International Organizations, Defence, Books & Authors, World History

Notes:
Statement 1 is correct:
Operation Badr was carried out by the Pakistan armed forces after the Lahore declarations. In the 1998-99 period, Pakistan troops infiltrated into India, across LoC, disguised as Mujahideens. This was intended to cut off Kashmir from Ladakh. The Kargil conflict ended with the Operation Vijay, after which the day is celebrated.
Statement 2 is correct:
The Kargil war memorial is also called Dras war memorial. It is in memory of the soldiers lost to the conflict. It has a sandstone wall with all the martyrs’ names on it. It is located on the foothills of Tololing hills. On the 26^th July, simultaneous tributes are also paid at the Amar Jawan Jyothi in Delhi.
Statement 3 is correct:
Kargil review committee was constituted after the conflict. It was headed by K. Subrahmanyam. The committee had the power to interview anyone associated with the Indian security. The report led to major restructuring of the intelligence system. This includes a full time National Security advisor, improved aerial surveillance by satellite, etc
 

Notes:
Tattvasuddhi was written by Udayana in 984 AD. He was Hindu logician of tenth century. He attempted to reconcile the views held by two major schools of logic called as Nyaya and Vaisheshika.

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Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote the Tuhafat-ul-Muwahidin’ which is the first tract against idolatry. He believed that prayers, meditation, and reading of the Upanishads were to be forms of worship and no graven image.

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The 1911 Revolution is also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Xinhai Revolution. This revolution overthrew China’s last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty. This revolution leads to the abdication of Puyi, the last imperial ruler of China; end of imperial China; establishment of the Republic of China. This revolution happened from 10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912.

Notes:
There are 41 Indian Ordnance Factories, 9 Training Institutes, 3 Regional Marketing Centres and 4 Regional Controller of Safety. Indian Ordnance Factories is a giant industrial setup which functions under the Department of Defence Production of the Ministry of Defence.

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23 June is celebrated as United Nations Public Service Day, which entails awarding of the UN Public Service Awards. The purpose is to highlight the value and the virtue of public service to the community;

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12 July is celebrated as World Malala Day to honor the young activists around the world.

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Mahavir Chakra is awarded for showing exceptional gallantry in front of enemy, whether it be by an army personnel, navy personnel or from air force.

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Amrita Pritam wrote the book Kora Kagaz. She belonged to the Romantic-Progressivism literary movement and wrote Hindi and Punjabi.

Notes:
From the late 9th century to the early 11th century the Dutchy of Bohemia (present-day the Czech Republic) were under the control of Great Moravian Empire. In 1198, the Holy Roman Empire undertook the control and established the Kingdom of Bohemia with Prague as its capital. In 1526, through Battle of Mohacs, it got annexed to Habsburg Monarchy under the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, the Bohemian Czech got annexed into the Austrian Empire. In 1918, the First Czechoslovak Republic got established following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War II. It became the only democracy in Central Europe during the interwar period. And, from 1938 till the end of World War II, Nazi Germany annexed Czechoslovakia. After World War II, Germans got expelled and established Communist Party of Czechslovakia under Soviet influence. They unleashed a one-party Communist state through a coup in 1948 and ruled with lots of restrictions, dissatisfaction and curbs on basic freedoms. This lead to the Prague Spring of 1968, a movement to enforce and introduce basic reforms of decentralisation and democratization. This attracted the ire of the Soviet Union and they invaded Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia remained controlled by the Soviet Union until the 1989 Velvet Revolution for Gentle Revolution. The Velvet Revolution of 1989 was a non-violent peaceful transition of power which ended the Communist Rule and re-established democratic-capitalist state which finally culminated in the partition or dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 into two independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This dissolution or self-determined split is informally known as the Violet Divorce.