Centre Unveils Policy on Co-Firing MSW Charcoal in Thermal Power Plants

The Union Government has introduced a comprehensive policy mandating the co-firing of biomass pellets and municipal solid waste–derived torrefied charcoal in coal-based thermal power plants. The move aims to utilise surplus agricultural residue and unmanaged municipal waste while reducing emissions and supporting national cleanliness and climate goals.

Key Provisions of the New Policy

The policy requires all thermal power plants in the Delhi–NCR region to blend 5 per cent biomass pellets and an additional 2 per cent biomass or MSW-based torrefied charcoal with coal from 2025–26. Plants outside the NCR must co-fire 5 per cent biomass or MSW-based charcoal. The framework supersedes earlier guidelines and extends co-firing norms to municipal waste-derived fuels.

Resource Availability and Blending Requirements

India generates substantial biomass annually, including large volumes of surplus agricultural residue. Urban areas produce significant municipal solid waste, of which a considerable portion remains unmanaged. The new policy mandates the use of crop residue—particularly stubble and straw—in pellet production for NCR-based plants. It also provides a mechanism for exemptions through a multi-agency committee.

Operational Possibilities and Industry Concerns

Public-sector experience suggests feasible integration of torrefied MSW charcoal with existing systems, supported by ongoing biomass co-firing initiatives. However, private operators caution that high chlorine levels, varied calorific value and contamination in MSW-derived fuels may create slagging, corrosion and unstable combustion. Additional pollutants such as dioxins and heavy metals may also require upgraded monitoring and control systems.

Exam Oriented Facts

• Co-firing norms mandate 5% biomass and 2% MSW charcoal blending in NCR plants.
• India generates about 150,000 tonnes of municipal waste per day.
• Extra co-firing costs may be passed through under Section 62 or Section 63 of the Electricity Act, 2003.
• Torrefied charcoal is produced through controlled heating of biomass or MSW.

Lessons from Waste-to-Energy and Need for Ecosystem Support

Experts warn that challenges observed in waste-to-energy plants—inefficient burning, toxic emissions and contaminated feedstock—could persist if unsegregated waste is used for torrefaction. Stronger supply-chain systems, source segregation, fuel quality standards and continuous monitoring will be essential. The policy’s success depends on developing a robust ecosystem similar to that established for biomass procurement under national missions.