Nanozyme Development to Combat Abnormal Blood Clotting
Recent advancements in medical research have led to the creation of an artificial metal-based nanozyme at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc.). This innovative approach targets abnormal blood clotting, particularly in conditions like pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). The research is a response to the urgent need for effective treatments in light of rising cases of thrombosis.
About Blood Clotting Cascade
Blood clotting is a critical physiological process known as haemostasis. It involves specialised blood cells called platelets. When a blood vessel is injured, platelets activate and cluster to form clots. This process is regulated by a series of protein interactions triggered by signals from chemicals like collagen and thrombin.
The Problem of Over-Activation
In certain conditions, such as PTE or COVID-19, the signals that regulate clotting can become dysfunctional. This leads to increased oxidative stress and high levels of toxic Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Consequently, platelets become over-activated, resulting in excessive clot formation. This is contributor to thrombosis, which poses serious health risks.
The Role of Nanozymes
Researchers at IISc. have developed nanozymes that mimic natural antioxidant enzymes. These nanozymes can scavenge ROS, thereby controlling their levels. By preventing the over-activation of platelets, the nanozymes reduce the risk of thrombosis. The team synthesised various nanomaterials through controlled chemical reactions, focusing on their shapes and sizes.
Efficacy of Vanadium Pentoxide Nanozymes
Among the various nanozymes tested, spherical-shaped vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was found to be the most effective. It mimics glutathione peroxidase, a natural antioxidant enzyme, to lower oxidative stress. The unique chemistry of vanadium is essential for its ability to facilitate redox reactions that decrease ROS levels.
Experimental Outcomes
In preclinical trials, the nanozyme was injected into a mouse model of PTE. The results were promising, showing reduction in thrombosis and improved survival rates for the animals. Additionally, the team monitored the mice for five days, observing no toxic effects from the nanozyme.
Future Research Directions
The research team plans to investigate the potential of the nanozyme for preventing ischemic strokes, which are also caused by blood vessel blockage. They express optimism for future clinical studies in humans, given the success of their experiments with human platelets.
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