India’s Indus Waters Treaty Dispute with Pakistan
India requested a pause in proceedings regarding the Ratle and Kishanganga hydropower projects, which are under dispute with Pakistan. This request was made to Michel Lino, the neutral expert appointed by the World Bank to oversee the disputes. The Government of India’s decision to place the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in abeyance has intensified tensions between the two nations. The IWT governs water sharing from the Indus River system, which is vital for both countries.
Background of the Indus Waters Treaty
The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960. It allocates the waters of the Indus River and its tributaries between India and Pakistan. The treaty grants India control over the eastern rivers—Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi—while Pakistan has rights to the western rivers—Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab. This framework aims to prevent water disputes and ensure cooperative management of shared water resources.
Current Disputes – Ratle and Kishanganga Projects
The Ratle and Kishanganga hydropower projects are located in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan alleges that these projects violate the IWT, particularly concerning minimum water flow requirements. India argues that the projects conform to the treaty’s stipulations. The disputes have been ongoing since 2022, with Lino tasked to evaluate the compliance of the projects with treaty provisions.
India’s Recent Actions
Following national security incident, the Government of India decided to keep the IWT in abeyance. This decision is contingent upon Pakistan ceasing support for cross-border terrorism. India formally notified Lino of this decision, seeking to vacate the existing work programme related to the disputes.
Pakistan’s Response
Pakistan has opposed India’s request to pause the proceedings. It maintains that the treaty must be upheld and that the dispute resolution process should continue. Pakistan’s position is critical as it seeks to ensure its rights under the IWT are protected.
Future Implications
The ongoing disputes could have serious implications for regional water security and bilateral relations. India is reportedly planning to divert water from the Indus river system to various states, which may exacerbate tensions. Additionally, India has initiated flushing exercises at existing hydroelectric projects to enhance power generation, a move that Pakistan has previously contested.
International Involvement
Lino’s role as a neutral expert is crucial in mediating the disputes. His decision will impact the future of the IWT and the relationship between India and Pakistan. Both nations have communicated directly regarding the treaty, indicating a complex diplomatic landscape.
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