India’s Roadmap to Fusion Power and SST-Bharat Reactor
India is advancing its nuclear fusion research with a detailed plan to develop the Steady-state Superconducting Tokamak-Bharat (SST-Bharat). This fusion-fission hybrid reactor aims to generate 130 MW of power, with 100 MW from fission and 30 MW from fusion, targeting a power output five times the input. The project envisages commissioning a full-scale demonstration reactor by 2060 with an ambitious output-to-input ratio of 20 and a power output of 250 MW.
Fusion Power and Its Advantages
Fusion is the process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing vast energy. It powers stars and offers a cleaner alternative to nuclear fission. Fusion produces less radioactive waste, reducing storage and environmental concerns. However, fusion requires extreme conditions, such as temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius, to sustain reactions.
Fusion Technologies – Magnetic and Inertial Confinement
Two main methods exist to achieve fusion – inertial confinement and magnetic confinement. Inertial confinement uses powerful lasers to compress fuel capsules rapidly. Magnetic confinement, the approach India pursues, involves heating plasma and controlling it with magnetic fields inside a tokamak reactor. India participates in the global ITER project, which focuses on magnetic confinement and aims to reach a power gain factor (Q) of 10.
India’s Tokamak Progress and SST-Bharat
India’s current tokamak, SST-1, can maintain plasma for up to 650 milliseconds, with a design target of 16 minutes. The SST-Bharat is planned as the next step, aiming for continuous and efficient fusion energy production. The success of tokamaks depends on plasma confinement duration and stability, which directly impact energy output and reactor efficiency.
Innovations – Digital Twins and Machine Learning
Researchers propose using digital twins—virtual models of physical reactors—to simulate real-time plasma behaviour and optimise designs. Machine learning will assist plasma confinement and control. Development of radiation-resistant materials is also a priority to enhance reactor longevity. These technologies are vital for overcoming technical challenges and reducing costs.
Global Fusion Landscape and India’s Timeline
Internationally, fusion projects vary in timelines. The UK’s STEP programme targets a prototype by 2040, and some US private firms aim for operational fusion plants in the 2030s. China’s EAST tokamak already holds plasma duration records. India’s 2060 target is more cautious but focuses on steady progress through public funding and international partnerships.
Challenges – Economic Viability and Policy Priorities
Fusion power’s economic feasibility remains unproven due to high research, construction, and operational costs. India’s fusion programme faces competition from expanding renewable energy sources and existing nuclear fission plants. Limited private sector involvement contrasts with global trends. Experts caution that fusion timelines are often optimistic and that affordable fusion power is not guaranteed soon.
Strategic and Scientific Benefits
Despite uncertainties, fusion research drives advances in superconducting magnets, plasma physics, and materials science. These innovations can boost India’s technological autonomy and industrial capabilities. Collaborations with ITER and global entities may enhance expertise and accelerate progress in fusion energy and related fields.
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