Manipur

Manipur is a picturesque state located in the northeastern region of India, renowned for its lush green valleys, scenic hills, vibrant culture, and rich traditions. Known as the “Jewel of India”, the state occupies a significant geographical and cultural position due to its historical connections with Southeast Asia and its unique ethnic composition. With Imphal as its capital, Manipur shares an international border with Myanmar (Burma), and domestic boundaries with Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam. The state was granted full statehood on 21 January 1972, following its earlier status as a Union Territory after joining the Indian Union in 1949.

Geographical and Administrative Overview

Manipur spans an area of approximately 22,327 square kilometres, comprising a central valley encircled by hills. The Imphal Valley, located at an average elevation of 790 metres, forms the heart of the state and houses most of the population. Surrounding this fertile plain are the Patkai, Naga, and Lushai Hills, covered with dense forests rich in biodiversity. The Barak River, along with its tributaries, drains much of the western part of the state, while several smaller rivers flow into Myanmar to the east.
The state experiences a subtropical climate, with moderate rainfall and pleasant temperatures throughout most of the year. Manipur is administratively divided into 16 districts, including Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal, Bishnupur, Churachandpur, Senapati, Ukhrul, and Tamenglong. The official language is Manipuri (Meiteilon), written in the Meitei Mayek script, though English and Hindi are also used for official and educational purposes.

Historical Background

Manipur’s history extends over two millennia, marked by the evolution of the Meitei civilisation and its interactions with neighbouring regions. The earliest recorded dynasty, the Ningthouja, established its rule in the 1st century CE and unified various principalities within the valley. The state’s chronicles, known as the Cheitharol Kumbaba, document continuous monarchical rule and socio-political developments over the centuries.
From the 15th to the 18th century, Manipur maintained close contact with Burma (Myanmar) and Assam, often engaging in wars and alliances. The reign of King Pamheiba (Garibniwaz) in the 18th century marked a turning point, as Hinduism, particularly Vaishnavism, became the dominant religion.
Following repeated Burmese invasions in the early 19th century, British intervention led to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which brought Manipur under indirect British influence. The state retained its monarchy during the colonial period but became a princely state under British paramountcy. After India’s independence, the Instrument of Accession was signed in 1949, integrating Manipur into the Indian Union. In 1972, it achieved full statehood under the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act.

Economy and Development

Manipur’s economy is primarily agrarian, with agriculture employing over 70% of the population. The principal crop is rice, supplemented by maize, pulses, and oilseeds. The valley supports double cropping, while the hilly areas practice jhum (shifting) cultivation. Horticulture has expanded in recent decades, with the state producing pineapple, orange, ginger, and bamboo products.
The industrial sector remains underdeveloped, though small-scale industries contribute to local employment. The state’s rich bamboo and handloom resources support a thriving cottage industry, particularly in weaving, handicrafts, and sericulture. The Loktak Hydro Power Project, based on the state’s largest freshwater lake, plays a key role in energy generation.
In recent years, the government has prioritised connectivity, tourism, and skill development, aligning with the national “Act East Policy” due to Manipur’s strategic location along India’s eastern corridor. Infrastructure projects such as the Imphal–Moreh Highway, part of the Asian Highway Network, and the Jiribam–Imphal railway line are designed to enhance trade and integration with Southeast Asia.

Demography and Culture

According to the 2011 Census, Manipur has a population of around 2.85 million, with a complex ethnic composition comprising Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and various smaller tribal groups. The Meiteis predominantly inhabit the Imphal Valley, while the hill regions are home to numerous Naga and Kuki tribes. The state’s official religion is not defined by law, but Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and traditional animist beliefs coexist harmoniously.
Culturally, Manipur is a cradle of classical and folk traditions. The state is renowned for Ras Leela, a classical dance form inspired by Vaishnavite themes, recognised as one of India’s major classical dance styles. Folk dances such as Thang Ta (martial dance) and Lai Haraoba express the community’s spiritual and social ethos.
Manipur’s contribution to sports is significant. It has produced internationally acclaimed athletes such as Mary Kom, the world champion boxer, and numerous Olympians in hockey, weightlifting, and football. The game of polo (Sagol Kangjei), believed to have originated in Manipur, continues to be a cultural symbol of the state’s heritage.

Natural Resources and Environment

Manipur’s natural landscape is characterised by rolling hills, thick forests, and diverse wildlife. Forests cover nearly 78% of the state’s geographical area, supporting species such as oak, pine, teak, and bamboo. The region’s biodiversity includes the Sangai, or brow-antlered deer (Rucervus eldii eldii), the state animal found exclusively in the Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world’s only floating national park located on Loktak Lake.
The lake itself, designated as a Ramsar wetland, is vital for ecological balance, fisheries, and tourism. Other important protected areas include Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary, Zeilad Lake Sanctuary, and Sirohi National Park. However, deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution remain environmental concerns. Conservation initiatives such as community forestry and eco-tourism projects are being implemented to protect these fragile ecosystems.

Governance and Infrastructure

Manipur has a unicameral legislature consisting of 60 assembly seats. The state is represented by two members in the Lok Sabha and one in the Rajya Sabha. Governance focuses on inclusive growth, law and order, and infrastructure expansion.
Infrastructure development has gained momentum in recent years, particularly in road and rail connectivity. The Bir Tikendrajit International Airport in Imphal serves as the main aviation hub, while the ongoing railway extension to Imphal is expected to link Manipur more effectively with the rest of India. Power, water supply, and digital connectivity projects are being promoted to support economic development and social welfare.

Education and Health

Education in Manipur has witnessed notable progress, with literacy rates exceeding 76%. Prominent institutions include Manipur University, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Manipur, Central Agricultural University, and Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS). The state government’s initiatives such as the “School Fagathansi Mission” aim to improve public schooling infrastructure and quality education.
Healthcare services are expanding through programmes like Ayushman Bharat, National Health Mission, and telemedicine initiatives for remote areas. Nevertheless, challenges persist in healthcare accessibility in hill districts and in addressing maternal and child health concerns.

Tourism and Heritage

Manipur’s natural beauty and cultural diversity make it an emerging destination for eco-tourism and cultural tourism. The Loktak Lake with its floating islands (phumdis) attracts visitors throughout the year. The Kangla Fort, Shree Govindajee Temple, INA Memorial at Moirang, and Khongjom War Memorial hold historical and cultural importance.
The state’s festivals reflect its pluralistic identity. Yaoshang (similar to Holi), Ningol Chakouba, and Cheiraoba (Manipuri New Year) are celebrated with enthusiasm, showcasing the people’s vibrant social life. The Sangai Festival, held annually in November, serves as the state’s official tourism festival, highlighting its dance, music, cuisine, and handicrafts.