Pakistan’s Hangor-Class Submarines and Possible Shift in Naval Balance in Indian Ocean

Pakistan’s naval capabilities are set for a major boost from next year with the induction of advanced Hangor-class submarines built in collaboration with China. The move marks a significant enhancement in Pakistan’s maritime posture and is expected to challenge India’s current conventional submarine advantage in the region.

Strategic Partnership Between Pakistan and China

Under a $5 billion agreement, Pakistan will acquire eight Hangor-class (Type 039A Yuan-class) diesel-electric submarines equipped with air-independent propulsion (AIP). Four of these are being constructed in China, while the remaining four are being built at Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works. The first vessel is expected to enter active service in 2026, with full delivery by 2028. This cooperation reflects deepening military ties between China and Pakistan, extending from land to sea domains.

Advanced Capabilities of Hangor-Class Submarines

The Hangor-class boats come fitted with advanced sensors, weapons, and AIP systems that allow them to remain submerged for up to three weeks—offering a critical stealth advantage. Conventional diesel-electric submarines must surface every few days to recharge batteries, while AIP-enabled vessels can maintain longer underwater endurance. These capabilities significantly enhance Pakistan’s anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) strength in the Arabian Sea.

India’s Lagging Submarine Programme

India’s conventional submarine fleet remains limited, comprising six French-origin Scorpenes, six Russian Kilo-class, and four German HDW submarines. The long-delayed Project-75 India (P-75I), which aims to construct six new German-designed submarines with AIP, is yet to commence despite being approved in 2007. The project, estimated at over ₹70,000 crore, may take up to eight years to deliver its first vessel once formalised.

Exam Oriented Facts

• Pakistan’s Hangor-class submarines are based on China’s Type 039A Yuan-class design.
• The project costs around $5 billion, with full delivery expected by 2028.
• India’s P-75I submarine project was approved in 2007 but has not started construction.
• Hangor-class submarines will enhance Pakistan’s A2/AD capability in the Arabian Sea.

Regional Naval Power Dynamics

India retains an advantage through its US-origin P-8I long-range maritime patrol aircraft, MH-60R Seahawk helicopters, and advanced anti-submarine warships. However, Pakistan’s upcoming Hangor fleet, likely armed with Babur-3 nuclear-capable cruise missiles, could erode India’s conventional dominance. The development signifies a broader shift in South Asia’s maritime security equation, as Pakistan strengthens its strategic deterrence with sustained Chinese support.