India’s foreign exchange reserves are external assets held and managed by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the Government of India. These reserves consist of (1)...
Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are specialized financial institutions set up to provide long-term financing or other financial support to sectors that are crucial for economic development but may...
Public Sector Banks are banks where the majority stake (over 50%) is held by the government. The government’s entry into banking began with the nationalization of the Imperial...
Private sector banks are banks predominantly owned by private entities (individuals, corporations, or institutions). India’s private banks are classified into Old Private Sector Banks and New Private Sector...
The evolution of Indian banking can be broadly divided into three phases for analytical purposes: Phase I: Pre-Nationalization Era (1947–1969) – Characterized by a predominance of private banks,...
The Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA) Bank is a specialised financial institution established by the Government of India in 2015 to promote and finance micro and...
Asset quality refers to the health of a bank’s loan and asset portfolio. Strong asset quality means most loans are performing (being repaid on time), which keeps banks...
The first phase of bank nationalisation in India marked a decisive shift in the country’s financial and economic policy. On 19 July 1969, the Government of India issued...
“Systemically Important Banks” are those banks whose failure could cause significant disruption to the financial system and economy due to their size, interconnectedness, and importance. In simpler terms,...
Over the last decade, the NBFC sector expanded rapidly in size, complexity, and interconnectedness with the rest of the financial system. Some NBFCs grew to become as large...
