Caribou Face Survival Threat as Arctic Lichen Declines

A recent study has highlighted a growing ecological concern in the Arctic, where declining lichen availability is threatening the survival of caribou populations during harsh winters. Lichen, a primary winter food source for caribou, is diminishing due to climate change and environmental stress, potentially disrupting the fragile Arctic ecosystem.

About Caribou Species

Caribou, scientifically known as Rangifer tarandus, belong to the cervidae or deer family. They inhabit Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal forests, and mountainous regions. Their distribution spans across Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. Known as reindeer in Eurasia, these animals are highly adapted to extreme cold environments and play a vital role in indigenous cultures and Arctic biodiversity.

Unique Physical and Behavioural Adaptations

Caribou possess specialised nasal turbinate bones that increase the surface area within their nostrils. This adaptation allows them to warm cold air before it reaches their lungs, ensuring efficient respiration in freezing conditions. Both male and female caribou grow antlers annually, a rare trait among deer species. These antlers are shed and regrown every year.

They exhibit a distinctive feeding behaviour called ‘cratering’, where they dig through snow to access lichen. Additionally, caribou have the ability to see ultraviolet light, helping them detect predators and locate food in snow-covered landscapes.

Diet and Migration Patterns

Caribou are among the few animals capable of digesting lichen, making it a crucial part of their winter diet. Their migratory patterns are remarkable, as they travel longer distances than any other terrestrial mammal. These migrations are essential for accessing seasonal feeding grounds and breeding areas, ensuring population sustainability.

Important Facts for Exams

• Scientific name of caribou is Rangifer tarandus.
• Both male and female caribou grow antlers annually.
• Caribou can see ultraviolet light, aiding survival in snow.
• Lichen is a critical winter food source for caribou.

Conservation Status and Emerging Threats

Caribou are currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The primary threats to their survival include habitat destruction and climate change. The recent decline in lichen due to warming temperatures, changing snow patterns, and human activity poses an additional challenge. Reduced food availability during winter could lead to population declines, making conservation efforts increasingly urgent.