India’s Wind Energy Growth and Wildlife Challenges
India’s wind energy sector saw rapid growth in early 2025, adding 3.5 gigawatts (GW) of capacity. This was an 82% increase from the previous year, raising the total installed capacity to 51.3 GW. Despite this progress, wind energy remains far below its potential. The National Institute of Wind Energy estimates India’s gross wind power potential at 1163.9 GW at 150 metres above ground. However, challenges such as land availability, transmission delays, and environmental impacts persist. The impact on bird populations near wind farms has become a key concern for experts and policymakers.
Wind Energy Expansion in India
India is aggressively expanding its renewable energy portfolio to meet climate goals and rising power demands. Wind energy forms part of this strategy. The government has urged states to expedite land acquisition and improve grid infrastructure. Offshore wind energy is also gaining attention, with plans to install 30 GW capacity by 2030. Recently, offshore wind bids were launched in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, aiming to utilise India’s vast coastline and exclusive economic zones.
Bird Mortality at Wind Farms
Studies reveal high bird mortality rates at wind farms, especially in the Thar Desert region. Research by the Wildlife Institute of India found an estimated 4,464 bird deaths annually per 1,000 sq. km near wind turbines in Jaisalmer. This includes critically endangered species like the great Indian bustard. Raptors are particularly vulnerable due to their flight patterns and low reproductive rates. Bird deaths result from collisions with turbine blades and associated power lines.
Factors Influencing Bird Mortality
Bird density, turbine density, and location are critical factors. The Thar Desert lies on the Central Asian Flyway, a major migratory route. Seasonal variations and geography affect mortality rates. Earlier studies in Kutch and Davangere reported lower bird deaths, denoting regional differences. Raptors face population risks from additional mortality due to their slow breeding cycles.
Mitigation Measures and Tools
Birdlife International recommends painting turbine blades for visibility and shutting turbines during high-risk periods. Site selection is key to reducing harm. The Avian Sensitivity Tool for Energy Planning (AVISTEP) helps identify sensitive areas to avoid. However, India does not mandate environmental impact assessments (EIA) for onshore wind projects, raising concerns about wildlife safety.
Offshore Wind Energy and Environmental Concerns
Offshore wind farms offer a growing renewable resource but pose environmental challenges. Marine biodiversity, noise pollution, and water quality may be affected during construction and operation. The National Offshore Wind Energy Policy requires EIAs. A rapid EIA in Gujarat’s Gulf of Khambhat noted marine mammals and reptiles in the area. However, experts call for more detailed studies on migratory birds and ecological impacts, given the region’s high avian sensitivity.
Policy and Planning Challenges
Balancing renewable energy growth with ecological protection is complex. Land and ocean space competition, regulatory delays, and incomplete environmental assessments hinder progress. Comprehensive planning and long-term monitoring are essential to align India’s energy ambitions with biodiversity conservation.
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