Diphtheria Outbreaks in Western Europe
Diphtheria has resurfaced in Western Europe, marking the largest outbreak in 70 years. This resurgence began in 2022, primarily affecting vulnerable populations such as migrants and the homeless. The World Health Organization has classified diphtheria as a highly contagious bacterial infection. It poses health risks, especially for unvaccinated individuals, with a fatality rate of around 30%.
About Diphtheria
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily attacks the respiratory tract but can also affect the skin. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and swollen neck glands. The disease can lead to severe complications, including heart and nerve damage due to the toxin produced by the bacteria. Vaccination is crucial for prevention.
Recent Outbreak Analysis
In 2022, Europe recorded 362 cases of diphtheria, with a total of 536 cases and three fatalities reported since then. Most cases were among young males who had recently migrated, particularly from Afghanistan and Syria. The outbreak was not traced back to their countries of origin but rather to their migration journeys or temporary accommodations in Europe.
Impact on Vulnerable Populations
Migrants and the homeless have been disproportionately affected by this outbreak. Limited access to healthcare and vaccination has left these groups at higher risk. The genetic analysis of bacterial strains indicates a common source of infection, further complicating containment efforts.
Vaccination and Public Health Response
Vaccination is an effective preventive measure against diphtheria. However, in 2023, 16% of children globally were either unvaccinated or under-vaccinated. Public health authorities emphasize the need for robust immunisation programmes. Increased awareness about diphtheria symptoms among healthcare providers and better access to vaccines are essential for protecting vulnerable populations.
Global Vaccination Coverage
Worldwide, an estimated 84% of children received the recommended three doses of the diphtheria vaccine during infancy. However, coverage varies between and within countries. Sustaining high vaccination rates is critical to preventing future outbreaks.
Long-term Implications
The recent outbreaks highlight the need for ongoing public health efforts to maintain vaccination coverage. Diphtheria, once controlled through vaccination, is re-emerging due to lapses in immunisation. Continuous education and outreach are necessary to ensure communities remain protected against this preventable disease.
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