Modern Indian History Units
Unit 1: Sources and Background
- Modern Indian Sources
- Pre-Conquest Political Conditions
- Pre-Conquest Socioeconomic Conditions
- Mughal Empire Decline
- Rise of Regional States
Unit 2: European Companies
- European Commercial Interests
- Portuguese Arrival
- Portuguese Settlements
- Dutch East India Company
- Dutch Settlements
- English East India Company
- English Company Factories
- French East India Company
- French Settlements
- Danish Settlements
- European Companies Comparison
Unit 3: Carnatic Wars
- Anglo-French Rivalry
- First Carnatic War
- Second Carnatic War
- Third Carnatic War
- Treaty of Paris
- French Decline
- British Success Factors
- French Failure Factors
- Carnatic War Personalities
- Carnatic War Treaties
- Trade to Political Power
Unit 4: Bengal, Mysore and Marathas
- British Imperial Expansion
- Pre-Plassey Bengal
- Siraj-ud-Daulah
- Battle of Plassey
- Shuja-ud-Daula
- Treaty of Allahabad
- Bengal Dual Government
- Mysore Resistance
- Hyder Ali
- Tipu Sultan
- Anglo-Mysore Wars
- Maratha Confederacy
- Nana Fadnavis
- Mahadji Shinde
- Yashwantrao Holkar
- Anglo-Maratha Wars
- Maratha Defeat Causes
Unit 5: Punjab and Frontier
- Conquest of Sindh
- Ranjit Singh
- Treaty of Amritsar
- First Anglo-Sikh War
- Second Anglo-Sikh War
- Conquest of Punjab
- Tripartite Treaty
- Anglo-Afghan Relations
- First Afghan War
- Northwest Frontier Policy
- Masterly Inactivity
- Proud Reserve Policy
Unit 6: Paramountcy and Neighbours
- British Paramountcy
- Ring Fence Policy
- Subsidiary Alliance
- Doctrine of Lapse
- Annexation Policy
- Princely States Policy
- Anglo-Nepalese Relations
- Anglo-Burmese Relations
- Anglo-Bhutanese Relations
- Anglo-Tibetan Relations
- Frontier Expansion Impact
Unit 7: Early Civil Uprisings
- Pre-1857 Civil Uprisings
- Early Resistance Patterns
- Sanyasi-Fakir Rebellion
- Moamaria Revolt
- Ahom Revolt
- Midnapore-Dhalbhum Uprisings
- Jungle Mahal Uprisings
- Gorakhpur-Basti Uprisings
- Vizianagaram Revolt
- Ganjam-Gumsur Uprisings
- Palamau Uprising
- Poligar Revolts
- Veeran Sundaralingam
- Velu Thampi Revolt
- Sangolli Rayanna
- Paika Rebellion
- Kolhapur-Savantvadi Revolts
- Kutch-Bareilly Uprisings
Unit 8: Religious and Sepoy Resistance
- Wahabi Movement
- Faraizi Movement
- Pagal Panthis
- Narkelberia Uprising
- Titu Mir Movement
- Moplah Uprisings
- Kuka Movement
- Surat Salt Agitations
- Pre-1857 Sepoy Mutinies
- Vellore Mutiny
- Barrackpore Mutiny
Unit 9: Revolt of 1857
- Revolt Background
- Revolt Causes
- Revolt Outbreak
- Revolt Spread
- Revolt Centres
- Revolt Leaders
- Popular Participation
- Revolt Suppression
- Revolt Failure
- Revolt Nature
- Revolt Significance
- Revolt Legacy
Unit 10: British Administration
- Crown Rule Transfer
- Crown Administration
- Secretary of State
- Viceroy and Council
- Central Administration
- Provincial Administration
- District Administration
- Indian Civil Service
- Civil Service Act
- Statutory Civil Service
- Public Service Commission
- Lee Commission
- Colonial Police System
- British Indian Army
- Colonial Judiciary
- Local Self-Government
- British Indian Census
- Racial Discrimination
Unit 11: Constitutional Developments
- Company Constitutional Development
- Crown Constitutional Development
- Parliamentary Control
- Legislative Councils
- Indian Representation
- Separate Electorates
- Dyarchy and Autonomy
- Federal Scheme
- Constitutional Reforms Comparison
- Constitutional Legacy
Unit 12: Revenue and Agrarian Economy
- Permanent Settlement
