What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (UPSC 2017)

Since Independence, the State has used law to tackle both social humiliation and economic exclusion faced by Scheduled Tribes. The two major initiatives are aimed at protecting dignity and securing rights over land and resources.

• SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 – It criminalises caste- and tribe-based insults, violence, forced labour, social boycott and denial of access to public places. It also provides special courts, speedy trial, relief and rehabilitation for victims.
• Forest Rights Act, 2006 – It corrects the “historical injustice” done to forest-dwelling STs by recognising individual and community rights over forest land and forest produce. It strengthens Gram Sabha role in deciding claims.

Together, these laws address both direct atrocities and long-standing displacement. However, effective implementation, awareness and timely justice remain essential to secure real equality for ST communities.