Polity & Governance

D Voters

D voters are a category unique to Assam, created by the Election Commission in 1997. Individuals marked as D voters are those whose citizenship is doubtful due to inadequate proof of nationality. They are barred from voting until their status is resolved. The designation affects lakhs of people, often leading to detention or exclusion from electoral rolls. D voters cannot obtain essential identity documents like Aadhaar or PAN cards. Their cases are adjudicated by Foreigners Tribunals, and many face prolonged legal battles. The status has socio-political consequences, impacting families and communities across Assam.

Why in news?

The Assam Assembly debated the plight of D voters, demanding closure of the states only detention centre and tabling of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) report, denoting ongoing citizenship verification issues.

AI in Governance (India)

The use of artificial intelligence in governance in India is an emerging trend where states implement AI tools to improve administrative efficiency and citizen services. AI-powered chatbots, like Haryanas Sarathi, automate information retrieval from large government databases. These systems enable 24/7 access to policies, orders, and circulars, reducing dependency on manual bureaucratic processes. AI adoption varies widely across states but focuses on transparency, faster decision-making, and public engagement. Challenges include maintaining data accuracy, regular updates, and ensuring accessibility for diverse populations. The trend reflects India’s broader digital transformation and e-governance initiatives.

Why in news?

Haryanas launch of the Sarathi chatbot in March 2025 exemplifies the growing use of AI in governance across state of Indias.

Article 124(4) Impeachment

Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India provides the procedure for removal of Supreme Court judges on grounds of “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity”. The process requires a motion passed by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament, with the majority also exceeding 50% of total membership. After parliamentary approval, the President issues an order for removal. The same provisions apply to High Court judges under Article 218. If Parliament is dissolved or its term ends during proceedings, the impeachment motion automatically fails.

Why in news?

Justice Yashwant Varma faces potential removal under the constitutional impeachment process after an internal inquiry found substance to allegations against him.

Article 14 of Constitution of India

Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within Indian territory. It prohibits arbitrary state actions and mandates fairness and non-discrimination in administrative and legal decisions. Article 14 is often invoked in public interest litigations and challenges to government tenders, contracts, and policies to ensure transparency and prevent mala fide actions. It underpins judicial review of government decisions, especially in cases alleging favoritism or procedural irregularities.

Why in news?

STCs appeal against the tender cancellation for the Dharavi Redevelopment Project cites Article 14, alleging the Maharashtra government violated principles of fairness and non-arbitrariness in awarding the contract to Adani Group.

Article 148 of the Constitution of India

Article 148 establishes the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. It mandates that the CAG shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. The Article also states that the CAG can only be removed from office in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Supreme Court judge. This provision safeguards the independence of the CAG by ensuring security of tenure. The Article does not specify a selection committee or detailed appointment procedure, leaving the power of appointment largely to the President, acting on the advice of the government.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court issued notice on a PIL challenging the current appointment scheme of the CAG under Article 148, seeking a committee-based selection process to ensure greater independence.

Assam-Bodoland Agreement

The Assam-Bodoland Agreement was signed in 2020 to bring peace between the Assam government and the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) insurgent groups. It aimed to resolve decades-long ethnic conflicts and demands for autonomy by creating an autonomous council with legislative and executive powers. The agreement included provisions for economic development, protection of indigenous rights, and rehabilitation of former militants. It facilitated the surrender of arms by over 10,000 youths across Assam. The accord is a critical step toward stability in Northeast India, influencing subsequent peace accords with other ethnic groups in the region.

Why in news?

The Assam-Bodoland Agreement was brought into light as part of multiple peace accords signed under Prime Minister Modis government, contributing to regional stability and integration of former insurgents.

Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB)

The Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) was established in 1966 to manage the Bhakra and Beas river projects. It oversees water distribution, irrigation, and power generation across Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Delhi. The BBMB operates major dams including Bhakra and Pong, coordinating water release based on annual rainfall and reservoir levels. It plays important role in regional agriculture and hydroelectricity. The boards decisions impact millions of farmers and urban populations dependent on these water resources. BBMBs water-sharing agreements are periodically reviewed to address inter-state water disputes and changing climatic conditions affecting reservoir inflows.

Why in news?

The BBMB decided to suspend irrigation water supply from the Indira Gandhi Canal starting February 1, 2025, due to falling water levels, providing only drinking water to downstream Rajasthan districts, impacting farmers severely.

Border Area Development Programme (BADP)

The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was launched in the 1980s by the Government of India to promote development in border areas for enhanced security and socio-economic growth. It increased the presence of armed forces and aimed to improve infrastructure and living conditions. Despite these efforts, border areas like Mizoram still face challenges such as smuggling of drugs, gold, and other contraband. BADP is linked to increased militarization but has not fully curbed illegal activities or addressed the complex socio-political issues in border regions.

Why in news?

BADP is referenced in discussions about security and development along the India-Myanmar border amid debates on scrapping the Free Movement Regime and erecting border fences.

Delimitation Commission of India

The Delimitation Commission is a high-powered body established under the Delimitation Act to redraw the boundaries of Lok Sabha and Assembly constituencies based on the latest Census. It has been constituted four times – 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002. The 1973 Commission raised the Lok Sabha seats cap to 545, allocating 525 seats to states and 20 to Union Territories. The Commission’s decisions have the force of law and cannot be challenged in court. The 2002 Commission redrew boundaries without changing seat numbers. The delimitation process aims to balance representation by population changes but has been frozen twice, in 1976 and 2002.

Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister opposes a new population-based delimitation exercise fearing southern states will lose Lok Sabha seats, advocating to retain the 1971 Census basis for seat allocation beyond 2026.

Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT)

DBFOT is a project delivery model used primarily in infrastructure development. Under this model, a private entity is responsible for designing, building, financing, operating, and then transferring the project back to the government after a specified period. The private partner recovers its investment through user fees or government payments during the operational phase. DBFOT reduces the financial burden on the public sector and encourages efficient project management. It is commonly used in transport projects like highways, airports, and ropeways. The transfer occurs after the concession period, ensuring public ownership while leveraging private sector expertise and capital.

Why in news?

The ropeway project from Govindghat to Hemkund Sahib Ji in Uttarakhand is being developed on the DBFOT model, involving private-public partnership and capital investment.

