Abdur razzak of Golconda

Abdur Razzak Khan Lari, also known as Abdur Razzak Lari or Mustafa Khan, was a prominent noble and military commander who served under Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, the last ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He is best remembered for his unwavering loyalty and valour during the siege of Golconda in 1687, when the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb launched a decisive campaign to annex the Deccan sultanate. Abdur Razzak’s steadfast defence of the fortress, even in the face of certain defeat, has earned him a lasting reputation as a symbol of courage and fidelity.

Historical Background

The Golconda Sultanate, with its capital at the formidable Golconda Fort near present-day Hyderabad, was one of the leading Deccan kingdoms during the seventeenth century. It was renowned for its flourishing diamond trade, architectural achievements, and cultural sophistication. The Qutb Shahi dynasty, which ruled from the early sixteenth century, maintained political independence while engaging in complex relations with the Mughal Empire.
By the reign of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672–1687), however, Golconda’s political fortunes had begun to wane. The expanding Mughal Empire, under Aurangzeb, sought to bring the Deccan states under its control. In 1687, Aurangzeb personally led a massive campaign against Golconda, resulting in a prolonged and intense siege that ultimately ended the Qutb Shahi dynasty’s rule.

Role in the Siege of Golconda

Abdur Razzak Lari served as a leading commander and one of the most trusted nobles of Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah. During the Mughal siege, many Golconda nobles and officials deserted their posts or defected to the enemy in exchange for rewards and titles. In contrast, Abdur Razzak remained loyal to his sovereign to the end, becoming one of the few commanders to defend the fort until its fall.
He is recorded as having led several sorties from the fort, attacking Mughal positions and attempting to disrupt their siege operations. Despite severe shortages of provisions and ammunition, he continued to resist with remarkable tenacity. Accounts from the period describe how he rejected lucrative offers and promises of high rank from the Mughal side, choosing instead to fight for his Sultan.
In one of the final confrontations, Abdur Razzak is said to have sustained numerous wounds—reports claim as many as seventy—while defending the gates of Golconda. His bravery became legendary among the defenders, even as the fort ultimately succumbed to Mughal forces through a combination of betrayal and overwhelming assault.

Aftermath and Later Life

Following the capture of Golconda in 1687, Abdur Razzak Lari’s fate took a surprising turn. Despite his fierce opposition, he was reportedly treated with respect by Aurangzeb, who recognised his loyalty and courage. It is believed that the emperor ordered his medical treatment and later offered him a position within the Mughal administration.
This transition from a defender of the fallen Qutb Shahi state to a Mughal official reflects the complex political landscape of the time, where military skill and loyalty could earn recognition even from former enemies. Abdur Razzak’s career thus exemplifies both the tragedy of Golconda’s fall and the adaptability required for survival in a rapidly changing imperial order.

Character and Legacy

Abdur Razzak Lari’s legacy rests on his unflinching loyalty and exceptional bravery. In contrast to many nobles who abandoned their ruler, he remained faithful to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, defending Golconda until the very end. His actions have since become emblematic of honour and dedication to duty.
He is remembered in Deccan folklore and historical narratives as a noble warrior who refused to compromise his principles for personal gain. The siege of Golconda, marked by his heroism, stands as a testament to the final resistance of the Qutb Shahi dynasty before the consolidation of Mughal power in the south.

Historical Significance

The story of Abdur Razzak of Golconda holds significance for several reasons:

• Loyalty amid betrayal: His fidelity contrasts sharply with the widespread defections that characterised the fort’s final days.
• Defence of the Deccan: His resistance symbolised the regional determination to preserve independence against imperial expansion.
• Cultural memory: His name endures in regional history as a reminder of courage, sacrifice, and unwavering allegiance.