International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

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The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. It is headquartered at Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Indonesia was the location of the event “May 1998 riots/1998 tragedy”. The May 1998 riots of Indonesia, also known as the 1998 tragedy, were incidents of mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest of a racial nature that occurred throughout Indonesia. The riots were triggered by economic problems, including food shortages and mass unemployment. It eventually led to the resignation of President Suharto and the fall of the New Order government.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki the two cities of japan faced attacks of nuclear bomb in 1945.

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The growing tension during the cold war was worsened by the formation of military alliances globally. Apart from Europe centric NATO and WARSAW pact, there were SEATO and Baghdad Pact. The Baghdad Pact was signed in 1955 between Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and USA. These military alliances were seen as a danger to the peace and harmful for the independence of its smaller members. For example, after a revolution in Iraq in 1958, it withdrew from the pact. Then, the Baghdad pact was renamed as the Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).

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Sri Lanka, earlier known as Ceylon,attained independence as the Dominion of Ceylon from the British rule on 4 February 1948. Dominion status within the British Commonwealth was retained for the next 24 years until May 22, 1972, when it became a republic and was named the Republic of Sri Lanka.

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A large number of soldiers were brought to Versailles and Paris. Necker, the popular minister was also dismissed. On hearing this, the mob of Paris became violent. They attacked the State prison called the Bastille, murdered the guards and freed the prisoners. The fall of the Bastille was regarded in France as a triumph of liberty. The nobles voluntarily surrendered their feudal rights and the privileges on 4th August 1789. Feudalism and serfdom were abolished. The principle of equality was established.

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After the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly, the National Convention met in 1792. It abolished monarchy and declared France as a republic. The king Louis XVI after a summary trail was found guilty of treason was guillotined (head cut off) on Sunday, 21st January 1793. Three days later the queen Maire Antoinette was also guillotined.

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England entered into an alliance with Japan in 1902. In 1904, they made alliance with France. In 1907 Russia joined this alliance. This had resulted in Triple Entente. Thus Europe was divided into two camps. The secret nature of these alliances brought about the war of 1914.

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On December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came into being. However, soon the new Soviet state was involved in a civil war. The officers of the army of the fallen Tsar organised an armed rebellion against the Soviet state. Troops of foreign powers—England, France, Japan, the United States and others— joined them. War was fought till 1920. By this time the ‘Red Army’ of the new state was in control of almost all the lands of the old Czarist empire. Indeed, a revolutionary wave lasted until 1923.

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The force has a unique dual control structure, with administrative oversight by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and operational control by the Indian Army under the Ministry of Defence (MoD). While the MHA provides salaries and infrastructure, the Army manages personnel deployment, posting, transfer, and deputation. Senior ranks, from Director General to Inspector General, are filled by Army officers, and the force is commanded by a Lieutenant General from the Indian Army.