How is the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (UPSC 2018)

Indian secularism is not a rigid separation of religion and state. It is based on equal respect for all faiths and a principled distance where the State may intervene to secure reform, justice and public order.

• Western model: Relies on a strict wall of separation. The State stays away from religion and religion stays away from State policy.
• Indian model: Accepts constructive engagement. The State may regulate religious institutions, fund welfare measures and reform oppressive practices.
• Rights focus: The Western model emphasises individual liberty, while the Indian model protects both individual rights and group rights of minorities under Articles 29 and 30.
• Social reform: Indian secularism permits intervention under Article 25(2) to advance reform, unlike the non-interventionist Western approach.

Thus, Indian secularism is best understood as sarva dharma sambhava with constitutional neutrality, not indifference. It combines freedom of religion with equality, dignity and social reform.