Gaon Burahs

Gaon Burahs are traditional village headmen or community leaders in Nagaland and parts of Northeast India. They act as intermediaries between the government and villagers, handling administrative tasks, dispute resolution, and local governance. The position is hereditary or elected depending on the tribe and region. Gaon Burahs play important role in rural administration and maintaining law and order. The Nagaland Gaon Burahs Federation Peace Committee (NGBF-PC) represents these leaders and participates in political and social advocacy, including involvement in peace processes concerning the Naga issue.

Why in news?

The NGBF-PC adopted a resolution urging the Government of India to merge the two peace agreements with Naga groups to achieve a lasting political solution.

Group of Ministers (GoM)

The Group of Ministers (GoM) is a committee formed by the GST Council to address specific issues related to Goods and Services Tax in India. It consists of finance ministers from various states and union territories. The GoM plays important role in policy formulation, recommendations, and resolving disputes. It operates under Terms of Reference (ToR) defined by the GST Council. GoMs have been constituted for various purposes, including revenue mobilisation, disaster management, and revenue analysis. The GoM’s recommendations influence GST amendments and implementation strategies across India. The GoM on revenue mobilisation in case of natural calamities was reconstituted in 2025 with members from eight states.

Why in news?

The GST Council reconstituted the GoM on revenue mobilisation for natural calamities and another GoM on GST revenue analysis in March 2025 to suggest uniform policies and analyse revenue trends.

Guillotine Procedure

The guillotine in parliamentary context is a procedural device used to limit time for debate on budgetary or legislative demands. When applied, it automatically approves the remaining demands without discussion or voting on each individually. This ensures swift passage of budget estimates or bills, avoiding prolonged debates. It originated in the British Parliament and is used in several Commonwealth countries, including India. The term reflects the cut-off nature of the procedure, metaphorically like the guillotine blade. Its use can be controversial due to curtailing detailed scrutiny of government spending.

Why in news?

The Lok Sabha applied the guillotine to pass Demands for Grants for 2025-26, approving over ₹50 lakh crore without detailed discussion on some Ministries budgets.

Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM)

Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM) is a public-private partnership model for infrastructure projects in India. Under HAM, the government funds 40% of the project cost during construction, while the remaining 60% is financed by the private developer. The government repays the private entity in installments over a fixed period after project completion. HAM reduces financial risk for developers compared to the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model. It combines elements of both EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) and BOT models, aiming to accelerate project delivery and improve quality. HAM is widely used in highway and road infrastructure projects since 2016.

Why in news?

HAM is the chosen development model for the new 4-lane Patna-Arrah-Sasaram corridor, facilitating funding and construction of this major infrastructure project in Bihar.

Indian Ports Act, 1908

The Indian Ports Act, 1908 is a colonial-era legislation that consolidated laws relating to port management, charges, and official powers in India. It defined port limits, appointment and duties of port officials, levy of dues, penalties, and safety regulations. The act has governed port operations for over a century without major overhaul, despite changes in commercial port activity and international maritime standards. It allowed central and state governments to extend or withdraw its applicability. The 1908 Act lacked provisions addressing modern environmental concerns, disaster response, and data management, necessitating the 2025 bill for comprehensive updates.

Why in news?

The Indian Ports Act, 1908, is being replaced by the Indian Ports Bill 2025 to modernize port laws and address current commercial, environmental, and international requirements.

Inner Line Permit (ILP)

The Inner Line Permit (ILP) is an official travel document required by Indian citizens to enter protected areas in certain northeastern states, including Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Manipur. It restricts the duration of stay and regulates migration to protect indigenous communities from demographic dilution. The ILP system is administered by state governments and involves check-gates at entry points. The permit aims to preserve tribal cultures, land rights, and local economies by controlling outsider influx. It is not yet implemented in Meghalaya, where indigenous groups demand it to accompany new infrastructure projects like railway lines.

Why in news?

The demand for ILP in Meghalaya has intensified due to opposition against new railway projects, as local groups fear unregulated migration and demographic changes without this protective mechanism.

Interlocutory Application

An interlocutory application is a legal request made during the course of ongoing litigation, seeking temporary relief or modification of existing orders without deciding the main case’s final outcome. It allows parties to address urgent issues such as injunctions, stays, or temporary modifications. In Indian judiciary, interlocutory applications are common in public interest litigations and environmental cases to manage interim arrangements like traffic bans or construction halts. Courts may grant or deny such applications based on urgency, public interest, and evidence. These applications do not affect the final verdict but can influence the litigation’s progress and immediate impact.

Why in news?

Kerala-based Baiju Paul Mathews filed an interlocutory application in the Supreme Court seeking to increase the number of night buses allowed through Bandipur Tiger Reserve between Karnataka and Kerala.

Jagjivan Ram

Jagjivan Ram (1908–1986) was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as Union Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation during the 1970s. He was the first prominent Dalit leader to hold key cabinet positions in India and played role in agricultural policy and irrigation projects such as the Farakka Barrage. Ram was known for his efforts to improve rural infrastructure and water management. He participated in critical negotiations with Bangladesh on water sharing issues related to the Ganges River during his tenure. His involvement marked a shift towards more direct political engagement in irrigation diplomacy.

Why in news?

Jagjivan Ram took part for the first time in the recent Delhi talks between India and Bangladesh regarding the Farakka Barrage and Ganga water sharing in early 2025.

Kuki Tribes

The Kuki tribes are an ethnic group primarily inhabiting the hill regions of Manipur, Nagaland, and parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh. They consist of over two dozen distinct tribes with diverse languages and cultures but share common ancestry and traditions. The Kukis have a history of militancy and insurgency, with several armed groups demanding autonomy or separate administration. Their socio-political struggles often center on land rights, political representation, and cultural recognition. The Kuki National Army and other groups have signed Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreements with the government to halt armed conflict temporarily.

Why in news?

Kuki tribes protested in Manipur against the Centre’s order to ensure free movement, demanding a separate administration and blocking roads, leading to violent clashes with security forces.

Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision (MAKV) 2047

MAKV 2047 is a strategic vision launched to position India as a global maritime leader by 2047. It targets 4 million Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) of shipbuilding capacity and 10 billion metric tons of port handling annually. The vision builds on Maritime India Vision 2030 and includes over 300 strategic initiatives developed after 150+ stakeholder consultations and analysis of 50 global benchmarks. It focuses on port modernization, expansion of coastal and inland waterways, and promoting a sustainable Blue Economy. MAKV integrates industrial growth, infrastructure development, and environmental sustainability within Indias maritime sector.

Why in news?

MAKV 2047 was brought into light in March 2025 as the guiding framework for Indias long-term maritime development, underpinning Sagarmala 2.0 and related initiatives.

