Karnataka

Karnataka is a state located in the south-western region of India, known for its rich cultural heritage, linguistic diversity, economic dynamism, and varied geographical features. It is the sixth-largest state in India, covering an area of approximately 191,791 square kilometres. The state shares its borders with Maharashtra to the north, Goa to the north-west, Kerala to the south-west, Tamil Nadu to the south-east, Andhra Pradesh to the east, and Telangana to the north-east. Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore) serves as the capital and is one of India’s leading technology and innovation hubs.

Historical Background

The history of Karnataka dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of Stone Age settlements found in regions such as Bellary and Raichur. The area was part of several ancient kingdoms and dynasties that contributed immensely to India’s cultural and architectural legacy.
In the early centuries, Karnataka formed part of the Mauryan Empire under Emperor Ashoka. It later witnessed the rise of the Satavahanas, Kadambas of Banavasi, Gangas of Talakad, and the Chalukyas of Badami, who were instrumental in shaping the early Dravidian culture and architecture. The Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra furthered this legacy, leaving behind monumental temples such as those at Halebidu and Belur.
The Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) marked a golden period in Karnataka’s history. Centred at Hampi, this empire fostered art, literature, and trade, standing as a bulwark against northern invasions. After its decline, the region came under the rule of the Bijapur Sultanate, followed by the Mysore Kingdom under the Wodeyar dynasty and Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, who resisted British colonial expansion.
After India’s independence in 1947, the princely state of Mysore acceded to the Indian Union. With the reorganisation of states in 1956 based on linguistic lines, several Kannada-speaking regions were merged to form the modern state of Mysore, renamed Karnataka in 1973.

Geography and Climate

Karnataka’s geography is marked by remarkable diversity, encompassing coastal plains, mountain ranges, plateaus, and river valleys. The state can be broadly divided into three regions: the Coastal Karnataka (Karavali), the Western Ghats (Malnad), and the Deccan Plateau (Bayaluseeme).
Major rivers such as the Krishna, Cauvery, Tungabhadra, and Sharavathi play a vital role in irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. The Jog Falls on the Sharavathi River is one of the highest waterfalls in India.
The climate varies across the state — coastal regions experience a humid tropical climate, the Malnad region enjoys a moderate climate with heavy monsoon rainfall, while the interior plateau has a semi-arid climate. Average annual temperatures range between 20°C and 35°C.

Demographics and Language

Karnataka has a population of over 70 million, making it one of the more populous states in India. The state’s official language is Kannada, spoken by a majority of the population and recognised as one of India’s classical languages. Other languages such as Tulu, Kodava, Konkani, Urdu, Tamil, and Telugu are also spoken due to the state’s cultural diversity.
Hinduism is the predominant religion, followed by Islam, Christianity, Jainism, and Buddhism. The state is known for its communal harmony and coexistence of multiple faiths.

Economy and Industry

Karnataka is one of India’s most economically advanced states, contributing significantly to the national GDP. Its economy is diverse, encompassing information technology, manufacturing, agriculture, and services.
Bengaluru, often referred to as the “Silicon Valley of India,” is the leading centre for information technology, biotechnology, and startups. Major global corporations and Indian technology firms, including Infosys and Wipro, are headquartered here.
Agriculture remains important, with key crops such as rice, ragi, sugarcane, coffee, and cotton. The Kodagu (Coorg) district is renowned for its coffee plantations. Karnataka also has rich mineral resources and a growing renewable energy sector.
The state’s gross state domestic product (GSDP) ranks among the top five in India, with high levels of urbanisation and industrial growth.

Culture and Heritage

Karnataka’s culture is deeply rooted in classical traditions, literature, and the performing arts. It is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Hampi, Pattadakal, and the Western Ghats.
The state has a long literary tradition, producing celebrated poets and writers such as Kuvempu, Bendre, and U. R. Ananthamurthy. Kannada literature has evolved over centuries, from ancient vachana (prose-poetry) of Basavanna to modern literary works.
Music and dance also form an integral part of the cultural fabric, with Carnatic music flourishing in the southern districts and Yakshagana, a traditional dance-drama, prominent in coastal regions. Folk traditions, festivals, and handicrafts, including Mysore silk and sandalwood carvings, highlight the state’s artistic diversity.

Architecture and Monuments

Karnataka boasts some of India’s most iconic architectural marvels spanning different historical periods.Key monuments include:

• Vijayanagara ruins at Hampi – showcasing Dravidian architecture and royal structures.
• Chalukyan temples at Badami, Aihole, and Pattadakal – representing early rock-cut and structural temple designs.
• Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebidu – known for intricate stone carvings.
• Mysore Palace – a blend of Indo-Saracenic architecture, symbolising royal opulence.

Colonial-era buildings in Bengaluru and Mangaluru further reflect the state’s architectural evolution.

Education and Science

Karnataka is a leading educational and research hub in India. Institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institute of Management Bengaluru (IIMB), National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), and Manipal Academy of Higher Education are globally recognised.
The state has one of the highest literacy rates in the country and is a centre for innovation, with government initiatives promoting science, technology, and entrepreneurship. The Karnataka Knowledge Commission supports educational reforms and skill development.

Tourism and Natural Attractions

Tourism in Karnataka thrives on its rich heritage, wildlife, and scenic beauty. Popular destinations include:

• Heritage sites: Hampi, Badami, Pattadakal, and Mysore.
• Hill stations: Coorg, Chikmagalur, and Kemmanagundi.
• Wildlife sanctuaries: Bandipur, Nagarhole, and Bannerghatta National Parks.
• Beaches: Gokarna, Karwar, and Murudeshwar.
• Waterfalls: Jog Falls and Abbey Falls.

Adventure tourism, eco-tourism, and spiritual tourism are growing sectors. The state also promotes rural tourism to showcase local crafts and traditions.

Governance and Administration

Karnataka follows a democratic parliamentary system with a Governor as the constitutional head and a Chief Minister leading the executive. The Karnataka Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council constitute the bicameral legislature.
Administratively, the state is divided into 31 districts, grouped under four divisions — Bengaluru, Mysuru, Belagavi, and Kalaburagi. Major cities include Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hubballi-Dharwad, Mangaluru, and Belagavi.

Environment and Biodiversity

Karnataka is ecologically rich, with about 20 per cent of its area under forest cover. The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, hosts diverse flora and fauna. The state has several wildlife sanctuaries and tiger reserves.
However, issues such as deforestation, urban pollution, and water scarcity pose environmental challenges. Sustainable development and renewable energy initiatives are being implemented to address these concerns.