- Ryotwari Settlement
- Mahalwari Settlement
- Zamindari System
- Taluqdari System
- Revenue Farming
- Village Communities
- Agricultural Commercialisation
- Rural Indebtedness
- Agrarian Class Structure
- Plantation Economy
- Colonial Famine Policy
- Famine Commissions
Unit 13: Colonial Economy
- Colonial Economic Impact
- Drain of Wealth
- Home Charges
- Council Bills
- One-Way Free Trade
- Deindustrialisation
- Ruralisation of India
- Peasant Impoverishment
- Nationalist Economic Critique
- Drain Theory Thinkers
- R.C. Dutt
- Colonial Tributary System
Unit 14: Industry and Transport
- Indian Industrialisation
- Handicraft Decline
- Modern Indian Industries
- Jute Industry
- Cotton Textile Industry
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Indian Capitalists
- Industrial Banking
- Colonial Railways
- Railway Guarantee System
- Roads and Canals
- Indian Telegraph System
- Indian Postal System
- Ports and Shipping
- Hartog Committee
- Internal Trade
- Foreign Trade
- Famine of 1876–78
- Bengal Famine
- Famine Codes
Unit 15: Education and Press
- Orientalist-Anglicist Debate
- Missionary Education
- Macaulay’s Minute
- Wood’s Despatch
- Hunter Education Commission
- Raleigh Commission
- Hartog Committee
- Crown-Era Education
- Vernacular Education
- Technical Education
- Indian Press Development
- Press Regulations
- Public Opinion Growth
Unit 16: Socio-Religious Reform
- Reform Movement Background
- Reformist and Revivalist Streams
- Women’s Social Reform
- Caste Reform Movements
- Abolition of Sati
- Widow Remarriage Movement
- Age of Consent Debate
- Brahmo Samaj
- Young Bengal Movement
- Prarthana Samaj
- Satyashodhak Samaj
- Arya Samaj
- Ramakrishna Mission
- Aligarh Movement
- Deoband Movement
- Theosophical Movement
- Sikh Reform Movements
- Parsi Reform Movement
- South Indian Reform
Unit 17: Nationalism and Moderates
- Rise of Nationalism
- Nationalism Growth Factors
- Early Political Associations
- Indian Association
- Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
- Madras Mahajan Sabha
- Bombay Presidency Association
- Indian National Conference
- Indian National Congress
- Congress Foundation
- Safety Valve Theory
- Moderate Phase
- Moderate Methods
- Moderate Economic Critique
- Moderate Constitutional Demands
- Moderate Leadership
- Moderate Limitations
Unit 18: Swadeshi and Extremism
- Rise of Extremism
- Extremist Leaders
- Lal-Bal-Pal
- Tilak’s Political Ideas
- Bengal Partition
- Anti-Partition Movement
- Swadeshi Movement
- Boycott Movement
- National Education Movement
- Bengal National College
- Swadeshi Samitis
- Women in Swadeshi
- Students in Swadeshi
- Workers in Swadeshi
- Peasants in Swadeshi
- Swadeshi Constructive Programme
- Swadeshi Cultural Movement
- Swadeshi Economic Programme
- Surat Split
- British Repression
- Morley-Minto Reforms
- Separate Electorates
- Swadeshi Movement Evaluation
Unit 19: Early Revolutionaries
- Revolutionary Movement Background
- Bengal Revolutionaries
- Anushilan Samiti
- Jugantar Group
- Alipore Conspiracy Case
- Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case
- Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
- Abhinav Bharat
- Chapekar Brothers
- Nasik Conspiracy Case
- Punjab Revolutionaries
- Overseas Revolutionary Activities
- India House
- Ghadar Movement
- Komagata Maru Incident
- Singapore Mutiny
- Berlin Committee
- Hindu-German Conspiracy
- Christmas Day Plot
- Kabul Provisional Government
- World War Revolutionaries
- Revolutionary Movement Decline