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)

The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was a constitutional body created by the 99th Amendment and NJAC Act in 2014 to replace the collegium system. It included the CJI, two senior Supreme Court judges, the Union Law Minister, and two eminent persons nominated by a committee. The NJAC empowered any two members to veto recommendations, which raised concerns about executive interference. The Supreme Court struck it down in 2015 as unconstitutional, citing violation of the basic structure doctrine and judicial independence. The NJAC was never implemented and remains episode in Indias judicial appointment history.

Why in news?

The NJAC is central to ongoing debates about reforming judicial appointments, following its 2015 striking down by the Supreme Court and recent discussions on reviving or modifying the appointment process.

National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET)

The National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) is an autonomous body established under the Government of India to promote mineral exploration. It is funded by a mandatory contribution of 2 percent of the royalty paid by mining lease and prospecting license holders. NMET disburses funds to accelerate exploration activities, especially in challenging areas. It supports projects through financial incentives and technical assistance, aiming to increase the discovery and development of critical minerals. NMET plays a key role in funding exploration in remote and conflict-affected regions, facilitating sustainable mining growth in India.

Why in news?

NMET is involved in disbursing funds for mineral exploration projects in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) affected districts, as part of a new incentive scheme announced by Indias Mines Ministry.

NITI Aayog

NITI Aayog, established in 2015, is the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, replacing the Planning Commission. It functions as a platform for cooperative federalism, involving states in economic policy-making. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes a Vice-Chairman, CEO, and members from various sectors. NITI Aayog focuses on sustainable development goals, encouraging innovation, and monitoring government programs. It also promotes competitive federalism and cooperative strategies between states. The organization publishes indices on ease of doing business and health, influencing policy reforms. It plays a key role in India’s long-term strategic planning and economic policy formulation.

Why in news?

Suman Bery, Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog, criticized Indias private sector for underperforming in R&D investments despite government incentives during a CII conference in March 2025.

Nitrogen Hypoxia

Nitrogen hypoxia is a method of execution that induces death by replacing oxygen with nitrogen gas, causing unconsciousness and death from oxygen deprivation. It is considered painless by proponents because nitrogen is odorless and non-irritating. The method gained attention due to difficulties in obtaining traditional lethal injection drugs. The first U.S. execution using nitrogen hypoxia occurred in Alabama in 2022. Critics argue that the method may cause distress due to possible oxygen leaks and the sensation of suffocation. States like Louisiana have constructed specialized facilities for this method, marking shift in execution protocols.

Why in news?

Louisiana plans to execute Jessie Hoffman Jr. using nitrogen hypoxia, marking the state’s first use of this method and the second in the U.S., sparking legal and ethical debates.

PM Gatishakti National Master Plan

PM Gatishakti National Master Plan is an integrated infrastructure development initiative launched by the Government of India to enhance multimodal connectivity and economic growth. It aims to synchronize planning and execution across sectors like roads, railways, ports, airports, and logistics. The plan uses a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based platform to promote real-time data sharing and coordination among ministries and states. It focuses on reducing logistics costs and improving freight efficiency through infrastructure upgrades and digital tools. The plan supports sustainable development by optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact during infrastructure projects.

Why in news?

The new highway project connecting JNPA Port to Mumbai-Pune Expressway aligns with PM Gatishakti principles to enhance port connectivity and regional infrastructure.

Pratibimb Module

The Pratibimb module is a cybercrime tracking tool developed by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) under the Union Home Ministry. It maps locations of criminals and crime infrastructure on a digital platform, aiding jurisdictional officers in investigations. The module facilitates techno-legal assistance requests between law enforcement agencies and subject matter experts. Since its launch, it has contributed to the arrest of 6,046 accused, identified 17,185 linkages, and processed 36,296 cyber investigation assistance requests. It integrates geographic and investigative data for enhanced cybercrime coordination across states and UTs.

Why in news?

The Pratibimb module was brought into light in the Lok Sabha as part of the government’s efforts to improve cybercrime tracking and coordination, showing results in arrests and data linkages.

Presidents Rule in Manipur

Presidents Rule is the suspension of a state government and imposition of direct Central government control under Article 356 of the Constitution of India. It is invoked when a state government cannot be carried on per constitutional provisions. Manipur was placed under Presidents Rule on February 13, 2025, due to political instability and deteriorating security following ethnic violence. This move temporarily dissolves the state assembly and transfers administrative powers to the Governor appointed by the President. Presidents Rule is considered an emergency measure and is subject to approval by the Parliament.

Why in news?

Presidents Rule was imposed in Manipur in February 2025 amid ongoing ethnic violence and political unrest, drawing criticism from local groups.

Prior Reference Category (PRC)

The Prior Reference Category (PRC) is a classification used by the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs to regulate foreign funding of organizations under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA). Entities placed under PRC require prior approval from the Home Ministry before receiving foreign contributions. This measure is applied to organizations suspected of engaging in activities considered undesirable or potentially harmful to national interests. The PRC status restricts the free flow of foreign funds and imposes stringent scrutiny on financial transactions. The order placing an entity under PRC is typically issued after intelligence or investigative inputs indicate risks associated with foreign funding.

Why in news?

Open Society Institute (OSI) was placed under PRC by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2016 due to undesirable activities, requiring prior sanction for foreign funding, central to the ED’s investigation into alleged FEMA violations involving George Soros-linked entities.

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that evaluates educational systems by testing 15-year-old students in reading, mathematics, and science every three years. Initiated in 2000, PISA assesses not only academic performance but also students’ ability to apply knowledge to real-life problems. It covers over 80 countries and economies. PISA data informs educational policy by identifying strengths and weaknesses globally. It uses a rotating focus on different subjects each cycle and includes surveys on students backgrounds and learning environments.

Why in news?

PISA data was cited in the Delhi High Courts smartphone guidelines, denoting studies on the impact of mobile phone use on students academic performance worldwide.

Project 2025

Project 2025 is a strategic policy document developed by the Republican Party in the United States, aiming to outline governance plans for a potential Trump administration post-2024 elections. It includes proposals on economic reform, national security, and foreign policy shifts. Key figures involved include James Carafano, a senior Trump adviser. The project emphasizes a hardline stance on China, renegotiation of trade deals, and a recalibration of U.S. alliances, especially NATO. It also advocates for changes in immigration policy and defense spending. Project 2025 has influenced Republican campaign strategies and policy debates within the party.

Why in news?

