Most of the unusual climatic happenings are explained as an outcome of the El-Nino effect. Do you agree? (UPSC 2014)

El Niño explains many unusual climatic happenings, but not all. It is a major driver of year-to-year climate variability, especially in the tropical Pacific, by weakening trade winds and shifting rainfall eastward.

• Its effects: Floods in Peru and Ecuador, droughts in Australia and Indonesia, and often a weak Indian monsoon.
• Why it is not sufficient: The Indian Ocean Dipole may offset or reinforce its impact; La Niña, the Madden-Julian Oscillation and jet-stream shifts also cause anomalies.
• Climate change: Global warming is raising the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, heavy rainfall and marine heat, which cannot be explained by El Niño alone.

Thus, El Niño is an important but incomplete explanation; unusual climate events arise from its interaction with other natural cycles and human-induced warming.