International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

Notes:
Some parts of Kiribati were occupied by Japan during the period of Second World War. These parts were liberated during the Battle of Tarawa.

Notes:
Anup Lal Mandal is known as the “Premchand of Bihar”. He was born in September 1896 in Sameli village of Purnia district. He was a learned scholar of Hindi literature. Anuplal Mandal was a novelist of unique category. He was also a good storyteller. His interest was more towards Hindi literature. He formulated several strategies on the development of Hindi literature and added a new emotion in Hindi literature.

Notes:
In a revolution in 1911, China was proclaimed a republic. Dr. Sun Yat Sen had played an important role in this revolution. After this revolution failed, he formed a party called Kuomintang (KMT) and led the nationalist struggle against foreign domination and internal divisive forces for a number of years. After him, the leadership of KMT was taken over by Chiang Kai Shek. So, statement 1 is correct. Communist Party of China was formed in 1924 CE. Mao was playing a very important role in it. For a long time, there was a civil war like situation between the communists and the KMT. But, in 1930, when the Japanese attacked China with the aim of subjugating the whole country, both sides agreed to work together to resist the Japanese aggression. Thus, statement 2 is correct.

Notes:
A new military alliance had come into being in April, 1949. The USA and most countries of Western Europe- Britain, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Holland, Norway, Denmark, Portugal and Italy- and Iceland and Canada formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). It is believed that the formation of NATO was stimulated by the Berlin blockade by USSR. So, statement 1 is correct. In 1955, when West Germany was admitted as a member of NATO, the Soviet Union and the East European countries ruled by communist parties formed their military alliance which is known as the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact countries, like the NATO countries, had a joint military command. So, statement 2 is correct. Germany was divided into the West and East Germany. While West Germany was admitted into the NATO, the East Germany was incorporated into the ‘Warsaw Pact’. Statement 3 is incorrect.

Notes:
The Tsars believed in the divine right theory of kingship. Tsar Nicholas II was autocratic in his administration. The people had many grievances. Meantime, the working class of St. Petersburg went on strike. The striking workers went on a procession to Tsar’s place to present a petition to redress their grievances. They were led by father Gapon. When the workers reached Tsar’s palace the guards fired on the unarmed crowed. This event is known as “Bloody Sunday” as it took place on a Sunday, 22nd January 1905. This is also known as 1905 Revolution. This event was indeed a prelude to the October Revolution of 1917.

Notes:
After a series of conferences such as the Atlantic Charter, Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference finally in 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks in USA the creation of UNO was finalized. The Charter of the United Nations (U.N.) was signed by the representatives of fifty one nations at San Francisco on 26th June 1945.

Notes:
UNO assisted the colonized countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America to attain their independence from the colonial masters. This process is known as decolonization. After the establishment of UNO the process of decolonization was quickly achieved.

Notes:
Modern stereophonic technology was invented in the 1930s by British engineer Alan Blumlein at Electric and Musical Industries (EMI Music) in London. Blumlein invented what he called “binaural sound”, now known as stereophonic sound or simply “stereo. He patented stereo records, stereo films, and also surround sound.

Notes:
The distribution of energy in the spectrum of radiations of a hot body cannot be explained by applying the classical concepts of physics. Max Planck gave an explanation to this observation by his Quantum Theory of Radiation.

Notes:
Root pressure is measured by an instrument called an auxanometer. The auxanometer measures plant growth as well as the pressure developed within the xylem cells of roots.