James Carafano, a key figure behind Project 2025, is attending the Raisina Dialogue to discuss and defend U.S. policy directions.

Project Anveshan

Project Anveshan is an initiative by the GST Intelligence Wing using advanced analytics, verification, and anomaly shortlisting to detect fraudulent GST activities. It employs technologies like Facial Recognition System (FRS) and e-way bill data analysis to identify GSTINs with a high propensity for fake or fraudulent transactions early. This project enhances the governments ability to generate intelligence reports for targeted scrutiny and enforcement actions. It integrates multiple data sources and biometric verification to reduce fake registrations and bogus invoice issuance, thereby safeguarding tax revenue.

Why in news?

Project Anveshan was mentioned as a key measure by the Finance Ministry to combat rising ITC fraud cases by leveraging technology and data analytics for early detection of tax evasion.

Protected Areas Permit (PAP)

The Protected Areas Permit (PAP) is a special travel authorization required for foreigners to visit certain sensitive regions in India, including parts of the northeastern states, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan. PAPs are issued to safeguard national security, protect indigenous communities, and regulate tourism. Foreigners must apply through the Ministry of Home Affairs or authorized agencies, and permits are granted on a case-by-case basis. The PAP system restricts free movement in these areas and is distinct from regular visa requirements.

Why in news?

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, includes provisions affecting foreigners movement in protected areas where special permits like the PAP are mandatory.

Proxy Adviser

A proxy adviser is a firm that provides voting recommendations to shareholders, particularly institutional investors, on corporate governance issues and shareholder meetings. Proxy advisers analyze resolutions, board elections, and executive compensation to guide client voting decisions. Their influence can sway outcomes in shareholder meetings, making them in corporate governance. Proxy advisers typically operate independently but may be engaged on a contractual basis by institutional investors. In India, proxy advisory services have grown due to increasing institutional investor participation. SEBI regulates proxy advisers to ensure transparency and accountability, but fee terms for their services are negotiated bilaterally with clients.

Why in news?

SEBI clarified that fee-related provisions do not apply to institutional investors seeking recommendations from proxy advisers, allowing contract-based fee terms.

Public Accounts Committee (PAC)

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a key parliamentary committee in India responsible for auditing government expenditures to ensure transparency and accountability. It reviews reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and examines whether public funds are used efficiently. The PAC is traditionally chaired by a member of the opposition party. It plays important role in scrutinizing government financial administration and has the power to summon officials and documents. The PACs recommendations, although not binding, carry weight in policy reforms and governance improvements. It was first constituted in 1921 during British rule and continues to function as a watchdog over public finances.

Why in news?

The PAC presented its 19th report recommending a comprehensive review and simplification of the Goods & Services Tax (GST) framework to reduce compliance complexity and improve taxpayer experience.

Public Interest Directors (PIDs)

Public Interest Directors (PIDs) are appointed to the boards of Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) to represent public interest and ensure governance transparency. SEBI is reviewing the appointment process, retaining the current system where shareholder approval is not required. The regulator plans to adopt a two-stage process – shortlisting candidates submitted by MIIs, then collecting detailed documents only for the final appointee. Existing PIDs cannot be default reappointment candidates, as reappointment prerogative lies with the MIIs governing boards. Formation of a high-level appointment committee is unlikely due to concerns over procedural complexity.

Why in news?

SEBIs March 2025 board meeting will finalise new guidelines for PID appointments at MIIs, streamlining documentation and maintaining current approval processes.

Punjab & Haryana High Court

The Punjab & Haryana High Court serves the states of Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh in India. It was established in 1919 and is one of the oldest high courts in the country. The court is located in Chandigarh, a city designed by architect Le Corbusier. It has a sanctioned strength of 85 judges. The court is noted for having one of the higher proportions of women judges in India, with 14 women judges currently serving. It handles a large volume of civil, criminal, and constitutional cases from the region.

Why in news?

Punjab & Haryana High Court is brought into light for comparatively better female judicial representation amid Indias overall low percentage of women judges.

Quality Control Orders (QCOs)

Quality Control Orders (QCOs) are regulatory mandates issued by the Government of India requiring compulsory certification of specified products by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). QCOs ensure products conform to relevant Indian Standards for safety, health, environment, and fair trade. They cover diverse sectors including industries and construction, with 187 QCOs notified for 769 products. Two horizontal QCOs introduced in 2024 focus exclusively on electrical appliance safety and machinery/equipment safety. QCOs are issued under the BIS Act, 2016, by line ministries or regulators based on public interest and national security considerations. Compliance with QCOs is mandatory for manufacturers.

Why in news?

The Government of India issued new QCOs in 2024 mandating compulsory BIS certification for electrical appliances and machinery safety, reinforcing product quality and workplace safety standards.

Rail Vikas Nigam Limited

Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) is a government-owned company established in 2003 under the Ministry of Railways. It undertakes large-scale railway infrastructure projects, including new lines, gauge conversions, and bridge constructions. RVNL operates on a turnkey basis, handling project management from design to completion. It is known for implementing complex projects efficiently, including the new Pamban rail bridge. The company also contributes to electrification and doubling of railway lines. RVNL is headquartered in New Delhi and plays a key role in modernizing India’s railway infrastructure.

Why in news?

RVNL completed the construction of the new Pamban rail bridge, including the innovative 72-meter vertical lift span, replacing the old bridge to improve rail connectivity to Rameswaram.

Supreme Court Collegium

The Supreme Court collegium is a five-member body responsible for recommending appointments and transfers of judges in Indias higher judiciary. It is headed by the incumbent Chief Justice of India (CJI) and includes the four seniormost Supreme Court judges. The collegium system is not mentioned in the Constitution but has evolved through Supreme Court judgments known as the “Judges Cases.” Its composition changes as judges retire or are appointed. The collegiums recommendations require government approval, but the government must accept names if the collegium reiterates them after objections. The collegium operates without formal rules or transparency.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court collegium decided to transfer Justice Yashwant Varma from Delhi High Court back to Allahabad High Court following a cash recovery incident at his residence.

Zomi Council

The Zomi Council is the principal organization representing the Zomi people, another ethnic group within the Kuki-Zo community in Northeast India and Myanmar. It functions as a socio-political body advocating for the rights and welfare of Zomi people. The council preserves Zomi cultural identity and customary laws, often resolving disputes through traditional practices. The Zomi are spread across Manipur, Chin State (Myanmar), and Mizoram. The council coordinates with other Kuki-Zo organizations for collective interests. It is influential in local administration and peace processes in Manipurs Churachandpur district.

