe spaces for healing, learning, and psychosocial care after the 2024 floods.

Children (Social Media Safety) Bill 2024

The Children (Social Media Safety) Bill 2024 is a draft legislation proposed in South Australia to restrict social media access for children under 14 without parental consent. It mandates social media providers to prevent underage access and introduces fines for non-compliance. The fines would fund the Children’s Online Safety Fund, supporting implementation, compensation for harmed children, and related initiatives. The Bill defines social media broadly as platforms enabling user interaction and content sharing. It also proposes a regulator to enforce the law. This Bill could become the basis for a nationwide Australian law restricting social media use by minors.

Why in news?

The Bill is central to Australia’s upcoming legislation aiming to ban social media access for children under 16 nationwide, following South Australia’s independent study and draft proposal.

Children’s Online Safety Fund

The Children’s Online Safety Fund is a proposed financial mechanism funded by fines imposed on social media providers who fail to prevent underage access. The Fund aims to support the enforcement of social media safety laws, provide discretionary payments to children who have suffered mental or physical harm from online activities, and finance broader child safety initiatives. It is designed to create a sustainable resource for mitigating harm caused by social media misuse among minors. The Fund is part of the Children (Social Media Safety) Bill 2024 framework and may be implemented nationwide if the Bill influences federal legislation.

Why in news?

The Fund is a key component of Australia’s draft social media safety legislation, intended to finance protective measures and compensation related to underage social media use.

Compliance-Cum-Awareness Campaign

The Compliance-Cum-Awareness Campaign is an initiative by India’s Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) aimed at improving taxpayer compliance through education and reminders. It uses technology to send SMS and email notifications to taxpayers, especially those with potential discrepancies in their tax filings related to foreign income and assets. The campaign leverages data from international information exchange agreements and aims to reduce inadvertent errors and deliberate non-disclosure. It reflects a shift towards proactive taxpayer engagement and digital communication to facilitate accurate tax reporting and enhance voluntary compliance.

Why in news?

The CBDT launched the Compliance-Cum-Awareness Campaign for AY 2024-25 to notify taxpayers about incomplete or inaccurate reporting of foreign income/assets in their ITRs.

District Mineral Fund (DMF)

The District Mineral Fund (DMF) is a government fund created from royalties collected from mining activities in India. It is allocated to mining-affected districts to finance developmental and welfare projects, including infrastructure, health, education, and environment restoration. Panchayats and local bodies receive shares from DMF to support local development. The fund aims to mitigate mining impacts and improve living standards in mining regions. DMF allocations are governed by guidelines ensuring transparency and local participation. It is source of Own Source Revenue for rural bodies in mineral-rich areas.

Why in news?

DMF revenue sharing with gram panchayats is brought into light as a key mechanism for local bodies to raise Own Source Revenue, supporting rural development and financial autonomy.

E-Jagriti System

E-Jagriti is a forthcoming digital platform under development by the Government of India to complement E-Daakhil. It aims to further simplify the filing, tracking, and management of consumer cases by enhancing communication between parties and reducing delays. E-Jagriti will focus on minimizing paperwork and streamlining case resolution processes. Its integration with E-Daakhil is designed to create a more efficient and accessible consumer justice system. The platform is expected to improve transparency, speed, and ease of handling consumer disputes across India.

Why in news?

E-Jagriti is mentioned as an upcoming system to enhance consumer complaint management, following the nationwide expansion of the E-Daakhil portal.

Empowered Committee of Ministry of Women and Child Development

The Empowered Committee of the Ministry of Women and Child Development is a high-level decision-making body responsible for approving schemes and policies related to women’s welfare in India. It evaluates proposals for programs like One Stop Centres and oversees their implementation. The committee includes senior officials and experts who ensure alignment with national priorities for women’s safety and empowerment. It plays a critical role in sanctioning budget allocations and operational guidelines for initiatives aimed at protecting women, both domestically and internationally.

Why in news?

The committee approved the establishment of 9 OSCs abroad to assist Indian women in distress, reflecting its ongoing role in enhancing women’s welfare initiatives.

Epilepsy Foundation of India

The Epilepsy Foundation of India was established in 2009 in Mumbai by Dr. Nirmal Surya, a prominent neurologist. It focuses on raising awareness about epilepsy, promoting early diagnosis, and supporting treatment access. The foundation conducts educational programs, advocacy campaigns, and community outreach to reduce stigma associated with epilepsy. It collaborates with government bodies, healthcare providers, and international organizations. The foundation also works on training healthcare workers for better epilepsy management, emphasizing the need for social inclusion and improved quality of life for patients. It is a key player in epilepsy advocacy in India.

Why in news?

The Epilepsy Foundation of India is brought into light for initiating National Epilepsy Day on November 17 to raise awareness and support epilepsy patients across the country.

POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment)

POSH refers to the Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace legislation and related initiatives aimed at protecting employees from sexual harassment. Originating from the Indian Supreme Court’s 1997 Vishaka Guidelines, POSH was formalized into law in 2013 under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act. It mandates organizations to establish Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) to address grievances. Training and awareness programs are crucial for compliance. The act covers all workplaces, including unorganized sectors, and emphasizes confidentiality, timely redressal, and protection against retaliation. POSH is a key element in promoting gender equality and safe work environments in India.

Why in news?

Harrisons Malayalam Limited partnered with IDH International for training and awareness on POSH and gender-based violence as part of its ESG initiatives and Women Safety Accelerator Fund programme.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is an Government of India mission launched in 2015 to provide affordable housing to urban and rural poor by 2022. It aims to build 20 million homes through subsidies, credit-linked schemes, and public-private partnerships. PMAY promotes inclusive housing finance, energy-efficient construction, and legal land ownership. The program integrates with urban development and infrastructure projects to improve overall living conditions. It has facilitated the creation of affordable housing finance markets and enhanced housing supply chains. PMAY’s success is measured by the number of houses completed and beneficiaries receiving subsidies.

Why in news?

PMAY continues to drive housing sector growth, contributing to 55-60% of cement demand and influencing long-term market forecasts.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is an Government of India initiative launched in 2015 to provide affordable housing to the urban poor. It aims to build 20 million affordable houses by 2022 through subsidies, financial assistance, and partnerships with private developers. The scheme covers economically weaker sections, low-income groups, and middle-income groups. Houses under PMAY typically have a minimum carpet area of 30 square meters. The program emphasizes sustainable and inclusive urban development, integrating housing with basic amenities and infrastructure. It is one of the largest affordable housing programs globally by number of units targeted.

Why in news?

The article compares the land area occupied by parking spaces to the size of a PMAY housing unit to show the opportunity cost of free parking in Indian cities.

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)

The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana is a government welfare scheme launched in March 2020 to provide free food grains to the poor during the COVID-19 pandemic. Under PMGKAY, eligible beneficiaries receive 5 kg of rice or wheat and 1 kg of pulses per person monthly. The scheme is implemented through the Public Distribution System (PDS) and aims to ensure food security during crises. It has been extended multiple times and covers over 80 crore people nationwide. The scheme is funded by the central government and is one of the largest food security programs in India.

Why in news?

