Sagarmatha Friendship-2025
The Nepali Army and China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) commenced the fourth edition of their joint military exercise, Sagarmatha Friendship-2025, in Kathmandu. The exercise, running until 16 September 2025, aims to boost cooperation in counter-terrorism, disaster management, and United Nations peacekeeping. This biennial drill, first held in 2017, alternates between Nepal and China, reflecting growing defence and strategic ties between the two nations.
Sagarmatha Friendship-2025
The joint exercise focuses on joint counter-terrorism operations and disaster relief. Troops from both sides form mixed teams to share skills and knowledge. Activities include practical drills, knowledge exchange sessions, cultural events, and sports competitions. The training improves interoperability and builds mutual trust. It also enhances preparedness for regional security challenges and peacekeeping missions.
Historical Context of China-Nepal Relations
China’s influence in Nepal has grown, especially after the 2015 India-led economic blockade. China’s support helped unify Nepal’s communist parties, strengthening political ties. Historically, China backed the Maoist insurgency with ideological and logistical aid. These links laid the foundation for expanding cooperation in defence, politics, and economics.
Economic and Infrastructure Cooperation
Bilateral economic ties have deepened with projects like cross-Himalayan railways, hydroelectric plants, and ports. Nepal’s interest in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) reflects a strategic move to enhance connectivity and trade. These projects contribute to Nepal’s development but also increase its economic reliance on China.
Security and Defence Collaboration
Military cooperation has intensified through joint exercises, training, and military aid. China’s growing role in Nepal’s defence sector strengthens bilateral ties and regional security coordination. This cooperation aims to build capacity in counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations.
Geopolitical Implications for India
China’s expanding presence in Nepal raises concerns in India. It may lead to strategic encirclement, affecting India’s security along its northern border. Competition over infrastructure and resources could undermine Indian economic interests. Nepal’s participation in BRI increases its dependence on China, complicating India’s regional influence and coordination efforts.
Territorial Disputes
China’s refusal to recognise a part of Nepal’s northwestern territory in its new map has created tensions. This territorial dispute poses challenges for bilateral relations and regional stability. It marks the complexities in China-Nepal ties despite growing cooperation.
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