Why in news?

The Zomi Council joined the Hmar Inpui in a joint statement to end hostilities and lift shutdowns after March 2025 clashes in Manipur.

Zoram Peoples Movement

The Zoram Peoples Movement (ZPM) is a political party in Mizoram, advocating for the unity and political representation of the Zo people. Founded in the 2010s, ZPM emerged as the main opposition party by 2023. Its president, Lalduhoma, promotes the vision of a unified administrative unit for all Zo people across Northeast India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. The partys platform centers on cultural preservation, political autonomy, and addressing ethnic fragmentation within the Zo community.

Why in news?

ZPMs calls for Zo reunification and political consolidation have gained renewed attention following violent inter-tribal clashes in Manipur, reflecting ongoing ethnic and political tensions.

Economy & Banking/Finance

14-day Repo

The 14-day repo is a monetary policy tool where the central bank lends funds to banks for a 14-day period against collateral. The RBI shifted its main liquidity infusion from daily repos to the 14-day repo in early 2020. This change aimed to provide more predictable, medium-term liquidity support. Since January 2025, the RBI has resumed daily adjustments in repo auctions while retaining the 14-day repo as a core instrument. This hybrid approach allows the RBI to manage liquidity dynamically and respond to market conditions more effectively.

Why in news?

The RBI’s liquidity management framework discussions in 2025 include the role of the 14-day repo, amidst experiments with overnight liquidity infusion and daily repo auctions.

15th Finance Commission

The 15th Finance Commission, constituted in 2017, recommended fiscal transfers from the Union government to States for 2021-26. It emphasized conditional grants to urban local bodies, tying funds to property tax enhancements and reforms. It sought to improve fiscal discipline and incentivize states to mobilize their own revenues. The Commission introduced performance-based grants to encourage efficiency in urban governance. It also recommended direct transfers to local governments but with conditionalities to ensure accountability. The 15th Finance Commissions approach marked a shift toward more structured financial devolution with a focus on urban local bodies’ fiscal autonomy.

Why in news?

The 15th Finance Commissions conditionalities on grants are cited as examples of the Centre influencing urbanisation through financial mechanisms.

Agricultural Infrastructure Fund Cess

The Agricultural Infrastructure Fund Cess is a 10% levy imposed on certain agricultural imports to support infrastructure development in the farming sector. It is typically added on top of customs duties to fund storage, processing, and logistics improvements. The cess aims to enhance supply chain efficiency and reduce post-harvest losses. It is a relatively recent fiscal tool used by the Government of India to promote agricultural modernization. In the case of chickpeas, the government chose not to impose this cess along with the 10% customs duty, which is unusual and signals a calibrated approach to balancing farmer interests and trade.

Why in news?

The government reinstated the 10% customs duty on chickpeas but decided not to impose the usual 10% agricultural infrastructure fund cess, affecting import cost dynamics.

Apeda (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority)

Apeda is an Government of India agency under the Ministry of Commerce responsible for promoting and developing export of agricultural and processed food products. It sets quality standards, provides financial assistance, and facilitates market development for exporters. Apeda also monitors export trends and intervenes to prevent unfair trade practices. It plays a critical role in ensuring compliance with international regulations and boosting India’s agricultural export competitiveness. Established in 1985, Apeda covers a wide range of products including basmati rice, spices, and fruits.

Why in news?

Apeda is actively engaging with basmati rice exporters to check cheap exports below procurement costs and explore solutions such as quality control or reintroducing MEP to protect the brand.

Artificial Juridical Person

An artificial juridical person is a legal entity recognized by law but not a natural person, such as trusts, cooperative societies, or government bodies. It can own property, incur liabilities, and enter contracts. In Indian taxation, these entities are treated distinctly from individuals or corporations. They are now included under the non-corporate tax regime, subject to specific tax provisions. Their recognition allows for legal and tax accountability for collective groups or organizations that do not fit traditional categories, ensuring comprehensive tax compliance across diverse economic actors.

Why in news?

Artificial juridical persons became subject to the new income tax regime starting Assessment Year 2024-25, expanding the scope of non-corporate taxation.

BHIM Vega

BHIM Vega is a merchant-focused feature within the BHIM app that allows merchants to accept payments directly in-app without redirecting customers to third-party platforms. It reduces transaction friction and streamlines online payment acceptance for small and medium enterprises. BHIM Vega supports multiple payment modes including UPI and QR code scanning. It aims to increase digital payment adoption among merchants by simplifying the checkout process. BHIM Vega also provides merchants with real-time transaction data and analytics to manage sales. It is part of NPCIs efforts to expand the digital economy by empowering merchants with seamless payment solutions.

Why in news?

BHIM Vega was introduced as part of BHIM 3.0 in March 2025 to enhance merchant payment experiences and support in-app transactions.

BHIM-UPI P2M Transactions

BHIM-UPI (Bharat Interface for MoneyUnified Payments Interface) P2M (Person to Merchant) transactions enable digital payments directly from individuals to merchants. The system supports transactions up to Rs. 2,000 for small merchants with zero Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) and an incentive of 0.15% per transaction. The scheme aims to promote digital payments among small merchants by reimbursing acquiring banks 80% of claims upfront, with the remaining 20% contingent on technical performance metrics like system uptime above 99.5% and technical decline below 0.75%. It targets tier 3 to 6 cities with feature phone and offline payment solutions.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved an incentive scheme for FY 2024-25 to promote low-value BHIM-UPI P2M transactions, focusing on small merchants and enhancing digital payment infrastructure in rural and remote areas.

BioE3 Policy

The BioE3 policy stands for Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment, launched by the Government of India in 2024. Its goal is to position India as a global hub for bio-manufacturing and biotechnology R&D. The policy promotes networks of universities, research institutions, startups, and industries focusing on bio-based chemicals, enzymes, functional foods, precision biotherapeutics, marine and space biotechnology, and climate-resilient agriculture. It aims to harness existing capabilities and accelerate commercial success in these sectors. Initial project proposals under BioE3 are under evaluation, with emphasis on innovation, scaling, and regulatory reforms to boost bioeconomy growth.

Why in news?

The BioE3 policy was revealed in 2024 as part of Indias strategy to expand its bioeconomy, aiming for $300 billion by 2030 and $1 trillion by 2047, supporting bio-manufacturing and research growth.