PMGKAY rice distributions were included in the 2022-23 leakage estimates for Tamil Nadu’s PDS, denoting the role of this scheme in state-level food security and supply chain monitoring.

Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN)

PM JANMAN is a central government scheme launched to improve living conditions for Scheduled Tribes in India, focusing on housing, basic amenities, and socio-economic development. It targets vulnerable tribal groups, including Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) like the Reang community. The program integrates efforts across ministries to ensure rights, justice, and welfare benefits reach tribal populations. In Tripura, PM JANMAN has facilitated the provision of housing with basic facilities to Reang households, addressing long-standing issues of displacement and poor living standards. The scheme emphasizes tribal empowerment through infrastructure and legal aid.

Why in news?

Under PM JANMAN, the Tripura government announced housing provision with basic facilities for the Reang community, supporting their welfare and integration.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), launched in 2015, focuses on enhancing water use efficiency in agriculture through micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler irrigation. The slogan “Per Drop More Crop” emphasizes maximizing crop yield per unit of water. PMKSY aims to reduce water wastage, improve irrigation coverage, and increase agricultural productivity. It integrates various irrigation schemes under one umbrella to ensure efficient water management and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The program also supports the adoption of water-saving technologies and infrastructure development for water storage and distribution.

Why in news?

The Minister referred to PMKSY as a key initiative to conserve water and improve nutrient use efficiency, addressing soil health and sustainability challenges at the Global Soils Conference 2024.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is an Government of India scheme launched in 2020 to modernize the fisheries sector. It aims to increase fish production by 70 lakh tonnes and generate 55 lakh direct and indirect employment opportunities by 2024-25. The scheme focuses on sustainable aquaculture, infrastructure development, and technology adoption. It has a budget allocation of over ₹20,000 crore. PMMSY promotes integrated fisheries development, including inland and marine fisheries, and emphasizes doubling fish farmers’ income. The program also supports cold chain infrastructure, fish processing, and marketing to reduce post-harvest losses.

Why in news?

The scheme was credited for contributing to India’s 82% surge in fish production from 2013-14 to 2022-23, announced during World Fisheries Day by Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh.

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a preventive HIV medication taken by HIV-negative individuals at high risk of infection. Daily oral PrEP reduces HIV acquisition risk by over 90% when adhered to properly. It is recommended for key populations, including sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people with HIV-positive partners. PrEP was first approved in 2012 and has since been integrated into global HIV prevention strategies. Barriers to PrEP access include stigma, cost, and healthcare infrastructure. New long-acting injectable PrEP formulations are emerging, improving adherence and expanding options.

Why in news?

PrEP is emphasized in the 2024 World AIDS Day theme to promote prevention and reduce new HIV infections globally.

Price Deficit Payment Scheme

The Price Deficit Payment Scheme (PDPS) is a government support mechanism ensuring farmers receive at least the minimum support price (MSP) for their produce. It compensates farmers for the difference between the MSP and the market price when the latter falls below the MSP. PDPS protects farmers from price fluctuations, stabilizes income, and encourages production of targeted crops. It is part of broader agricultural reforms aimed at enhancing farmer welfare and market stability, often linked with procurement policies and price support operations.

Why in news?

The government is ready to offer the Price Deficit Payment Scheme to farmers under the PPPAVCD programme to guarantee minimum support prices.

Price Support Scheme (PSS)

The Price Support Scheme (PSS) is a government initiative in India aimed at ensuring minimum prices to farmers for certain crops to protect them from distress sales. It primarily operates through procurement agencies like NAFED and NCC, which purchase crops at the Minimum Support Price (MSP). The scheme targets crops vulnerable to price volatility, including soya bean, wheat, and pulses. Under PSS, procurement quality standards such as moisture content limits are strictly defined to maintain grain quality. The scheme helps stabilize farmer incomes and ensures food security by maintaining buffer stocks.

Why in news?

The Centre relaxed PSS norms to allow procurement of soya beans with moisture content up to 15%, instead of the previous 12%, ahead of Maharashtra elections to support farmers and ensure steady crop procurement.

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) are grassroots cooperative credit institutions in India, providing short-term and medium-term loans to farmers. Established under the Cooperative Societies Act, PACS act as the first point of contact for rural credit. They play role in agricultural financing, promoting rural development, and supporting farmers’ livelihoods. PACS are member-owned, democratically controlled, and typically serve village-level communities. They provide inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and credit for crop production. PACS also facilitate government schemes and subsidies. Modernization efforts include digitization and tech enablement to improve efficiency and transparency. India plans to establish PACS in every village panchayat, totaling over two lakh units.

Why in news?

The Government of India announced plans to establish two lakh new PACS to ensure every village panchayat has a cooperative society, modernizing them to be tech-enabled and economically viable, as part of the International Year of Cooperatives 2025 launch.

Primary Milk Societies

Primary Milk Societies are grassroots cooperative organizations of dairy farmers in India, primarily focused on milk collection, quality control, and marketing. They function as the first link in the dairy supply chain, aggregating milk from individual farmers before passing it to larger cooperatives or dairies. These societies often provide technical support, veterinary services, and subsidies to members. Unlike larger dairy cooperatives, Primary Milk Societies operate at the village or cluster level, promoting local farmer participation. They play a critical role in rural livelihoods and milk production but often face challenges like fund mismanagement and lack of transparency in subsidy schemes.

Why in news?

Primary Milk Societies in Puducherry submitted a memorandum alleging misappropriation of funds and fake beneficiaries in a government subsidy scheme for buying milch cows.

Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS)

The Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) is a government initiative launched in 2024 to enhance employability among Indian youth aged 21-24. It targets those who have completed 10th, 12th, ITI, Polytechnic, Diploma, or graduation but excludes premier institution graduates and professionals. The scheme offers 1.25 lakh internships in FY25 across 745 districts and 25 sectors, supported by ₹800 crore for the pilot phase. Corporates, including top CSR spenders, provide internship opportunities with a monthly allowance of ₹5,000 plus a one-time ₹6,000 grant. It is administered by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).

Why in news?

PM Narendra Modi is set to inaugurate PMIS on December 2, 2024, distributing the first joining orders to selected candidates from the pilot program launched in October 2024.

Project Veer Gatha

Project Veer Gatha was instituted in 2021 by the Ministry of Defence, to promote stories of gallantry and sacrifice by Armed Forces personnel among school students. It encourages creative submissions like poems, essays, paintings, and videos. The project has seen increasing participation – 8 lakh students in 2021, 19.5 lakh in 2022, and 1.36 crore in 2023. It culminates in selecting 100 national winners, awarded cash prizes and felicitated by the Ministries of Education and Defence. Activities include virtual and physical awareness sessions conducted by Army, Navy, and Air Force units nationwide.

Why in news?

Project Veer Gatha 4.0 has recently concluded, involving over 1.76 crore students across India submitting creative works honoring Armed Forces gallantry awardees, with winners being felicitated in New Delhi and other regional centers.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

India’s Public Distribution System is a government-run program aimed at distributing essential commodities such as rice, wheat, sugar, and kerosene at subsidized rates to low-income households. Established in the 1960s, it operates through a network of fair price shops across the country. The PDS targets food security, inflation control, and poverty alleviation. It uses ration cards to identify beneficiaries and regulate distribution. Despite challenges like leakage and corruption, it remains one of the largest food security programs globally. The system is periodically revised to include new food items and improve transparency through digitalization.

