Farmers’ Suicides in India – 2023 Crisis Overview

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 10,786 suicides among farmers and agricultural workers in India during 2023. Maharashtra and Karnataka accounted for the highest numbers. The data marks a continuing crisis in Indian agriculture with regional and policy implications.

Suicide Statistics and Regional Distribution

In 2023, the farming sector suicides formed 6.3% of the total 1,71,418 suicides nationwide. Maharashtra reported the highest share at 38.5%, followed by Karnataka at 22.5%. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu also showed numbers. Several states including West Bengal, Bihar, and Delhi reported no farm suicides. Male victims dominated both farmer and agricultural worker categories.

Farmers vs Agricultural Workers

Out of 10,786 suicides, 4,690 were farmers or cultivators and 6,096 were agricultural workers. Among farmers, 4,553 were male and 137 female. Among agricultural workers, 5,433 were male and 663 female. This indicates a higher vulnerability among male agricultural workers.

Impact of Crop and Regional Factors

Most suicides occurred in cotton and soybean growing regions, notably Marathwada and Vidarbha in Maharashtra. These areas face specific agrarian distress due to crop failures, debt, and market instability. The concentration in these belts points to crop-linked economic stress.

Policy Criticism and Economic Concerns

Farmers’ organisations criticised government policies, particularly the removal of import duty on cotton. They argue this will increase competition from cheaper foreign cotton imports, harming domestic farmers. The decision is linked to Free Trade Agreements and external pressure, which critics say threatens Indian agriculture’s sustainability.

Gender and Social Dimensions

The data shows a strong gender disparity with males constituting the majority of suicides. Female suicides, though fewer, remain a concern reflecting social and economic pressures on women in rural farming communities.

Government Response and Data Reliability

Critics claim the government has not effectively addressed the systemic agrarian crisis. Some leaders question the accuracy of official data, suggesting underreporting or misclassification of farm suicides. The issue remains challenge for policy makers.