Bt Cotton Revolution

The Bt cotton revolution refers to the widespread adoption of genetically modified cotton hybrids containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin genes. Introduced in India in 2002, Bt cotton provides resistance against bollworm pests, increasing yields and reducing pesticide use. India became the worlds second-largest cotton exporter after the US during the early 2010s due to Bt cotton. However, cotton exports have sharply declined since 2013-14, with India turning into a net cotton importer by 2024 due to rising domestic demand and production challenges. Bt cotton cultivation covers over 90% of Indias cotton-growing area.

Why in news?

The Bt cotton revolution is referenced to explain Indias shift from a major cotton exporter to a net importer, reflecting changes in production, exports, and imports between 2011 and 2024.

Byadgi Chilli Varieties

Byadgi chillies are renowned for their distinctive deep red color and unique flavor. The main varieties include Byadgi Kaddi and Byadgi Dabbi. These varieties command premium prices due to their high pigment content, used extensively in culinary and industrial applications. The chillies are cultivated primarily in Karnataka’s Haveri district. The highest recorded price for Byadgi Kaddi was ₹48,000 per quintal three years ago. However, prices have fluctuated sharply due to market oversupply, export rejections, and stringent pesticide residue testing. Around 50% of Byadgi chillies are exported as pods, oleoresin, or color extracts.

Why in news?

The Byadgi chilli varieties are central to the price crash impacting farmers, with ongoing market interventions and demands for higher Minimum Intervention Prices in early 2025.

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) measures a banks capital relative to its risk-weighted assets, indicating its ability to absorb losses. The Reserve Bank of India mandates a minimum CAR of 12% for public sector banks (PSBs) and 9% for scheduled commercial banks. The IMF stress test indicated that in a stagflation scenario, PSBs might struggle to maintain even the 9% CAR, risking financial stability. CAR is a key regulatory tool to ensure banks have sufficient buffers against credit and market risks, influencing dividend policies and capital retention strategies. It reflects a banks resilience to economic downturns.

Why in news?

CAR was discussed in the IMF report assessing Indian banks resilience under stagflation risks, denoting PSBs challenges in maintaining regulatory capital buffers in 2025.

Cross-Charge Model

The cross-charge model was an alternative method used by businesses with multiple branches to allocate input tax credit on common services before April 2025. Under this model, the head office or one branch would charge other branches for shared services, and the input tax credit was distributed based on these internal cross-charges. This method allowed flexibility but often led to disputes with tax authorities over the valuation and GST applicability of cross-charges. The cross-charge model was replaced by the mandatory ISD mechanism to reduce compliance issues and disagreements related to credit distribution.

Why in news?

The Finance Act (Number 1) of 2024 abolished the optional use of the cross-charge model, mandating ISD for input tax credit distribution from April 2025.

Debts Recovery Tribunals

Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) are specialized quasi-judicial bodies in India established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993. They expedite recovery of defaulted loans exceeding ₹20 lakh. DRTs function under the administrative control of the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance. Their orders can be appealed at the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT). DRTs have powers similar to civil courts including summoning witnesses and enforcing attendance. They were created to reduce the burden on civil courts and speed up the recovery process of non-performing assets (NPAs) for banks and financial institutions.

Why in news?

DRTs are mentioned as one of the recovery mechanisms used by banks to pursue borrowers after loan write-offs, as per the March 2025 Lok Sabha data on NPAs.

Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)

The Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) are specialized freight railway lines developed by India to decongest existing rail networks and improve cargo transport efficiency. The Western Corridor, spanning approximately 1,500 km between Delhi and Mumbai, is a key segment. These corridors use electrified double-track lines designed for high axle loads and speeds up to 100 km/h for freight trains. DFCs incorporate advanced signaling and communication systems to ensure safety and efficiency. They reduce transit times and costs for container traffic. The project is managed by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL), established in 2006.

Why in news?

The DFCs are expected to enhance rail capacity, particularly impacting container traffic on the Western Corridor, influencing freight and commercial vehicle demand projections for FY2026.

Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP)

Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) is a widely used phosphorus-based fertilizer containing 18% nitrogen and 46% phosphorus. It plays a critical role in improving crop yields by providing essential nutrients. India imports portion of its DAP requirements, but imports declined by 16.8% to 44.129 lakh tonnes in the 11 months to February 2025 compared to the previous year. DAP prices increased by 6% to $633/tonne (cost and freight) in January 2025. The government capped DAP bag prices at ₹1300 per 50 kg to prevent excessive retail price hikes.

Why in news?

DAP demand shortages and rising global prices led to increased government subsidies and price controls to stabilize the fertilizer market during the 2025 kharif season.

Digital Trade Agreements

Digital trade agreements regulate cross-border data flows, e-commerce, and digital services between countries. They address issues like data privacy, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and digital taxation. These agreements support the growth of digital economies by reducing barriers to online trade and enabling smoother digital transactions. Indias digital trade policies emphasize data localization balanced with global interoperability. Digital trade agreements can contribute to GDP growth by expanding markets for IT services, software exports, and digital platforms. They also encourage innovation by creating frameworks for emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and fintech.

Why in news?

India is negotiating digital trade agreements with partners like the UK and EU, aiming to add USD 1 trillion to its GDP by 2025 through enhanced digital commerce.

GIFT City

Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) is Indias first operational international financial services center. It aims to facilitate cross-border financial services and investments with special regulatory frameworks and tax benefits. GIFT City operates as a two-way gateway for inbound and outbound investments, similar to Hong Kongs role for China. It hosts banking, insurance, and capital market firms, and offers infrastructure for international financial transactions. Despite a relatively small share in ODI flows, GIFT City is a policy-driven initiative to position India as a global financial hub and attract foreign and domestic investments.

Why in news?

GIFT Citys emergence as a financial hub was brought into light as a key factor in Indias increasing overseas investments, reflecting policy efforts to support globalisation.

Global Trade Outlook 2025

The Global Trade Outlook 2025 is an annual report published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) analyzing global trade trends, risks, and policy changes. It assesses the impact of geopolitical conflicts, protectionism, and trade restrictions on international commerce. The 2025 edition marks over 3,000 new trade restrictions implemented worldwide in 2024, signaling rising challenges to the multilateral trading system. The report warns of potential erosion of global trade cooperation and calls for adaptive trade policies to balance national interests with global economic stability. It serves as a reference for governments, businesses, and trade organizations.

Why in news?

The ICCs Global Trade Outlook 2025 report was cited in discussions on Indias engineering export performance amid increasing global trade protectionism and geopolitical uncertainties.

