Sagol Kangjei

Sagol Kangjei is an ancient traditional sport of Manipur, widely regarded as the earliest form of modern polo. Rooted deeply in Manipuri culture, Sagol Kangjei combines horsemanship, athleticism, and teamwork in a dynamic and skilful display. The term derives from the Manipuri words “Sagol” meaning horse and “Kangjei” meaning stick or mallet. Historically, it has been played for centuries, not merely as a pastime but as a symbol of martial training, royal prestige, and cultural identity. The game remains one of the most prominent indigenous sports of northeastern India and a source of national pride for its contribution to world polo.

Historical Background

Sagol Kangjei traces its origins to ancient Manipur, where it evolved as part of the state’s royal and martial traditions. Historical accounts suggest that the game was played as early as the 7th century CE, during the reign of King Kangba, and was later formalised during the rule of King Ningthou Kangba and King Khagemba. Initially, it served as both a training exercise for warriors and a ceremonial sport enjoyed during festivals and royal gatherings.
Unlike modern polo, Sagol Kangjei had no fixed boundaries, rules, or limitations on the number of players. It was as much a display of strength, courage, and coordination as it was a sporting competition. The Manipuri monarchs patronised the game extensively, and it became a permanent feature in royal festivities and community celebrations.
The sport’s cultural significance is evident in ancient Manipuri texts, folklore, and dance traditions, where horse riding and Kangjei sticks feature as symbols of valour and nobility. Over time, the Manipuri version of polo evolved into a disciplined sport that eventually inspired the global game of polo introduced to the West.

Connection to Modern Polo

The introduction of polo to the Western world is directly linked to the Manipuri game of Sagol Kangjei. In the 19th century, British officers stationed in Manipur encountered the game and were captivated by its excitement and elegance. They adopted the sport, formalised its rules, and introduced it to Calcutta (now Kolkata), leading to the formation of the Calcutta Polo Club in 1862, the world’s oldest polo club.
Thus, Sagol Kangjei is considered the origin of modern polo, and Manipur is recognised globally as the birthplace of the sport. The Manipuri style, known as Pana Polo, continues to be played in its traditional form alongside the modern version.

Rules and Gameplay

Sagol Kangjei is played between two teams, each comprising seven players mounted on Manipuri ponies, which are smaller, agile horses native to the region. The game is played with a bamboo ball and a long-handled cane stick or Kangjei with a curved head used to strike the ball.
Key features of the traditional game include:

• Field: The playing ground, known as Mapal Kangjeibung, is rectangular, though its dimensions are not strictly standardised.
• Teams: Each team has seven players, divided into specific roles such as attackers, defenders, and midfielders.
• Ball (Kangdrum): Made of bamboo root or seasoned cane, small and lightweight.
• Stick (Kangjei): A long, curved cane mallet, with the head used to hit the ball and the shaft used for manoeuvring during play.
• Ponies: The Manipuri pony, usually 11–13 hands tall, is known for its endurance, agility, and surefootedness, making it ideal for fast-paced games.

Unlike modern polo, traditional Sagol Kangjei involves continuous play with minimal stoppage. Players use both offensive and defensive tactics, combining horsemanship and ball control in a fluid, high-speed game. Physical contact is common, as riders can block, hook, or jostle opponents using their sticks.
The objective is to score goals by driving the ball across the opponent’s line. There are no goalposts in the traditional form—players must simply pass the ball over the boundary to score.

Cultural and Social Significance

Sagol Kangjei is not merely a sport but an integral part of Manipuri culture, deeply woven into its festivals, folklore, and social life. It symbolises bravery, unity, and the martial spirit of the Manipuri people.
The game is traditionally associated with Lai Haraoba, a religious festival celebrating local deities, during which it is performed as both sport and ritual. It also features prominently during Cheiraoba, the Manipuri New Year festival, and other community events. The spectators, including men, women, and children, participate enthusiastically, turning the game into a vibrant social celebration.
Historically, participation in Sagol Kangjei was also seen as a mark of masculinity and nobility. Warriors trained through this sport to enhance their agility, coordination, and courage—qualities essential for battle. Thus, it served both recreational and functional purposes in traditional Manipuri society.

Equipment and Attire

The players wear traditional Manipuri sporting attire, which includes:

• Khudei: A loincloth or short wrap for easy movement.
• Turbans or Headgear: For protection and identity during play.
• Protective Gear: While the ancient form used minimal protection, modern adaptations may include helmets, knee guards, and padded clothing.

The Manipuri pony remains the central element of the sport. Revered in local tradition, the pony is not only a companion in sport but also holds cultural and spiritual importance. Breeding and preservation of this pony breed have been prioritised by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association, which works to sustain the animal population and promote the game globally.

Evolution and Modern Adaptations

Over time, Sagol Kangjei evolved into two distinct formats: the traditional Manipuri polo and the modern international polo. The former continues to be played in Manipur and neighbouring regions with adherence to indigenous customs, while the latter, standardised by the British, is played under formal rules with defined field dimensions, goalposts, and limited player numbers.
Today, both versions coexist, with Manipur proudly maintaining the ancient style. The annual Manipur Polo International Tournament, held at the Mapal Kangjeibung Ground in Imphal, brings together teams from around the world to celebrate the state’s unique contribution to global sport. The venue, reputed to be the oldest polo ground in the world, stands as a living testament to Manipur’s historical legacy.

Recognition and Preservation

Sagol Kangjei has received significant national and international recognition as a heritage sport. The Government of India and the Manipur state authorities have taken steps to preserve and promote the game, its associated traditions, and the endangered Manipuri pony. The sport has been included in various cultural exhibitions, documentaries, and academic research on India’s indigenous games.
Institutions such as the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association (MHRPA) and the All Manipur Polo Association play a vital role in training new players, organising tournaments, and sustaining the popularity of Sagol Kangjei among younger generations.

Importance and Legacy

Sagol Kangjei represents a rare blend of physical skill, cultural expression, and historical continuity. It highlights the deep connection between humans, animals, and nature in traditional Manipuri life. As the predecessor of modern polo, it stands as one of India’s greatest sporting contributions to the world.
Beyond its athletic aspect, Sagol Kangjei continues to inspire Manipuri art, dance, and folklore. The rhythmic gallop of ponies and the clash of Kangjei sticks are often depicted in local performances, symbolising vitality and heroism.