What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (UPSC 2013)

The “String of Pearls” refers to China’s network of ports, bases and strategic facilities across the Indian Ocean region, from the South China Sea to Africa. These “pearls” support Chinese trade, naval reach and influence along key sea lanes.

• Impact on India: It may encircle India with dual-use facilities in Gwadar, Hambantota, Kyaukpyu and Djibouti.
• Security risk: It can threaten India’s sea lines of communication, energy imports and maritime trade.
• Regional influence: It weakens India’s role as the main security provider in the Indian Ocean.

• India’s response: Strengthening the navy and coastal surveillance.
• Partnerships: Deepening ties with the US, Japan, Australia and Indian Ocean states.
• Strategic access: Developing Chabahar, upgrading Andaman and Nicobar, and building port links in Sri Lanka, Mauritius and Oman.

Thus, the concept reflects China’s maritime push, but India is countering it through naval modernisation, regional diplomacy and selective port partnerships to secure its interests.