Gold Monetisation Scheme

The Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS) was launched by the Government of India in 2015 to mobilize idle household gold and reduce reliance on gold imports. It allowed individuals and institutions to deposit gold for fixed terms of 1-3, 5-7, and 12-15 years, earning interest paid by banks or the government depending on tenure. Deposited gold was melted and used for manufacturing or sold in the market. The scheme aimed to lower gold imports, conserve foreign exchange, and increase gold availability for industry. The Reserve Bank of India issued master directions governing the schemes operations and amendments.

Why in news?

India discontinued the 5-7 and 12-15 year deposit options under the Gold Monetisation Scheme, citing market conditions and scheme performance changes in March 2025.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. It includes consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. There are three approaches to calculate GDP – production, income, and expenditure. Nominal GDP uses current prices, while real GDP adjusts for inflation. GDP per capita divides GDP by population for average economic output per person. GDP growth rate indicates economic health. Limitations include ignoring income distribution, environmental impact, and non-market transactions. The concept originated from economist Simon Kuznets in the 1930s.

Why in news?

Indias GDP doubled from 2015 to 2025, reaching 4.3 trillion dollars, marking economic growth.

Headline CPI Inflation

Headline Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation measures the overall change in retail prices of a basket of goods and services, including food, fuel, and manufactured products. It reflects the cost of living and purchasing power of consumers. Central banks monitor headline CPI to guide monetary policy. Inflation below or near target levels supports economic stability and consumption growth. In India, food prices have weight in the CPI basket, making agricultural output and weather conditions crucial for inflation trends. Seasonal factors and commodity price volatility can cause inflation fluctuations, influencing policy decisions.

Why in news?

Indias headline CPI inflation declined to a seven-month low of 3.6% in February 2025 due to food price corrections, supporting consumption recovery and macroeconomic strength.

Imported Inflation

Imported inflation occurs when the cost of goods brought into a country rises, increasing domestic price levels. It is influenced by exchange rates, particularly currency depreciation against major currencies like the US dollar. Key imported items include precious metals (gold, silver), crude oil, edible oils (notably crude palm oil), and pulses such as Arahar/Tur. Changes in global commodity prices and tariffs impact imported inflation. In India, the imported inflation component surged from 1.3% in June 2024 to over 31% in February 2025, driven by rising precious metal prices, oils, fats, and chemical products, despite energy prices contributing negatively.

Why in news?

Imported inflation surged sharply in India by February 2025 due to rupee depreciation and rising global prices of gold, silver, edible oils, and chemicals, impacting core inflation and retail price levels.

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)

IREDA is a government-owned non-banking financial institution established in 1987 to promote, develop, and finance renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in India. It provides financial assistance through loans and subsidies to solar, wind, biomass, and small hydro projects. IREDA supports government initiatives for clean energy transition and sustainable development. It operates under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and is listed on stock exchanges. IREDAs funding capacity and loan book expansion are influenced by regulatory policies like the PSL guidelines for renewable energy financing.

Why in news?

IREDA stands to gain from the RBIs expanded PSL classification for renewable energy loans, improving credit flow and supporting its role in Indias renewable energy sector growth.

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 is an Indian law consolidating and amending laws relating to reorganization and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms, and individuals. It aims to promote entrepreneurship, availability of credit, and balance the interests of all stakeholders. The IBC provides a time-bound process for insolvency resolution, typically 180 days, extendable by 90 days. It introduced the role of insolvency professionals and the Committee of Creditors. The code replaced multiple older laws and streamlined insolvency procedures, improving Indias ease of doing business rankings.

Why in news?

The Supreme Courts decision on tax demands under the IBC framework clarified the treatment of claims after resolution plan approval, reinforcing the codes objective of providing a fresh start to corporate debtors.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1944 to encourage global monetary cooperation and financial stability. It currently has 190 member countries. The IMF provides economic surveillance, financial assistance, and technical advice. Its governance includes a Board of Governors and an Executive Board. Quotas, based on economic size, determine voting power and financial commitments. The IMFs Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are an international reserve asset created in 1969. It played a key role in managing the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis. Its headquarters is in Washington, D.C.

Why in news?

The IMF released data confirming Indias GDP growth, ranking it as the worlds fifth-largest economy in 2025.

Legal as a Service (LaaS)

Legal as a Service (LaaS) provided by NUCFDC offers urban co-operative banks free and paid legal services. Free services include templates for basic agreements like NDAs and MoUs and vetting of simple agreements at no cost. Paid services cover more complex agreements, such as core banking solution vendor contracts or equipment purchases, charged at ₹8,000-10,000. This service combines legal and technical vetting to ensure compliance and reduce costs compared to market rates. LaaS aims to support smaller banks lacking in-house legal expertise and streamline contract management processes.

Why in news?

NUCFDC has launched LaaS to assist UCBs with legal documentation and contract vetting, providing affordable and accessible legal support as part of its capacity-building initiatives.

Lithium-Niobium Reserves in Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh hosts lithium and niobium mineral reserves, both critical for modern technologies. Lithium is essential for batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage, while niobium is used to strengthen steel alloys. Exploration in these reserves is challenging due to the regions Left Wing Extremism (LWE) insurgency. The government has initiated projects to explore these minerals in Chhattisgarh, offering financial incentives to offset risks. These reserves could reduce Indias dependence on imports for critical minerals, supporting strategic autonomy in the technology and defense sectors.

Why in news?

A lithium-niobium exploration project has recently started in Chhattisgarh under a new government scheme incentivizing exploration in LWE-affected areas.

Market Fragmentation

Market fragmentation refers to the division of a market into multiple smaller segments that operate independently, often due to regional regulations, local protectionism, or inconsistent standards. In China, this phenomenon has led to inefficiencies and barriers for businesses trying to scale or compete fairly nationwide. Fragmentation can cause duplicated efforts, uneven resource allocation, and difficulties in market entry or exit. The Chinese government aims to reduce fragmentation by harmonizing policies and eliminating local protectionism to create a more integrated and competitive national market, which is crucial for addressing the challenges posed by Neijuan and promoting sustainable economic growth.

Why in news?

Chinas crackdown on Neijuan includes policy reforms targeting market fragmentation to enable fairer competition and better resource allocation, as announced in Premier Li Qiangs NPC speech.

