How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. (UPSC 2013)

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, creates objects from a CAD model by slicing it into thin layers and depositing or fusing material such as plastic, resin, metal or concrete layer by layer using heat, UV light or laser.

Advantages: rapid prototyping, complex shapes, low material waste, customisation and reduced tooling cost. Disadvantages: slow for mass production, high cost at scale, weaker layer bonding, limited materials, and possible fumes, particle emissions and IP misuse.

Thus, it suits customised, low-volume and innovative production better than conventional mass manufacturing.