Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. (UPSC 2020)

WHO was central to global health security during COVID-19, but its effectiveness was uneven.

• Positive role: It shared the SARS-CoV-2 genome early, enabling diagnostics and vaccine research.
• Coordination: It issued preparedness guidance, supported surveillance, risk communication and the Solidarity Trial, and mobilised technical expertise.
• Equity: Through ACT-A and COVAX, it pushed fair access to vaccines, medicines and supplies, especially for poorer countries.
• Infodemic control: It worked to counter misinformation and support public health messaging.
• Limits: It lacked enforcement powers, depended on donor funding, moved cautiously on emergencies, and could not prevent vaccine nationalism or ensure timely data sharing.

Thus, WHO remained the main global health coordinator, but COVID-19 exposed the need for stronger authority, stable financing and greater equity in future health security.