EMM-Negative Blood Group System
The International Society of Blood Transfusion officially recognised a new blood group system named EMM-negative, also known as Gwada negative. This designation emerged from the unique case of a woman from Guadeloupe who is the only known individual to possess this rare blood type. The discovery puts stress on advancements in transfusion medicine and genetic research.
What is Gwada Negative?
Gwada negative refers to the EMM-negative blood group system, identified by the absence of the EMM antigen on red blood cells. This antigen is a high-incidence antigen, present in almost all humans. The lack of such a common antigen is medically and has led to the classification of this blood type as the 48th globally recognised system in transfusion science.
Discovery Process
The identification of the EMM-negative blood type began in 2011 when the woman underwent routine blood tests. Initial attempts to classify her blood were inconclusive due to the lack of technology. In 2019, advancements in high-throughput DNA sequencing allowed researchers to analyse her blood more effectively. The unique genetic mutation responsible for the absence of the EMM antigen was then confirmed. Following extensive validation, the ISBT recognised the discovery in 2025.
Rarity and Clinical Implications
Currently, the woman from Guadeloupe is the sole known carrier of the Gwada negative blood type. She inherited the rare gene variant from both parents. This dual inheritance results in her complete lack of the EMM antigen. Clinically, this means she can only receive blood from herself, as any transfusion from a donor with the EMM antigen could trigger severe immune reactions.
Importance in Transfusion Medicine
The discovery of the Gwada negative blood type has vital implications for transfusion medicine. Individuals lacking common antigens can develop alloantibodies, posing risks during transfusions. Recognising such rare blood types is essential for safe transfusions and aids blood banks in managing rare blood units. This discovery marks the need for international rare blood donor registries, which can provide essential support in emergencies.
Future Research Directions
Scientists are now focused on identifying others who may share the same genetic variant as the woman from Guadeloupe. This could enhance support for patients with similar rare blood types. The recognition of the Gwada negative blood type represents leap in understanding human immunohematological diversity and the role of advanced genetic screening in transfusion practices.
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