Meghalaya Rainfall Declines
Meghalaya, known as the ‘Abode of Clouds’, is famous for its heavy rainfall. However, the 2025 Southwest Monsoon season recorded a severe rainfall deficit of 56 per cent, the highest in India. This unusual dryness affects a state where 83 per cent of people rely on rain-fed farming and nearly half the land is cultivable. The trend of declining rainfall has been observed over decades and poses risks to water security, agriculture, and the rich biodiversity of the region.
Recent Rainfall Trends in Meghalaya
Recently, Meghalaya received only 690.7 millimetres of rain from June 1 to July 28, far below the normal 1,555.4 mm. Surprisingly, drier states like Jharkhand recorded more rainfall, with a 53 per cent excess. Seven states and Union Territories had more absolute rainfall than Meghalaya during this period. This shift marks a worrying drying trend in a region once known for its heavy precipitation.
Long-Term Rainfall Changes
Research based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) shows a century-long shift in Meghalaya’s rainfall pattern. In the 1950s, central Meghalaya was wetter. Over time, drier zones expanded, especially in the western, central, and northern areas. Recent decades show southern and southeastern parts like East Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills remaining wetter. The Southwest Khasi Hills recorded the highest rainfall during the monsoon.
Seasonal and Monthly Rainfall Variations
Studies focus on December and the post-monsoon season (October to February) because these months are crucial for crop harvesting and usually receive little rain. The research indicates that rainfall is decreasing even in traditionally wetter months. For example, Cherrapunji, the world’s second rainiest place, has seen declines in rainfall across seven months over 135 years, including key monsoon months.
Impact on Agriculture and Biodiversity
With 83 per cent of the population dependent on rain-fed agriculture, declining rainfall threatens crop yields and farmers’ livelihoods. Meghalaya is part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, home to many unique species adapted to high rainfall. Reduced precipitation may disrupt these ecosystems. More research is needed to understand the full impact on flora, fauna, and farming communities.
Climate Change and Rainfall Patterns
The decreasing rainfall trend in Meghalaya aligns with patterns seen in other states such as Nagaland, West Bengal, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, where monsoon rainfall is also declining. These changes reflect the broader effects of global warming and climate change on regional weather systems. Variations in rainfall intensity and distribution pose challenges for water management and ecological balance.
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