Why in news?

The Union government’s move to sell Bharath rice through subsidized channels, including private outlets and ration shops, is part of efforts to strengthen the Public Distribution System and curb inflation.

Public Distribution System (PDS) Rice

The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is a government-run program that distributes subsidized food grains, including rice, to low-income households. PDS rice is procured at minimum support prices and meant strictly for domestic consumption to ensure food security. Exporting PDS rice is illegal as it disrupts the supply chain and affects vulnerable populations dependent on subsidies. The rice is stored in government warehouses before distribution through ration shops. Diversion of PDS rice for export has been a recurring issue, leading to stringent monitoring mechanisms and legal actions against offenders to protect the integrity of the system.

Why in news?

The illegal export of 640 metric tonnes of PDS rice from Andhra Pradesh to West Africa was uncovered and seized, denoting ongoing challenges in controlling subsidized grain diversion in India.

Rail Madad Portal

The Rail Madad Portal serves as a digital complaint and assistance platform for Indian Railways passengers. It integrates with the Emergency Response Support System (ERSS) and provides a helpline number, 139, for immediate support. Passengers can report grievances related to travel, security, and service quality through the portal or helpline. The system enhances responsiveness by connecting passengers directly with railway authorities and emergency services. Rail Madad is part of Indian Railways’ broader strategy to leverage technology for improved passenger engagement and safety.

Why in news?

Rail Madad Portal was brought into light as part of Indian Railways’ safety initiatives alongside the launch of the Sanraksha app, enhancing passenger assistance and emergency response.

Rajasthan FPO Training Programme

The Rajasthan Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) training programme is a government and institutional initiative aimed at strengthening farmer collectives in Rajasthan. Organized by NABARD and the Spices Board, it focuses on capacity building in areas such as financial management, marketing, and sustainable farming practices. FPOs aggregate small farmers to improve bargaining power and access to markets and credit. The programme also promotes better post-harvest management and value addition, enhancing farmers’ income security. It supports the integration of microfinance and technology to improve rural livelihoods in one of India’s key spice-producing regions.

Why in news?

NABARD and the Spices Board recently organized a two-day training programme for Rajasthan FPOs to enhance their operational efficiency and financial inclusion, boosting farming sustainability in the region.

Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS)

The Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS) is a national-level initiative by the Government of India aimed at improving the financial and operational efficiency of power distribution companies. It promotes the adoption of smart metering and digitization to reduce Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) losses. RDSS mandates prepaid smart metering for government offices as a pre-qualification criterion. The scheme encourages the Total Expenditure (TOTEX) model, combining capital and operational expenses to attract private investment. RDSS aligns with energy efficiency goals set by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) and supports infrastructure modernization across states.

Why in news?

RDSS is in the spotlight due to Kerala’s Phase-1 prepaid smart meter roll-out under the scheme, with debates over TOTEX and private sector involvement in electricity distribution.

Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 is an Indian law that aligns with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It defines 21 categories of disabilities, expanding beyond previous laws. The Act mandates equal opportunities, non-discrimination, and accessibility in education, employment, and public services. It introduced reservation of 4% in government jobs and educational institutions for persons with disabilities. The RPwD Act also establishes a framework for penalties on non-compliance and requires government bodies to follow accessibility standards. It replaced the 1995 Persons with Disabilities Act.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court ruled that the RPwD Rules of 2017 are only recommendatory and mandated the government to frame compulsory accessibility rules under the RPwD Act.

Sanyukt Vimochan 2024

The Sanyukt Vimochan is an annual multilateral Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise conducted by the Indian Army. It involves multiple agencies including the Indian Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force, and State Disaster Response Forces. The 2024 edition was held at Ahmedabad and Porbandar in Gujarat, focusing on cyclone disaster scenarios along the Okha-Porbandar coastline. It features a Table Top Exercise (TTX) and a Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration. The exercise promotes interagency coordination, rapid response, and showcases indigenous disaster management technologies aligned with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

Why in news?

The Indian Army conducted the 2024 edition of Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan in November, denoting India’s disaster response readiness and international cooperation in humanitarian assistance.

Sathyan Anthikad

Sathyan Anthikad is a prominent Malayalam film director and screenwriter known for his socially relevant films. Born in 1957, he is also an organic farmer, practicing sustainable agriculture on his farm in Thrissur, Kerala. His films often explore rural life, family dynamics, and social issues, earning critical acclaim and popular success. Anthikad has won multiple Kerala State Film Awards and National Film Awards. His interest in organic farming reflects his commitment to environmental sustainability and rural development. He frequently integrates his farming experiences into his creative work and public engagements.

Why in news?

The meeting to discuss fertilizer distribution to farmers was held at Sathyan Anthikad’s residence, denoting his role as an organic farmer and community influencer in Thrissur.

Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB)

The Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) measures the number of female births per 1,000 male births. A natural SRB is around 950-975 females per 1,000 males. In India, SRB declined to 880 females per 1,000 males between 2003 and 2005, partly due to sex-selective abortions enabled by prenatal diagnostic technologies. This skewed ratio raised demographic and social concerns, prompting some states to roll back the two-child policy. The SRB is a critical indicator of gender bias and health in populations.

Why in news?

The decline in SRB was a key reason behind states like Chhattisgarh and Haryana rescinding the two-child policy, which Andhra Pradesh also recently reversed amid demographic concerns.

Sexual Harassment electronic-Box (SHe-Box)

The Sexual Harassment electronic-Box (SHe-Box) is an online portal established by the Government of India under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. It provides a single-window mechanism for women across all sectors, organized or unorganized, public or private, to file complaints of sexual harassment. The portal ensures anonymity and confidentiality, facilitating timely redressal. It is accessible nationwide and aims to increase awareness and ease of reporting, reducing the stigma associated with such complaints. The system is integrated with internal complaints committees at workplaces for coordinated action.

Why in news?

The National Task Force recommended wider awareness and use of SHe-Box in healthcare establishments to address sexual harassment complaints effectively.

Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, is an Indian law enacted to protect women from sexual harassment at their workplace. It applies to all workplaces, whether public or private, organized or unorganized, rural or urban. Employers with more than 10 employees must form an Internal Committee (IC) to address complaints. For workplaces with fewer than 10 workers or complaints against employers, the Appropriate Government forms Local Committees (LC). The Act mandates inquiry completion within 90 days and includes penal provisions for violations by employers or others.

Why in news?

The Act’s implementation and enforcement continue to be emphasized by the Government of India, with recent updates on complaint mechanisms and data management.

Shared Services Entity

The Shared Services Entity proposed by Nabard aims to unify digital services for rural cooperatives across India. It will be a separate company formed with the Central government and cooperative banks. The entity plans to collaborate with fintech firms to boost technology adoption, especially for smaller cooperative banks that lack investment capacity. It will manage digitized databases and transaction trails, facilitating better delivery of government schemes like PM Vishwakarma and credit guarantee schemes. The initiative targets full digitization of cooperatives by March 2025, creating opportunities for fintechs to develop innovative solutions for rural financial inclusion.