Unit 20: World War and Gandhi
- First World War
- India in World War
- Indian War Economy
- Home Rule Movement
- Home Rule Leagues
- Tilak Home Rule League
- Besant Home Rule League
- Lucknow Pact
- August Declaration
- Gandhi in South Africa
- Satyagraha
- Gandhi’s Return
- Champaran Satyagraha
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike
- Kheda Satyagraha
- Rowlatt Committee
- Rowlatt Bills
- Rowlatt Satyagraha
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
- Hunter Committee
Unit 21: Non-Cooperation and Swarajists
- Khilafat Movement
- Khilafat Leaders
- Ali Brothers
- Non-Cooperation Movement
- Non-Cooperation Programme
- Students and Lawyers
- Peasants and Workers
- Prince of Wales Riots
- Chauri Chaura Incident
- Non-Cooperation Withdrawal
- Flag Satyagraha
- Swaraj Party
- Council Entry Debate
- Swarajist Manifesto
- Swarajist Achievements
- No-Changers Programme
- Constructive Work
- Mass Politics Transition
Unit 22: Socialist and Caste Politics
- Socialist Ideas
- Marxist Influence
- Communist Party Formation
- Youth Movements
- Student Politics
- Trade Unionism
- Caste Movements
- Justice Party
- Self-Respect Movement
- Revolutionary Socialism
- Kakori Conspiracy
- Hindustan Republican Association
- Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
- Saunders Murder Case
- Assembly Bomb Case
- Lahore Conspiracy Case
- Jatin Das Fast
- Chittagong Armoury Raid
- Revolutionary Ideological Shift
Unit 23: Simon to Civil Disobedience
- Simon Commission
- Simon Commission Boycott
- Simon Protests
- Nehru Report
- Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
- Lahore Congress
- Purna Swaraj Resolution
- Civil Disobedience Movement
- Dandi March
- Dharasana Satyagraha
- Vedaranyam March
- Khudai Khidmatgar
- Qissa Khwani Massacre
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- Karachi Congress
- Round Table Conferences
- Communal Award
- Poona Pact
- Gandhi-Ambedkar Debate
- Civil Disobedience Evaluation
Unit 24: Congress Ministries and Bose
- Civil Disobedience Aftermath
- Council Entry Debate
- Government Act Politics
- Provincial Elections
- Congress Election Manifesto
- Congress Ministries
- Ministry Reforms
- Civil Liberties Policy
- Agrarian Labour Measures
- Muslim League Response
- Haripura Congress
- Tripuri Congress
- Congress-Bose Crisis
- Forward Bloc
Unit 25: War, Quit India and INA
- Second World War
- Congress Ministries Resignation
- August Offer
- Individual Satyagraha
- Cripps Mission
- Quit India Movement
- Quit India Resolution
- Gandhi’s Quit India Instructions
- Quit India Spread
- Congress Radio
- Underground Activities
- Parallel Governments
- Wartime Scarcity
- Indian Independence League
- Indian National Army
- Azad Hind Government
- Indian Legion
- INA Leadership
- INA Trials
- Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
- Royal Air Force Strikes
- Postwar Upsurge
Unit 26: Communalism and Partition
- Indian Communalism
- Communalism Growth
- All-India Muslim League
- Muslim League Politics
- Two-Nation Theory
- Pakistan Demand
- Khaksar Movement
- Rajagopalachari Formula
- Desai-Liaqat Pact
- Wavell Plan
- Simla Conference
- Elections of 1945–46
- Cabinet Mission Plan
- Grouping Clause Debate
- Direct Action Day
- Noakhali Riots
- Attlee Declaration
- Mountbatten Plan
- Transfer of Power
- Partition of India
- Radcliffe Boundary Commission
- Partition Refugee Crisis
Unit 27: Peasant Movements
- Colonial Peasantry
- Indigo Revolt
- Pabna Agrarian Leagues
- Deccan Riots
