Question 1

Critically analyse the causes and socio-economic impacts of groundwater depletion in India, providing suitable examples.

Groundwater depletion in India is a serious issue caused by multiple factors, including over-extraction for agriculture, industrial and domestic demand, rapid population growth, urbanisation, and lack of awareness. Over 60% of irrigated agriculture depends on groundwater, with water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane worsening depletion, especially in regions such as Punjab and Haryana. Industrialisation and expanding urban populations have further increased water demand. Additionally, unsustainable practices and limited awareness among farmers contribute to excessive usage.

The socio-economic impacts are significant. Water scarcity reduces agricultural productivity, leading to farmer distress and land abandonment, as seen in regions like Bundelkhand. It also triggers rural-to-urban migration, increasing pressure on urban infrastructure and resources. Moreover, competition over dwindling groundwater supplies can lead to conflicts among farmers, industries, and urban populations. Addressing this crisis requires sustainable agricultural practices, improved water management, and greater awareness about conservation.