Why in news?

Nabard announced plans to establish a Shared Services Entity to support digital adoption in rural cooperatives, involving fintech partnerships and government cooperation, aiming for completion by March 2025.

SHe-Box Portal

SHe-Box is an online complaint registration and monitoring portal launched by India’s Ministry of Women and Child Development in October 2024. It centralizes complaints related to sexual harassment at the workplace and maintains data on Internal Committees (ICs) and Local Committees (LCs). The portal facilitates complaint filing across Central Ministries, State/UT administrations, and private sector workplaces. It supports compliance with the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, standardizing inquiry processes and timelines. As of late 2024, the portal had received nine complaints since its launch.

Why in news?

SHe-Box was recently launched and went live on October 19, 2024, to improve the grievance redressal mechanism under the Sexual Harassment Act.

Shompen Community

The Shompen are an indigenous tribal group residing primarily in the interior forests of Great Nicobar Island. They are one of the least studied tribes in India, with a population estimated to be fewer than 300 individuals. The Shompen speak a language isolate with no known linguistic relatives. Their traditional lifestyle is hunter-gatherer based, relying on forest resources, and they maintain minimal contact with the outside world. The Government of India recognizes them as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Their culture includes unique rituals and subsistence practices adapted to the island’s dense tropical environment.

Why in news?

The Shompen community is mentioned due to the establishment of a welfare monitoring committee as part of environmental clearance conditions for the Great Nicobar Island development project.

Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP)

The Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRDP) is an NGO based in Karnataka, established in 1982. It focuses on empowering rural communities through self-help groups (SHGs), primarily women, by providing access to credit, market linkages, and rural infrastructure development. SKDRDP operates under the leadership of the pattadhikari (hereditary administrator) of Dharmasthala, currently D. Veerendra Heggade. It has successfully collaborated with NABARD’s banking correspondent model to deliver financial services to SHGs. SKDRDP’s members exceed 55 lakh, with over 60% being women. It also engages in educational support and infrastructure projects in Karnataka.

Why in news?

SKDRDP recently distributed ₹605 crore in profits to women and other SHG members, denoting the empowerment aspect of government welfare initiatives in rural Karnataka.

Single Girl Child Merit Scholarship

The Single Girl Child Merit Scholarship is a scheme by CBSE aimed at supporting female students who are the only child in their family. Applicants must have scored at least 70% in Class 10 CBSE exams and be studying in Classes 11 or 12 in CBSE-affiliated schools with tuition fees capped at Rs 2,500 monthly. NRIs can apply with a tuition fee cap of Rs 6,000. Family income must not exceed Rs 8 lakh annually. Selected students receive Rs 500 per month. The scheme has both fresh and renewal application options.

Why in news?

CBSE recently opened online applications for the Single Girl Child Merit Scholarship X 2024 and its renewal, inviting eligible students to apply through the official website.

Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households

The Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India is a comprehensive national survey conducted in 2018-19. It provides detailed data on income, land ownership, livestock, and socio-economic conditions of rural agricultural households. The survey marks disparities in income, land size, and debt burden among farmers across states. It serves as a critical resource for policymakers to understand rural poverty and agricultural distress. The survey also tracks employment patterns, crop diversity, and access to credit, revealing structural challenges in Indian agriculture. It is widely used in academic research and government planning.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court committee cited this 2018-19 survey to show the low average monthly income of agricultural households, emphasizing the financial distress faced by farmers.

Sjögren’s India

Sjögren’s India is a patient volunteer organization founded by Kirtida Oza in 2006 after her own diagnosis. It aims to raise awareness, connect patients, and advocate for improved standards of care. The group marks disparities between patient priorities, such as managing dryness and fatigue, and doctors’ focus on major organ damage. Sjögren’s India provides educational resources to help patients communicate their needs during consultations and encourages holistic treatment approaches. The organization plays a key role in bridging gaps between healthcare providers and patients in India’s under-recognized Sjögren’s community.

Why in news?

Sjögren’s India is featured for its advocacy work addressing the challenges faced by patients in India, emphasizing patient-centric care and raising awareness about the disease’s broader impact.

SKDRDP (Shree Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project)

SKDRDP is a prominent microfinance and rural development organization based in Karnataka, established in 1982. It focuses on empowering rural poor through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), providing financial services, training, and social development programs. SKDRDP operates on secular and apolitical principles, promoting women’s economic independence and community welfare. It has disbursed loans to millions of members and helped improve livelihoods through sustainable development initiatives. The organization is recognized for its cooperative model that strengthens rural financial inclusion and supports grassroots entrepreneurship. SKDRDP also distributes profits back to its SHG members as dividends.

Why in news?

In November 2024, SKDRDP announced a ₹605-crore profit distribution to its Self-Help Group members, denoting its financial success and impact on rural communities.

Skill Hubs

Skill hubs are specialized centers designed to provide accessible, industry-aligned vocational training and skill development. They offer hands-on learning, updated curricula, and certifications recognized by employers. Skill hubs focus on experimental pedagogy, engaging experienced trainers, and partnerships with industries for guest lectures and curriculum design. These hubs target broad-based trades that cater to multiple job roles, aiming to bridge skill gaps in local economies. In India, skill hubs are part of government initiatives to expand skill education access and improve employability in sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services.

Why in news?

The study recommends creating skill hubs to scale and strengthen skill education, ensuring alignment with local economic needs and improving job and self-employment opportunities for school graduates.

Skilling Subsidy Scheme

The Skilling Subsidy Scheme is a government initiative to promote workforce skill development by providing monthly financial incentives to employers or workers. In Andhra Pradesh, the scheme offers ₹6,000 per month per worker for up to five years to companies investing in manufacturing and industrial sectors. It aims to improve labor productivity and encourage formal employment. The subsidy supports training in technical and vocational skills, enhancing employability and retention. The scheme is part of broader industrial policy measures to attract investment and create sustainable jobs, especially in emerging sectors like steel and electronics manufacturing.

Why in news?

AMNSI and LG Electronics units in Andhra Pradesh will benefit from the skilling subsidy as part of the special incentive packages announced by the government.

Smart Villages Concept

The Smart Villages concept involves the development of rural areas using modern technologies and sustainable practices to improve living standards and economic opportunities. This includes integrating renewable energy, digital connectivity, efficient water management, and biofuel production. The initiative aims to reduce rural-to-urban migration by creating self-sufficient communities with improved infrastructure and employment. In India, smart villages are linked to biofuel production, particularly ethanol, to boost agricultural income and promote environmental sustainability. The concept supports the government’s vision of an Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging rural economic growth and reducing dependence on urban centers.

Why in news?

Smart villages are brought into light as a key benefit of scaling up ethanol biofuel production to support rural economies and sustainability goals.

