Indigenous Cattle Breeds

India is home to one of the world’s richest reservoirs of indigenous cattle breeds, each adapted to specific climatic, geographical, and agricultural conditions. These native breeds form an integral part of the rural economy, serving as sources of draught power, milk, manure, and cultural heritage. With over 40 officially recognised indigenous breeds, India’s cattle diversity reflects centuries of selective breeding by farmers to develop hardy, disease-resistant, and climate-adapted animals suited to varied ecological zones.

Historical and Cultural Background

The domestication of cattle in the Indian subcontinent dates back to around 7000–6000 BCE, with archaeological evidence from Mehrgarh and the Indus Valley Civilisation indicating the presence of early zebu-type cattle (Bos indicus). Ancient texts such as the Rigveda and Manusmriti highlight the economic and religious significance of cattle, associating them with wealth, agriculture, and ritual life.
Traditional breeding practices, community-based cattle rearing, and pastoral systems — notably among the Maldharis of Gujarat and the Raikas of Rajasthan — contributed to the preservation of diverse regional breeds. Over centuries, indigenous cattle became symbols of resilience, surviving in harsh climates where exotic breeds often fail.

Characteristics of Indigenous Cattle

Indian cattle are primarily of the zebu type, characterised by:

• A prominent hump over the shoulders.
• Loose skin and a large dewlap aiding thermoregulation.
• Resistance to heat, parasites, and tropical diseases.
• Longevity and ability to thrive on low-quality fodder.
• Distinctive milk properties, especially the presence of A2 beta-casein, which is considered healthier and easier to digest compared to A1 milk from exotic breeds.

While indigenous breeds generally produce less milk than crossbred or exotic varieties, they excel in endurance, adaptability, and low maintenance, making them invaluable in traditional and organic farming systems.

Major Indigenous Breeds of India

India’s indigenous cattle are classified based on their primary utility — milch (milk-type), draught (work-type), and dual-purpose (milk and draught) breeds.
1. Milch Breeds (High Milk Yielders): These breeds are valued mainly for milk production.

• Gir (Gujarat): Originating from the Gir forests, this breed is known for its high milk yield (1200–1800 litres per lactation) and docile temperament. Gir cattle are also exported to Brazil and Mexico for breeding.
• Sahiwal (Punjab): One of India’s best milch breeds, Sahiwal cows produce 1500–2200 litres per lactation and are highly resistant to heat and disease.
• Red Sindhi (Sindh region, now in Pakistan): Adapted to hot, arid conditions, this breed is popular in dairy farms across India and neighbouring countries.
• Tharparkar (Rajasthan): A dual-purpose breed excelling in drought-prone regions; its milk yield ranges from 1000–1800 litres per lactation.

2. Draught Breeds (Work-Type): These breeds are primarily used for agricultural and transport purposes.

• Kangayam (Tamil Nadu): Known for strength and endurance, Kangayam bulls are ideal for ploughing and carting.
• Amritmahal (Karnataka): Traditionally used in warfare and heavy transport, this breed is noted for its stamina and speed.
• Hallikar (Karnataka): A well-built draught breed, often used in traditional bullock races.
• Kherigarh (Uttar Pradesh): Suited for light draught and rural agricultural operations.

3. Dual-Purpose Breeds (Milk and Draught): These breeds balance moderate milk production with physical strength.

• Hariana (Haryana): A versatile breed known for good milk yield and draught ability.
• Ongole (Andhra Pradesh): Recognised for its strong build and disease resistance; its bloodline has contributed to the development of the American Brahman breed.
• Krishna Valley (Karnataka-Maharashtra border): Large-bodied cattle suited for both work and milk production.
• Deoni (Maharashtra): Produces 900–1200 litres of milk per lactation and is hardy under semi-arid conditions.

Regional Distribution and Adaptations

India’s cattle breeds exhibit remarkable ecological adaptation:

• Arid and Semi-Arid Zones (Rajasthan, Gujarat): Breeds like Tharparkar and Rathi withstand extreme heat and scarce fodder.
• Tropical and Humid Regions (Kerala, Assam): Breeds such as Vechur and Siri are smaller and adapted to humidity and marshy terrain.
• Hill and Mountain Areas (Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh): Siri and Ponwar cattle are suited to cold climates and steep terrains.

Each region’s breed reflects centuries of co-evolution between livestock and environment, ensuring optimal survival under local conditions.

Economic and Agricultural Importance

Indigenous cattle remain vital to rural livelihoods in India. They:

• Provide organic manure crucial for maintaining soil fertility.
• Supply draught power for ploughing and transport in areas lacking mechanisation.
• Serve as a source of A2 milk, attracting demand in the organic and health-conscious markets.
• Support pastoral and nomadic communities, sustaining traditional livelihoods.

Government schemes such as the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) and National Dairy Plan aim to improve productivity, conserve genetic diversity, and promote indigenous breeds through selective breeding and scientific management.

Conservation and Breeding Initiatives

Many indigenous breeds face the threat of genetic dilution due to indiscriminate crossbreeding with exotic varieties. The decline in traditional grazing lands and mechanisation of agriculture have also contributed to their reduced population.
Conservation efforts include:

• Establishment of Gokul Grams (Integrated Cattle Centres) for breed improvement.
• Maintenance of breed registration and gene banks by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal.
• In-situ and ex-situ conservation measures through cattle farms and gaushalas.
• Promotion of indigenous breeds through Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) and cooperative dairy systems.

Notably, the Vechur breed from Kerala, once nearing extinction, was revived through conservation efforts led by veterinary institutions.

Indigenous Breeds and Sustainable Agriculture

Indigenous cattle are increasingly recognised for their role in sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. Their ability to thrive on low-input systems and poor-quality fodder makes them suitable for marginal farmers. Their dung and urine are essential components of organic farming, used in bio-fertilisers and traditional preparations such as Jeevamrut and Panchagavya.