Separate Enumeration of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) requested the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) to separately enumerate Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in the upcoming Census. This move aims to gather detailed data on PVTG households, individuals, and their unique socio-economic and cultural traits. Such data is expected to improve the targeting and effectiveness of government schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN).
Definition and Criteria of PVTGs
PVTGs are a sub-category of Scheduled Tribes (STs). They are identified by declining or stagnant populations, geographical isolation, pre-agrarian lifestyles such as hunting and gathering, economic backwardness, and low literacy rates. The category was created based on the Dhebar Commission’s recommendations (1960-61), which brought into light disparities among tribal groups. Initially, 52 groups were identified as PVTGs during the Fifth Five-Year Plan, later expanded to 75 in 2006.
Geographical Distribution
PVTGs are spread across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. States like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh have the highest estimated PVTG populations. Madhya Pradesh alone has around 13.22 lakh PVTGs, Maharashtra about 6.7 lakh, and Andhra Pradesh nearly 5.18 lakh.
Enumeration Challenges
PVTGs have never been enumerated separately in any Census. Most are counted within the broader ST category, often grouped under one name. Only 40 out of 75 PVTGs are listed as ‘single entry’ in the official ST list under Article 342 of the Constitution. Some groups like Baigas were enumerated separately in 2011, while others like Abujh Marias and Hill Korbas were included later through legislation.
Significance of Separate Enumeration
Separate enumeration would provide precise data on PVTG populations and their socio-economic conditions. This will help in identifying infrastructure gaps and improve the implementation of schemes like PM JANMAN, which focuses on health, education, livelihoods, and amenities for PVTGs. Accurate data can also aid in revisiting the criteria for PVTG classification to reflect current realities.
Population Estimates and Vulnerability
A 2023 survey estimated the PVTG population at 47.5 lakh nationwide. Some groups have populations below 1,000, such as the Jarawas, Onges, and Sentinelese in the Andaman Islands. The Sentinelese are the smallest group with only 15 individuals. The Baiga community in Madhya Pradesh is the largest PVTG group with over 4 lakh people.
Policy Implications
Detailed demographic data will enable better policy planning and resource allocation. It will support targeted interventions in education and health sectors. Revisiting the PVTG criteria may lead to more accurate identification and support for vulnerable groups. This step is crucial for reducing disparities within tribal communities.
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