Soil Health Card

The Soil Health Card scheme was launched in 2015 by the Government of India to provide farmers with detailed information on the nutrient status of their soil. Over 220 million cards have been distributed, helping farmers optimize fertilizer use and improve crop yields. The card analyzes soil for key nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, guiding balanced fertilizer application. This initiative aims to reduce excessive chemical fertilizer use, improve soil fertility, and increase agricultural productivity. It is part of a broader effort to promote sustainable agriculture and address soil degradation issues across India.

Why in news?

The Union Agriculture Minister brought into light the Soil Health Card scheme’s impact during the Global Soils Conference 2024, emphasizing its role in improving soil fertility and sustainable farming practices in India.

SOS Integration in Ride-Hailing

Uber’s SOS integration allows drivers to instantly share their live trip location and critical trip details with local law enforcement during emergencies. This feature is embedded within the Uber app for quick access. It enhances driver safety, especially in regions with high safety concerns. The system connects directly with police authorities, enabling faster response times. The integration supports real-time communication and tracking, reducing delays in emergency assistance. This capability is part of Uber’s broader initiative to improve driver security and trust on its platform, particularly in countries like India where two-wheeler rides are common.

Why in news?

Uber introduced SOS integration to improve driver safety in India, alongside new in-app features like helmet verification and women rider filtering.

Soya Bean Moisture Content

Moisture content in soya beans is a critical quality parameter affecting storage, price, and procurement eligibility. Typically, moisture levels above 12% increase the risk of fungal growth and spoilage during storage, reducing shelf life and market value. Procurement norms often set a maximum moisture limit to ensure quality. However, during adverse harvest conditions, higher moisture beans may be accepted with price adjustments. Moisture content is measured using specialized moisture meters, and excess moisture requires drying before long-term storage. Managing moisture levels is essential for maintaining crop quality in supply chains and minimizing post-harvest losses.

Why in news?

The government raised the acceptable moisture content limit from 12% to 15% for soya bean procurement under PSS, allowing more crop acceptance amid farmer demands.

Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI)

SASCI is a government scheme providing interest-free loans for 50 years to state of Indias to develop iconic tourist centers. It aims to enhance tourism infrastructure, promote sustainable local economic growth, and create employment opportunities. The scheme requires states to submit project proposals which are evaluated and funded by the Centre. Funds are released in installments, with 66% given initially, and the states are responsible for land provision, implementation, and post-completion management. SASCI also emphasizes global branding and marketing of these destinations.

Why in news?

The Centre approved ₹3,295 crore in interest-free loans under SASCI to fund 40 tourism projects across 23 states, aiming to develop lesser-known tourist sites.

Special Campaign 4.0

Special Campaign 4.0 was conducted by the Indian Shipping Ministry from October 2 to 31, 2024, focusing on institutionalising swachhta (cleanliness) and reducing pendency in office workflows. It involved reviewing 1.29 lakh files, disposing of 1.01 lakh unnecessary files, and freeing up 68,916 sq ft of office space. The campaign generated ₹4.62 crore from scrap disposal and simplified 13 operational rules. It included 369 cleanliness drives and introduced eco-friendly initiatives like waste-to-art and beach clean-ups. It aimed to create an environment-friendly workspace and improve ministry efficiency.

Why in news?

The campaign was brought into light for its success in reducing pendency, streamlining office processes, and promoting sustainability through innovative environmental initiatives.

Sprints 2030

Sprints 2030 are six high-impact focus areas identified by the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty to accelerate progress by 2030. These include school meals, cash transfers, support for smallholder and family farming, socio-economic inclusion programs, integrated maternal and early childhood interventions, and water access solutions. These targeted initiatives address the most vulnerable populations by providing tailored policy support and technical assistance. The Sprints are designed to be scalable and adaptable across diverse national contexts to maximize impact on hunger and poverty eradication.

Why in news?

Sprints 2030 were brought into light as the Alliance’s core operational strategy during its launch at the 2024 G20 Summit to focus efforts on measurable, urgent interventions against hunger and poverty.

Strategy Cell (CII Initiative)

The Strategy Cell launched by CII Coimbatore is a six-member team providing free mentorship to selected industries for 6 to 12 months. It focuses on medium and long-term strategic planning, especially for MSMEs in the manufacturing sector. The cell documents industry ambitions, mentors owners, and helps scale businesses globally. Members collectively have 200 hours of experience and work closely with seven selected industries. This initiative addresses the lack of access MSMEs have to strategic advisory services, aiming for sustainable growth and global competitiveness.

Why in news?

The strategy cell has started working with seven industries selected over the past six months to provide expert mentoring and help scale their businesses.

Sundargarh District

Sundargarh is a district in western Odisha, known for its mineral wealth and tribal population. It is one of the few districts with mix of industrial and forested areas. The district has a rich tribal culture, including traditional dances like the Dhanu Jatra and festivals unique to its indigenous communities. Sundargarh plays a strategic role in Odisha’s economy due to its iron ore mines and steel plants. The district has also been a focus for various government welfare schemes aimed at tribal development and poverty alleviation, including the recent launch of the third phase of the Subhadra Yojana.

Why in news?

Sundargarh district was chosen as the launch site for the third phase of the Subhadra Yojana, which aims to benefit over 20 lakh women in the area.

SVAMITVA Scheme

The SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) scheme uses drone technology to map rural properties, providing accurate land ownership records. Initiated by the Government of India, it facilitates property tax assessment and helps rural local bodies generate Own Source Revenue. SVAMITVA integrates GIS data with property records, enabling better governance and dispute resolution. It supports financial empowerment of panchayats by enabling property tax levies. The scheme also aids in planning and infrastructure development at the village level by providing precise land-use data and ownership information.

Why in news?

The government is promoting SVAMITVA data utilization to enhance property tax assessments, thereby increasing the revenue-generating capacity of rural local bodies like panchayats.

SWAGAT Program

The State Wide Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology (SWAGAT) is an online public grievance redressal initiative launched in 2003 in Gujarat. It was inspired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and is held on the fourth Thursday of every month. Citizens can submit grievances online or in-person at the Chief Minister’s Public Relations Unit in Gandhinagar. The program allows direct interaction between the Chief Minister and citizens to address their issues. It aims to improve government transparency and responsiveness through technology-enabled public participation.

Why in news?

The SWAGAT program for November 2024 will be held on November 28th with Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel personally attending to hear citizen grievances.

SWAYAM Plus

SWAYAM Plus is an extension of the Government of India’s SWAYAM platform, designed to offer advanced digital learning and skilling programs. It focuses on providing specialized courses for students and teachers, integrating interactive content and assessments. The platform supports blended learning, combining online and offline education methods. SWAYAM Plus collaborates with volunteer organizations to enhance reach, particularly in rural and underserved areas. It aims to bridge educational gaps and prepare the workforce for future digital economies. The initiative includes certification and credit transfer options, allowing learners to gain formal recognition for their skills and knowledge.

Why in news?

IIT Madras will implement SWAYAM Plus programs in Andhra Pradesh to improve education quality and digital skilling as part of its collaboration with the state government.

Systematic Random Sampling

Systematic random sampling is a statistical sampling method where elements are selected from an ordered sampling frame at regular intervals, starting from a randomly chosen point. It is used to ensure representative and unbiased samples when conducting surveys or research. This method is simpler than simple random sampling and ensures coverage across the population. It reduces clustering and sampling bias by distributing sample points evenly. In multi-stage surveys, it is often combined with stratification and proportional allocation to cover diverse groups within a population.

