Sheikh Hasina’s Crimes Against Humanity Charges
On June 1, 2025, Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal accepted charges against former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. She is accused of crimes against humanity amid an uprising that led to her ousting in August 2024. The tribunal has ordered an investigation into her alleged actions, including murder and inciting violence against protesters. Hasina has been in exile in India since her removal from power.
Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal
The International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) was established under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act in 1973. This act aimed to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. The tribunal was formed to address the atrocities that occurred during the nine-month conflict between East and West Pakistan.
Historical Context of the Tribunal
The formation of the ICT was a response to the violent crackdown by Pakistani forces on Bengali nationalists in 1971. The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won the 1970 elections but was denied power, leading to widespread unrest. The brutal military actions resulted in loss of life and mass displacement, prompting the need for accountability.
Formation and Functioning of the ICT
Initially, the ICT aimed to try 195 prisoners of war for war crimes. However, after Pakistan recognised Bangladesh’s independence in 1974, those prisoners were repatriated. In 2009, the Awami League government revived the tribunal to prosecute political opponents for alleged war crimes. The tribunal has faced criticism for not adhering to international legal standards, including conducting trials in absentia.
Charges Against Sheikh Hasina
Sheikh Hasina faces five specific charges related to her government’s crackdown on protests. These include murder, attempted murder, and other inhumane acts. The charges allege that she incited violence against student protesters and ordered lethal actions against them. Incidents cited include the murder of student Abu Sayed and multiple shootings of unarmed protesters.
The Political Climate Leading to Charges
The unrest began over a controversial quota system for public jobs and education. Hasina’s government faced backlash when she equated the protesters with the razakars, who were associated with repression during the 1971 war. The protests intensified, leading to police violence and casualties, ultimately culminating in her removal from power.
Judicial and Human Rights Concerns
The ICT has been scrutinised for its approach to trials. Critics argue that it does not meet international standards of justice. The 1973 Act allows trials without the accused present, which contradicts the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The tribunal has sentenced over 100 individuals to death, raising concerns about fairness and transparency.
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