2025 State of World Population Report
The 2025 State of World Population Report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) marks reproductive challenges in India. The report, titled “The Real Fertility Crisis,” reveals that a substantial portion of the population faces unintended pregnancies and unfulfilled desires regarding family size. The findings indicate that the focus should shift from concerns about population size to addressing unmet reproductive goals.
About Unintended Pregnancies
Unintended pregnancies affect 36% of adult Indians. Many individuals do not have the means to achieve their desired family size. This marks a lack of reproductive autonomy. Financial barriers are the most obstacles. Nearly 40% of respondents cited financial limitations as a primary reason for not having the families they want.
Barriers to Reproductive Autonomy
The report identifies various barriers to reproductive choices. Job insecurity affects 21% of individuals. Housing constraints and lack of reliable childcare are also major concerns. Health issues, including poor wellbeing and infertility, further complicate reproductive decisions. Additionally, societal pressures influence family planning, with 19% of people feeling compelled to have fewer children than they desire.
Fertility Rates and Regional Disparities
India’s total fertility rate (TFR) has reached replacement level at 2.0. However, regional disparities persist. States like Bihar, Meghalaya, and Uttar Pradesh still exhibit high fertility rates. In contrast, states such as New Delhi and Kerala have maintained below-replacement fertility. This duality reflects economic opportunities, healthcare access, and social norms.
Adolescent Fertility Concerns
India’s adolescent fertility rate remains concerning at 14.1 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. This is higher than in countries like China and Sri Lanka. High adolescent fertility poses risks to maternal and child health and hinders educational and employment prospects for young women.
Modern Challenges in Family Planning
The report discusses modern challenges affecting reproductive decisions. Issues such as loneliness, shifting relationship dynamics, and social stigma complicate family planning. Rising expectations around parenting further pressure women, reinforcing unequal caregiving responsibilities.
Societal Implications and Recommendations
The report calls for a rights-based approach to reproductive health. Expanding access to sexual and reproductive health services is essential. This includes universal access to contraception, safe abortion, and maternal health care. Addressing structural barriers through investments in childcare and education is crucial. Promoting inclusive policies for marginalised groups will also enhance reproductive autonomy.
Data and Accountability
Improving data collection is vital to understanding and addressing unmet family planning needs. Current metrics often focus solely on fertility rates. A broader approach should measure bodily autonomy and reproductive rights.
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