Why in news?

The study on LPG adoption in Jammu and Kashmir employed systematic random sampling to survey households across villages and tehsils.

Three-tier Grievance Redressal System (AB-PMJAY)

The AB-PMJAY grievance redressal system operates on three levels – district, state, and national. Beneficiaries can register complaints via online portals, call centers, or written communication. By November 25, 2024, 5,565 grievances were received, with a resolution rate of 98%. This multi-tiered mechanism ensures accountability and responsiveness within the health scheme, improving beneficiary satisfaction and addressing issues related to service delivery promptly.

Why in news?

The grievance system’s effectiveness and high resolution rate were reported to demonstrate the government’s commitment to addressing beneficiary concerns under the AB-PMJAY healthcare scheme.

Udyam Portal

The Udyam portal is an official Government of India platform launched in 2020 for the registration and certification of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). It replaced the earlier Udyog Aadhaar system and offers a simplified, paperless registration process. The portal integrates data from multiple government departments to verify business details automatically. Registration through Udyam is mandatory for MSMEs to avail various government benefits, subsidies, and schemes. It also helps in formalizing informal enterprises by providing them official recognition. The portal supports tracking of MSME growth, employment, and loan disbursement patterns across India.

Why in news?

The Udyam portal data revealed a surge in MSME registrations and employment, with figures rising from August last year to November 2024.

Vahan Portal

The Vahan portal is an online vehicle registration and management system operated by India’s Ministry of Transport. It stores official data on vehicle registrations, ownership, and transfers nationwide. It plays a key role in implementing subsidy schemes like PM E-DRIVE by providing real-time data on eligible electric vehicles. The portal supports regulatory compliance, enabling authorities to track vehicle categories such as L5 electric three-wheelers and e-2Ws. It also facilitates the issuance of registration certificates and helps monitor the progress of government targets for electric vehicle adoption.

Why in news?

The Vahan portal is used to determine eligibility and registration cut-off dates for electric vehicle subsidies under the PM E-DRIVE scheme, influencing the disbursal of incentives starting November 2024.

Van Dhan Vikas Kendras

Van Dhan Vikas Kendras are tribal entrepreneurship and livelihood centers established to promote value addition of forest produce and sustainable income generation for tribal communities. These centers provide training, marketing support, and access to technology for processing non-timber forest products like tendu leaves, honey, and medicinal plants. Initiated by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, the program aims to empower tribal gatherers, reduce exploitation by middlemen, and improve market linkages. By 2024, over 1,000 such centers operate across India, supporting thousands of tribal families. Van Dhan Kendras contribute to forest conservation by incentivizing sustainable harvesting practices.

Why in news?

During the Janjatiya Gaurav Divas celebrations, PM Modi inaugurated 300 new Van Dhan Vikas Kendras to boost tribal entrepreneurship and livelihoods.

Viability Gap Funding (VGF)

Viability Gap Funding (VGF) is a financial support mechanism used by the Government of India to make infrastructure projects commercially viable. It involves providing a one-time or deferred grant to cover a portion of the project cost, reducing financial risk for private investors. VGF is commonly used in public-private partnership projects, including rural infrastructure like warehouses and market access facilities. It helps bridge the gap between project costs and expected revenues, encouraging private sector participation in underserved sectors. VGF is administered through various government schemes and agencies to promote inclusive development.

Why in news?

The government mentioned using VGF to improve rural infrastructure and market access for self-help groups as part of empowerment and poverty alleviation efforts.

Vigyan Bhawan

Vigyan Bhawan is a premier convention center located in New Delhi, established in 1956. It hosts national and international conferences, government events, and diplomatic meetings. The building is an example of modernist architecture and is situated near India Gate. It has a main auditorium with a seating capacity of about 1,200 and several smaller conference halls. Vigyan Bhawan is managed by the Ministry of Science and Technology. It has hosted major events like the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) and the India International Science Festival. The venue is equipped with advanced audio-visual technology and translation facilities.

Why in news?

Vigyan Bhawan is the venue for the launch of the Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat campaign on 27th November 2024, aimed at eradicating child marriage in India.

VISION Initiative

The Viksit Bharat Initiative for Student Innovation and Outreach Network (VISION) is a government program designed to nurture education, skill development, and innovation among underprivileged children across India. It provides mentorship, training, and access to startup skills, especially targeting students in remote areas. The portal aims to democratize opportunities, allowing even marginalized youth to experience and participate in the country’s growing startup ecosystem. VISION aligns with broader national goals such as Vision India 2047 and leverages technology to bridge urban-rural divides in education and entrepreneurship.

Why in news?

Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated the VISION initiative to promote innovation and startup skills among underprivileged students nationwide.

Defence

ADMM-Plus

The ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM-Plus) is a multilateral forum established in 2010 to enhance security cooperation between ASEAN member states and eight Dialogue Partners. It focuses on practical cooperation in areas such as maritime security, counter-terrorism, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief. The ADMM-Plus meets annually, with Defence Ministers discussing regional security challenges. It includes 10 ASEAN countries and 8 Dialogue Partners, creating a total of 18 participating nations. The forum emphasizes transparency, trust-building, and collaborative capacity-building among militaries in the Indo-Pacific region.

Why in news?

India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is attending the ADMM-Plus meeting in Vientiane, Laos, to discuss regional security and hold bilateral defence talks.

Advance Landing Grounds (ALGs)

Advance Landing Grounds (ALGs) are small airstrips initially developed for military operations, often located in remote or border areas. Many ALGs in India have been repurposed for civilian use under schemes like UDAN 2.0 to boost regional connectivity. The average operational cost of an ALG ranges between ₹7 to ₹10 crore annually. ALGs typically have minimal infrastructure but strategic importance for defense and emergency services. Conversion to civilian use requires regulatory adjustments and cost optimization. ALGs can serve as vital nodes for last-mile air connectivity, especially in Tier III and IV cities with limited transport options.

Why in news?

UDAN 2.0 draft proposes converting over 100 underutilised airstrips, including ALGs, to improve regional air connectivity and reduce operational costs for sustainable flight operations.

Akash Weapon System

The Akash weapon system is an Indian surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). It has a range of 25 km and can target fighter jets, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, and drones. Each battery includes a Rajendra 3D passive electronically scanned array radar and four launchers, each carrying three missiles. The system has over 96% indigenous components and was inducted into the Indian Air Force in 2014 and the Indian Army in 2015. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) manufactures the system.

Why in news?

India shipped the first Akash weapon system battery to Armenia, marking milestone in Indian defence exports as Armenia became the first foreign buyer of this missile system.

Akhnoor Anti-terror Operation

The Akhnoor anti-terror operation in October 2024 marked the first time NSG commandos participated in an anti-terror mission in Jammu. Akhnoor is a strategic town near the Line of Control in Jammu district. The operation involved joint efforts between local police and NSG to neutralize terrorists. The NSG’s involvement brought into light the escalation in terror threats in Jammu and the need for elite forces on the ground. Akhnoor’s terrain and proximity to the border make it a frequent target for infiltration attempts, necessitating specialized counterterrorism measures.

