How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (UPSC 2015)

NGOs can be key partners in environmental development as local implementers, watchdogs and awareness creators, especially in conservation, waste management, afforestation and climate adaptation.

• Strengthening role: Involve credible NGOs in project design, monitoring, EIA support, biodiversity mapping, wetland restoration and community mobilisation under schemes like Mission LiFE.
• Support systems: Provide transparent CSR/state grants, single-window access, outcome-based funding, and training in GIS, social audit, scientific methods and data reporting; promote partnerships with universities, PRIs and forest departments.

Constraints include restrictive foreign funding rules, complex registration/compliance, inadequate technical capacity, weak coordination with government, limited financial autonomy and fear of arbitrary scrutiny; balanced regulation, transparency and stable funding can make NGOs more effective in environmental governance.