India’s River Pollution Levels Show Gradual Improvement
India’s river pollution scenario has shown slight improvement in 2023. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report reveals a decrease in the number of river locations unfit for bathing. This progress is measured through biological oxygen demand (BOD), a key indicator of organic pollution in water. The report offers vital information about river health and pollution priorities across states.
About Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water. A BOD value above 3 milligrams per litre suggests the water is polluted and unsafe for bathing. Higher BOD means more organic pollution. It is a reliable proxy for assessing river water quality.
Polluted River Stretches and Their Significance
Polluted River Stretches (PRS) are defined as two or more continuous locations in a river exceeding the BOD threshold. The CPCB counts these stretches to identify pollution hotspots. In 2023, India recorded 296 PRS across 271 rivers, down from 311 PRS in 279 rivers in 2022. This indicates a marginal reduction in polluted stretches.
State-wise Distribution of River Pollution
Maharashtra leads with 54 polluted stretches, followed by Kerala with 31. Madhya Pradesh and Manipur each have 18, while Karnataka has 14. Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand reported the highest number of ‘Priority 1’ stretches at five each. These states require urgent attention for river restoration.
Priority 1 Stretches – The Most Polluted
‘Priority 1’ stretches have BOD levels exceeding 30 mg per litre, indicating severe pollution. In 2023, the number of such stretches fell to 37 from 45 in 2022. This reduction is a positive sign but still marks critical pollution zones demanding immediate remediation.
CPCB’s Monitoring Network and Methodology
The CPCB monitors water quality at 4,736 locations including rivers, lakes, creeks, drains, and canals. Data is collected in two-year phases to assess trends and river health. This monitoring helps in policy formulation and implementation of pollution control measures.
Implications for Environmental Policy and Public Health
Lower pollution levels improve ecosystem health and reduce risks to human health from contaminated water. The data assists policymakers in prioritising river clean-up projects. It also raises awareness of the need for sustainable waste management and industrial regulation.
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