Why in news?

NSG commandos took part in an anti-terror operation in Akhnoor for the first time amid rising terror activities in Jammu region.

BEML Limited

BEML Limited, formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited, is a public sector undertaking under the Ministry of Defence, India. It manufactures heavy equipment for earth moving, transport, and mining, besides rail coaches and metro train sets. Established in 1964, BEML has a manufacturing base in Bengaluru, Kolar Gold Fields, and Mysuru. It plays a strategic role in defense and infrastructure sectors. BEML is one of the few Indian companies capable of producing driverless metro trains. It also exports products to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The company is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India.

Why in news?

BEML is the lowest bidder for the second contract to supply train sets for Chennai Metro Rail’s phase II project, specifically for corridors 3 and 5, valued at around ₹3,600 crore.

Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)

The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is a paramilitary force under India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, responsible for protecting critical infrastructure. It secures airports, nuclear plants, seaports, and government buildings. Established in 1969, CISF provides armed security and disaster response. It plays a key role in airport security, including cargo terminals, employing advanced surveillance and access control measures. CISF personnel undergo specialized training in counter-terrorism and emergency response. The force is involved in relocating facilities within Chennai airport cargo area to accommodate infrastructure expansion. CISF coordination ensures smooth and secure cargo operations.

Why in news?

CISF premises at Chennai airport cargo terminal are being relocated as part of infrastructure upgrades to facilitate expanded handling of Apple products and improve cargo movement efficiency.

Eastern Theatre (India)

The Eastern Theatre is a strategic military zone covering the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, bordering China. It is responsible for defending the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and managing anti-insurgency, humanitarian aid, and disaster relief operations. The terrain is mountainous and challenging, requiring specialized logistics and surveillance capabilities. The theatre has seen increased military activity due to border tensions. It plays a critical role in India’s defense posture against China and insurgent groups, necessitating advanced technology like the Sabal 20 drone for efficient supply and reconnaissance missions.

Why in news?

The Indian Army deployed the Sabal 20 drone in the Eastern Theatre to enhance logistics and operational capabilities along the sensitive border regions.

INSV Tarini

INSV Tarini is a 56-foot Indian Naval Sailing Vessel designed for long oceanic voyages. It is specifically built for circumnavigation and equipped with advanced navigation and communication systems to support extended solo or dual-handed expeditions. The vessel is named after the Hindu goddess Tarini, symbolizing protection and guidance. It has a reinforced hull to withstand harsh sea conditions and is powered primarily by sails, with auxiliary engines for maneuvering. INSV Tarini gained prominence for undertaking the first all-women circumnavigation by Indian Navy officers. The boat’s design emphasizes safety, sustainability, and resilience for challenging maritime conditions.

Why in news?

INSV Tarini departed Fremantle, Australia, on 24 Nov 2024 for the second leg of the Navika Sagar Parikrama-II expedition, a dual-handed circumnavigation by Indian Navy women officers.

Mobility Contract (Armed Forces)

The Mobility Contract in the context of India’s armed forces refers to agreements facilitating transportation and vehicle services for military personnel and logistics. These contracts often involve private companies providing mobility solutions, including vehicle leasing and maintenance. The contracts are critical for troop movement, supply chain efficiency, and operational readiness. Recently, discussions have emerged about scrapping or revising these contracts due to concerns over security and data privacy, especially with foreign tech companies involved. The move reflects the armed forces’ increasing focus on safeguarding sensitive information and operational autonomy while balancing modernization needs.

Why in news?

The armed forces are moving to scrap the mobility contract, raising concerns about data security in agreements involving companies like Uber, which has expressed readiness to discuss its data-security practices.

Network for Spectrum (NFS)

The Network for Spectrum (NFS) is a specialized communication network developed for the Indian Armed Forces, spanning approximately 10,000 kilometers. It is designed to provide secure and reliable connectivity across diverse and challenging terrains. The NFS integrates cutting-edge optical fibre technology and digital solutions to ensure uninterrupted communication for defense operations. The network enhances spectrum management and supports multiple communication channels simultaneously, improving operational efficiency. Sterlite Technologies Limited played a key role in executing the NFS project, leveraging its expertise in fibre optic deployment and network automation.

Why in news?

Sterlite Technologies’ prior experience with the Network for Spectrum project strengthens its capability to execute the BharatNet III project in Jammu and Kashmir, involving complex fibre network deployment.

Pinaka MLRS

The Pinaka Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) is an indigenous Indian artillery system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Initiated in 1986, it was designed to replace the Soviet-era BM-21 Grad. The system can fire a salvo of 72 rockets in 44 seconds covering 1,000 by 800 meters. Pinaka Mark I has a 40 km range; Mark II extends to 60-75 km, with Mark III under development targeting 120-300 km. It uses advanced command and control for accuracy exceeding 90% with single firing and 99.99% with dual firing. It supports various warheads, including high-explosive and anti-tank types.

Why in news?

France is evaluating the Pinaka MLRS for its artillery modernization, impressed by its performance in Armenia’s conflict and its cost-effectiveness compared to Western systems like HIMARS.

President’s Colours

The President’s Colours is a prestigious military honour awarded to Indian Army units for distinguished service. It is a ceremonial flag bearing the unit’s insignia and motto, symbolizing the unit’s identity and achievements. The tradition originated from battlefield flags used to mark commanders’ locations but has evolved into a formal recognition of meritorious service in both war and peace. The Colours are presented during a grand parade, often by the President of India or senior military officials. This honour signifies the unit’s dedication, discipline, and professionalism and is one of the highest accolades a unit can receive.

Why in news?

The President’s Colours were awarded to four battalions of the Mechanised Infantry and Brigade of The Guards during a solemn ceremony led by the Chief of the Army Staff at Ahilyanagar, marking milestone for these units.

Presidential Bodyguard Regiment (PBG)

The Presidential Bodyguard Regiment is India’s oldest regiment, with a history spanning 251 years. It originated as the Governor General’s Bodyguard and transitioned into the PBG after independence. The regiment is responsible for the security and ceremonial duties of the President of India, including mounted escorts. It maintains a historic equestrian tradition, with facilities such as the Rashtrapati Ashiyana estate dedicated to horse remounts and training. The regiment’s ceremonial uniforms and parades reflect British colonial military heritage adapted for modern India. The PBG is unique among Indian armed forces for combining active military functions with prestigious ceremonial roles.

Why in news?

The PBG’s legacy and operational traditions will be showcased to the public for the first time at the Rashtrapati Ashiyana estate’s opening.

Proof & Experimental Establishment (PXE)

PXE is a key Indian defense laboratory under DRDO responsible for testing and certifying weapon systems, ammunition, and explosives. Located in Balasore, Odisha, it conducts proof firing, ballistic evaluation, and experimental trials to validate weapons’ safety and performance. PXE ensures that all arms and ammunition meet stringent quality and reliability standards before deployment. The establishment supports the Indian armed forces by providing scientific and technical expertise in weapon trials, including rocket artillery systems like Pinaka. PXE also collaborates with production agencies to optimize manufacturing processes and enhance weapon effectiveness.

