Use of internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities is a major security concern. How have these been misused in the recent past? Suggest effective guidelines to curb the above threat. (UPSC 2016)

Internet and social media are now key tools for non-state actors to spread fear, recruit, fund and coordinate subversive acts because of their speed, reach and anonymity.

• Misuse: Used for radicalisation through fake identities, closed groups and echo chambers; spreading disinformation, doctored videos and rumours to provoke communal tension and panic; cybercrime such as phishing, malware and identity theft for funding; and encrypted coordination of attacks across borders.
• Guidelines: Make platforms remove unlawful content quickly, preserve evidence and cooperate with lawful investigation; enable traceability in serious crimes; deploy AI-based monitoring and cyber cells for early detection; strengthen digital literacy, fact-checking and reporting; curb misuse of personal data; and improve coordination among police, cyber agencies and international partners.

These measures should deter abuse while safeguarding legitimate free speech and privacy.