- Punjab Agrarian Unrest
- Champaran Peasant Movement
- Kheda Peasant Movement
- Awadh Kisan Sabha
- Eka Movement
- Coolie-Begar Movement
- Mappila Rebellion
- Bardoli Satyagraha
- All India Kisan Sabha
- Bihar Kisan Movement
- Sahajanand Saraswati
- Tebhaga Movement
- Telangana Peasant Struggle
- Peasant Movements Comparison
Unit 28: Tribal Movements
- Tribal Revolts
- Chuar Uprising
- Kol Rebellion
- Santhal Hul
- Ho-Munda Uprisings
- Bhil Revolts
- Koli Revolts
- Ramosi Revolt
- Khond Revolts
- Koya Rebellions
- Birsa Munda Movement
- Tana Bhagat Movement
- Rampa Rebellion
- Alluri Sitarama Raju
- Northeast Tribal Revolts
- Hur Movement
- Tribal Movements Comparison
Unit 29: Labour and Left Movements
- Early Labour Movement
- Factory Labour Conditions
- Bombay Mill Workers
- Swadeshi Labour Upsurge
- Ahmedabad Mill Strike
- Madras Labour Union
- AITUC Formation
- Meerut Conspiracy Case
- Workers and Civil Disobedience
- Wartime Labour
- Communist Movement
- Congress Socialist Party
- Achyut Patwardhan
- Basawon Singh
- Left Movement Legacy
- Trade Union Act
Unit 30: Governors-General and Viceroys
- Robert Clive
- Warren Hastings
- Lord Cornwallis
- Sir John Shore
- Lord Wellesley
- Lord Minto I
- Lord Hastings
- Lord Amherst
- Lord William Bentinck
- Lord Auckland
- Lord Ellenborough
- Lord Hardinge I
- Lord Dalhousie
- Lord Canning
- Lord Elgin I
- Lord Lawrence
- Lord Mayo
- Lord Northbrook
- Lord Lytton
- Lord Ripon
- Lord Dufferin
- Lord Lansdowne
- Lord Elgin II
- Lord Curzon
- Lord Minto II
- Lord Hardinge II
- Lord Chelmsford
- Lord Reading
- Lord Irwin
- Lord Willingdon
Unit 31: British-Era Acts
- Regulating Act 1773
- Pitt’s India Act
- Charter Act 1793
- Charter Act 1813
- Charter Act 1833
- Charter Act 1853
- Government of India Act 1858
- Indian Councils Act 1861
- Indian Councils Act 1892
- Indian Councils Act 1909
- Government of India Act 1919
- Government of India Act 1935
- Vernacular Press Act
- Arms Act 1878
- Ilbert Bill
- Factory Act 1881
- Factory Act 1891
- Age of Consent Act
- Indian Universities Act
- Official Secrets Act
- Indian Press Act
- Rowlatt Act
- Trade Union Act 1926
- Criminal Tribes Act
- Sati Regulation Act
- Widow Remarriage Act
- Sharda Act 1929
- Indian Independence Act
Unit 32: Congress Sessions
- Bombay Congress 1885
- Calcutta Congress 1906
- Surat Congress 1907
- Lucknow Congress 1916
- Calcutta Congress 1920
- Nagpur Congress 1920
- Gaya Congress 1922
- Belgaum Congress 1924
- Madras Congress 1927
- Lahore Congress 1929
- Karachi Congress 1931
- Faizpur Congress 1936
- Haripura Congress 1938
- Tripuri Congress 1939
- Meerut Congress 1946
Unit 33: Newspapers and Publications
- Bengal Gazette
- Samvad Kaumudi
- Mirat-ul-Akbar
- Tattvabodhini Patrika
- Hindu Patriot
- Amrita Bazar Patrika
- Kesari and Mahratta
- The Hindu
- Al-Hilal and Al-Balagh
- Young India
- Navajivan and Harijan
- Bande Mataram
- Yugantar and Sandhya
- Ghadar Newspaper
- Indian Sociologist
- Commonweal and New India
- Indian Opinion
- Free Hindustan
Unit 34: Organisations and Pacts
- Atmiya Sabha
- Servants of India Society
- Hindu Mahasabha
- Ghadar Party
- AITUC
- Butler Committee
- Cabinet Mission
- Boundary Commission
- Treaty of Salbai
- Treaty of Bassein
Unit 35: Independent India
- Indian Independence Day
- Partition Rehabilitation
- Liaquat-Nehru Pact
- Gandhi Assassination
- Political Integration
- Princely States Integration
- Junagadh Integration
- Hyderabad Integration
- Kashmir Accession
- Instrument of Accession
- Republic of India
