What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (UPSC 2020)

Nanotechnology is the science of designing and controlling matter at the nanoscale, usually 1 to 100 nanometres. At this scale, materials show new strength, reactivity, optical and electrical properties, which can be used in medicine.

• Targeted drug delivery: Nanocarriers such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles deliver drugs to diseased cells, improving effect and reducing side effects.
• Better diagnosis: Gold, magnetic and quantum dot nanoparticles improve imaging and help detect cancer and other diseases at an early stage.
• Tissue repair: Nanofibres and nanoscaffolds support growth of skin, bone and cartilage in regenerative medicine.
• Infection control: Silver nanoparticles are used in dressings, implants and tools to reduce hospital infections.

It also helps in theranostics, where diagnosis and treatment are combined in one system. Thus, nanotechnology is making healthcare more precise, less invasive and more effective, though safety and cost concerns need careful regulation.