Computer Awareness

Notes:
The compilation process is a sequence of various phases. Each phase takes input from its previous stage, has its own representation of source program, and feeds its output to the next phase of the compiler. There are around 8 phases in a compiler.

Notes:
The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (13.23%), and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.57%).

Notes:
SCCM stands for System Center Configuration Manager. SCCM is a software management suite provided by Microsoft that allows users to manage a large number of Windows based computers.

Notes:
Dr E.F.Codd is also known to the world as the ‘Father of Database Management Systems’. He had propounded 12 rules which are in-fact 13 in number. The rules are numbered from zero to twelve. According to him, a DBMS is fully relational if it abides by all his twelve rules.

Notes:
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It uses IPX network protocol.

Notes:
A Network Interface Card is circuit board or a card that allows computers to communicate over a network via cables or wirelessly. Every network adaptor is assigned a unique 48-bit Media Access Control address, which is stored in ROM to identify themselves in a network.

Notes:
The time needed for each intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can be processed. The queuing time is not constant as it changes with the load imposed on the network.

Notes:
The transmission time, is the amount of time from the beginning until the end of a message transmission. It depends on the size of the message and the bandwidth of the channel. Transmission time =Message size / Bandwidth

Notes:
The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself.

Notes:
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was developed in 1982. It is an Internet standard for email transmission. Extended SMTP is the protocol in widespread use today.