- National Language Debate
- First General Elections
- Linguistic Reorganisation
- French India Integration
- Yanaon Coup
- Goa Annexation
- Nehruvian Foreign Policy
- Panchsheel and Non-Alignment
Unit 36: Princely States Movements
- Praja Mandal Movement
- States People’s Movement
- State Political Mobilisation
- Chamber of Princes
- Aundh Experiment
- Travancore State Congress
- Mysore People’s Movement
- Hyderabad State Congress
- Kashmir National Conference
- Rajkot Satyagraha
- Orissa States Movement
- Princely States Legacy
Unit 37: Social Reformers
- Raja Rammohan Roy
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- Dayananda Saraswati
- Swami Vivekananda
- Jyotirao Phule
- Savitribai Phule
- Pandita Ramabai
- Dhondo Keshav Karve
- Mahadev Govind Ranade
- Gopal Hari Deshmukh
- Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
- Kandukuri Veeresalingam
- Narayana Guru
- Ayyankali
- Ayya Vaikundar
- Periyar
- Rettamalai Srinivasan
- Vitthal Ramji Shinde
- B.R. Ambedkar
- Shahu Maharaj
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Vakkom Moulavi
- Sister Nivedita
- Muthulakshmi Reddy
- Vaidyanatha Iyer
- G. Subramania Iyer
- Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
- Baba Amte
- Vinoba Bhave
Unit 38: Nationalist Leaders
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- Annie Besant
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Abul Kalam Azad
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Vallabhbhai Patel
- C. Rajagopalachari
- Rajendra Prasad
- Sarojini Naidu
- Chittaranjan Das
- J.B. Kripalani
- Purushottam Das Tandon
- Govind Ballabh Pant
- Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
- Bidhan Chandra Roy
- K. Kamaraj
- V.K. Krishna Menon
- R. Venkataraman
- Syama Prasad Mukherjee
- A.K. Fazlul Huq
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Hakim Ajmal Khan
- Mohammad Ali Jauhar
- K.M. Munshi
- Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
- Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
- P. Kakkan
- M. Bhaktavatsalam
- Shri Krishna Singh
Unit 39: Revolutionary Leaders
- Sri Aurobindo
- Niralamba Swami
- Khudiram Bose
- Prafulla Chaki
- Bagha Jatin
- Rash Behari Bose
- Bhagat Singh
- Ram Prasad Bismil
- Ashfaqulla Khan
- Jatindra Nath Das
- Surya Sen
- Pritilata Waddedar
- Vanchinathan
- V.O. Chidambaram
- Subramania Bharati
- Subramaniya Siva
- Hemu Kalani
- Tarak Nath Das
- Har Dayal
- Ubaidullah Sindhi
- Muhammad Mansoor Ansari
- Shyamji Krishna Varma
- Bhikaiji Cama
- Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
- M.N. Roy
- Bhupendra Kumar Datta
- Bhavabhushan Mitra
- Yogendra Shukla
- Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
- Nagnath Naikwadi
- Satyapal Dang
- Subhas Chandra Bose
Unit 40: Regional Activists
- Accamma Cherian
- Annapurna Maharana
- Aruna Asaf Ali
- Mithuben Petit
- Tara Rani Srivastava
- Tiruppur Kumaran
- Bharathidasan
- Rahul Sankrityayan
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
- Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
- Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
- Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
- Chetram Jatav
Unit 41: British Officials and Missions
- Stafford Cripps
- James Outram
- Clement Attlee
- Pethick-Lawrence
- A.V. Alexander
- Cyril Radcliffe
- Edwin Montagu
- John Morley
- India Office
- British War Cabinet
- Viceroy’s Executive Council
- Cabinet Mission Members
- Constitutional Missions
Originally written on
March 14, 2023
and last modified on
July 21, 2026.