Why in news?

PXE was involved in the flight tests and validation trials of the guided Pinaka multi-barrel rocket system as part of the PSQR process.

Provisional Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR)

PSQR refers to a set of preliminary criteria used by the Indian armed forces to evaluate new defense equipment before formal induction. It assesses parameters like ranging, accuracy, consistency, and rate of fire to ensure operational effectiveness. PSQR validation trials are essential to confirm that systems meet the minimum standards required for deployment. These trials involve extensive testing across multiple phases and field firing ranges. The PSQR process helps streamline procurement by providing a structured framework for assessing new weapon systems, ensuring they fulfill the tactical needs of the military while maintaining quality and reliability.

Why in news?

PSQR validation trials were completed successfully for the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket system, marking a key milestone before its induction into the Indian Army.

Rajendra 3D Radar

The Rajendra 3D radar is a passive electronically scanned array radar developed by India for air defense. It can track multiple aerial targets simultaneously and guides the Akash missile system. It operates in the S-band frequency and provides three-dimensional target data (range, azimuth, and elevation). The radar can track over 64 targets and engage up to 12 simultaneously. It is fully mobile and designed to operate in various terrains and weather conditions. The Rajendra radar supports network-centric warfare by linking multiple missile batteries and command centers.

Why in news?

The Rajendra 3D radar is part of the Akash weapon system battery recently exported to Armenia, enhancing the battery’s air defense capabilities.

SAGAR-MANTHAN Operation

The SAGAR-MANTHAN series of operations are coordinated maritime anti-narcotics efforts by Indian agencies, primarily the Navy and Narcotics Control Bureau. The term “Sagar” means sea in Hindi, and “Manthan” means churning, symbolizing intense efforts to cleanse the seas of illegal activities. SAGAR-MANTHAN4 indicates the fourth iteration of this operation, focusing on intercepting drug trafficking vessels in Indian territorial waters. The operations use intelligence inputs, maritime patrols, and inter-agency coordination. These efforts have increased seizures of narcotics at sea, disrupting international smuggling routes. The operations are part of India’s broader maritime security and anti-narcotics strategy.

Why in news?

The latest crackdown, SAGAR-MANTHAN4, led to the seizure of approximately 700 kg of methamphetamine from an unregistered vessel off Gujarat, marking a major success in maritime anti-drug operations.

Single Point Moorings

Single Point Moorings (SPMs) are offshore loading buoys used for the transfer of crude oil and petroleum products between tankers and shore facilities. They allow large vessels to moor safely away from the coast, reducing risks to coastal infrastructure. SPMs are critical for India’s energy security, enabling import and export of oil via deep-draft tankers. These installations are equipped with flexible pipelines connected to onshore storage and refining units. Their security is vital due to their vulnerability to sabotage and environmental hazards, making them a key focus in coastal defence exercises like Sea Vigil.

Why in news?

SPMs are brought into light as critical coastal assets being secured and evaluated during the Sea Vigil-24 exercise to strengthen India’s maritime infrastructure protection.

Southern Naval Command

The Southern Naval Command is one of the three main operational commands of the Indian Navy, headquartered in Kochi, Kerala. It is primarily responsible for training naval personnel and serves as the training hub for the Indian Navy. The command oversees various training establishments, including the Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala. It was established in 1968 and plays a critical role in preparing officers and sailors for operational readiness. The Southern Naval Command also conducts joint training exercises with other services and foreign navies to enhance interoperability and strategic cooperation.

Why in news?

The 35th TSTCC was hosted at Southern Naval Command, marking the maiden visit of CDS Gen Anil Chauhan to the Command.

Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) Pamphlet

The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) distributes a pamphlet titled “If Crisis or War Comes” to millions of households, updated in 2024 for the first time since 2018. The 32-page booklet provides practical guidance on handling emergencies including war, terrorism, cyber-attacks, and natural disasters. It emphasizes resilience and preparedness, advising citizens to stockpile non-perishable food, water, and medicines. The pamphlet marks a shift in Sweden’s defense posture following its NATO membership and increased geopolitical tensions. It is part of a national effort to educate the public on civil defense and crisis management in an era of heightened security threats.

Why in news?

Sweden’s updated 2024 pamphlet reflects increased war preparedness amid rising tensions from the Russia-Ukraine conflict and Sweden’s NATO membership.

Theatre Level Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX)

The Theatre Level Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX) is a biennial large-scale naval exercise conducted by the Indian Navy to validate operational readiness and joint warfare capabilities. It involves all three services—Navy, Army, and Air Force—and simulates complex maritime combat scenarios. TROPEX tests coordination between various naval commands, assesses fleet capabilities, and integrates coastal security measures. The exercise includes live firing, electronic warfare, and amphibious operations. Sea Vigil exercises act as precursors to TROPEX, focusing on coastal security and surveillance prior to the larger operational readiness validation.

Why in news?

Sea Vigil-24 serves as a preparatory step leading to the upcoming TROPEX exercise, enhancing coordination among maritime security agencies and armed forces.

Awards, Honours, Personalities, Books, Sports etc.

Gallantry Awardees

Gallantry Awardees are Armed Forces personnel recognized for acts of exceptional bravery and sacrifice. India’s gallantry awards include the Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra. These awards date back to pre-independence times but were formalized post-1947. Awardees’ stories are often used in educational and motivational programs like Project Veer Gatha. The awards are rarely revoked and are among the highest honors for military valor in India. Recipients often become symbols of patriotism and courage, inspiring generations through various government and civil initiatives.

Why in news?

Project Veer Gatha 4.0 focused on spreading awareness about the lives and sacrifices of gallantry awardees through student participation, aiming to instill patriotism and respect for Armed Forces’ valor.

President’s Police Medal

The President’s Police Medal is a prestigious Indian award given for distinguished service and exceptional acts of bravery by police personnel. Instituted in 1951, it recognizes outstanding contributions to law enforcement and internal security. The medal has two categories – one for gallantry and another for distinguished service. Recipients are selected through a rigorous process involving recommendations from state governments and central agencies. The medal is worn on formal occasions and symbolizes honor and commitment to public safety. It is awarded annually on Republic Day and during special ceremonies like police conferences.

Why in news?

The President’s Police Medal for distinguished service will be awarded during the 59th All India Conference of Director Generals/Inspector Generals of Police 2024 in Bhubaneswar.

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Wholesale Inflation

Wholesale inflation measures the price change of goods at the wholesale level before reaching consumers. It is tracked through the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India, which covers commodities like food, fuel, and manufactured products. Unlike retail inflation, wholesale inflation does not include services. It often serves as a leading indicator of consumer price trends. In October 2024, India’s wholesale inflation rose to a four-month high of 2.36%, signaling rising input costs. WPI inflation is closely monitored by policymakers to anticipate inflationary pressures on the broader economy and adjust monetary policy accordingly.

Why in news?

India’s wholesale inflation rose to a four-month high in October 2024, affecting expectations around the Reserve Bank of India’s interest rate decisions.