MSME Classification Criteria

The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) classification in India is based on investment in plant and machinery and annual turnover. The revised criteria effective April 1, 2025, classify micro-enterprises as those with investments up to 2.5 crore rupees and turnover up to 10 crore rupees. Small enterprises have an investment limit of 25 crore rupees and turnover up to 100 crore rupees. Medium enterprises are defined by investments up to 125 crore rupees and turnover up to 500 crore rupees. These changes reflect increase from previous thresholds.

Why in news?

The government announced revised MSME classification criteria, increasing investment and turnover limits to boost business growth and formalize larger enterprises under the MSME category from April 1, 2025.

National Housing Bank (NHB)

The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India to promote housing finance institutions and regulate housing finance companies. It functions as the principal agency for housing finance in India, providing refinance support to banks and housing finance companies. NHB also collects and publishes comprehensive data on housing finance trends. It played a key role in introducing the Priority Sector Lending guidelines for housing loans. NHB was instrumental in launching the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. It is headquartered in New Delhi and operates regional offices across India.

Why in news?

NHBs latest report, Trend and Progress of Housing in India 2024, marks the growing role of middle-income groups in the home loan market and regional disparities in housing finance disbursement as of September 2024.

National Investment and Infrastructure Fund

The National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) is a government-backed fund established in 2015 to boost infrastructure financing in India. It operates as a fund of funds and direct investment platform, focusing on sectors like transportation, energy, and urban infrastructure. NIIF has three main funds – Master Fund, Fund of Funds, and Strategic Opportunities Fund, each targeting different investment types. It collaborates with global investors and has invested in ports, roads, and renewable energy projects. NIIF is governed by a board of directors and includes shareholder nominees from the government and private sectors.

Why in news?

Sanjay V. Bhandarkars appointment as an Independent Director of TCS mentions his role as a shareholder nominee on the NIIF board, denoting his involvement in infrastructure investments.

National Logistics Policy

The National Logistics Policy (NLP) of India was launched in 2022 to streamline and improve the countrys logistics sector. It aims to reduce logistics costs from around 14% of GDP to less than 10%, by enhancing multimodal transport, digitization, and infrastructure. The NLP promotes integration of various modes of transport, regulatory reforms, and development of logistics parks. It also emphasizes skill development and gender inclusion. The policy supports the creation of a unified logistics ecosystem to boost India’s global trade competitiveness and manufacturing growth. It is a key component of the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan for infrastructure development.

Why in news?

The SMILE Program supports the implementation of the National Logistics Policy to improve Indias logistics infrastructure and efficiency, contributing to the broader goals of reducing costs and enhancing trade competitiveness.

National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)

The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) was established in 2008 as an umbrella organization for retail payment systems in India. It is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks’ Association. NPCI developed and manages key payment systems such as UPI, RuPay, Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), and Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS). It aims to create robust, secure, scalable payment infrastructure to promote digital payments across India. NPCI operates as a not-for-profit organization and has introduced innovations like the QR code standard for payments and the National Electronic Toll Collection system.

Why in news?

NPCIs payment platforms, including UPI and RuPay, are central to the governments incentive scheme to increase digital payment volumes in FY 2024–25.

National Pension System (NPS)

The National Pension System (NPS) is a government-sponsored pension scheme in India launched in 2004 for government employees and extended to all citizens in 2009. It allows subscribers to invest in equity, corporate debt, and government securities with flexibility to choose asset allocation. Contributions accumulate in individual pension accounts, managed by professional fund managers. At retirement, up to 60% of the corpus can be withdrawn lump sum, while the rest must be used to purchase an annuity. NPS offers tax benefits under Section 80C and 80CCD(1B) of the Income Tax Act, with a voluntary option to switch fund managers and asset allocation during the year.

Why in news?

NPS equity and debt schemes performance over a decade is analyzed, denoting returns, fund manager roles, asset allocation flexibility, and comparison with benchmark indices like BSE 200 TRI and Crisil NPS Corporate Bond Index.

National Securities Depository

The National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) is Indias first and largest central securities depository, established in 1996. It facilitates holding and transacting securities in electronic form to eliminate risks associated with physical certificates. NSDL manages dematerialized shares, bonds, and government securities, serving millions of investors. It introduced the Demat account system, revolutionizing Indian capital markets. NSDL also provides services like e-voting and electronic credit of IPO shares. It operates under the jurisdiction of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and plays a critical role in the smooth functioning of Indias financial markets by ensuring secure and efficient settlement of trades.

Why in news?

NSDL provided data showing foreign portfolio investors sector-wise equity outflows in February 2025, denoting trends in Indian stock market investments.

Non-Ad Valorem Tariffs

Non-ad valorem (NAV) tariffs are customs duties imposed as fixed fees or specific quantities rather than a percentage of the product’s value. The US uses NAV tariffs on certain agricultural imports, making them more expensive and complicating trade negotiations. These tariffs differ from ad valorem tariffs, which are calculated as a percentage of the product’s price. NAV tariffs can include fixed amounts per unit, weight, or volume, creating unpredictability in import costs. Their complexity often leads to trade disputes and is less understood compared to traditional tariff structures. NAV tariffs are a strategic tool in protecting domestic industries.

Why in news?

The US applies complex NAV tariffs on agricultural goods, a factor often overlooked in US-India trade discussions about opening India’s agriculture sector.

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)

Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) are financial institutions in India that provide banking services without holding a banking license. They engage in lending, asset financing, investment, and insurance activities but cannot accept demand deposits. NBFCs play a critical role in financing MSMEs and retail sectors. They are regulated by the RBI but face different capital and liquidity norms than banks. NBFCs often serve borrowers underserved by traditional banks. Post-pandemic, smaller NBFCs faced liquidity issues due to regulatory tightening. NBFCs contribute about 15-20% of total credit in Indias financial system.

Why in news?

The World Bank advocates regulatory flexibility and liquidity support for NBFCs to boost their lending capacity to MSMEs, addressing post-pandemic funding challenges.

Non-Corporate Tax

The term non-corporate tax replaced “personal income tax” in Indias tax lexicon to encompass taxes paid by individuals, Hindu Undivided Families, firms, associations of persons, bodies of individuals, local authorities, and artificial juridical persons. This broader classification reflects a shift in tax policy to include entities beyond just individual taxpayers. It is governed under various provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Non-corporate tax collections have surged , indicating increased compliance and economic growth. This category excludes corporate entities, differentiating tax treatment and collection mechanisms between corporate and non-corporate taxpayers in Indias fiscal framework.

Why in news?

The Finance Ministry reported a 140 basis point increase in non-corporate tax as a share of GDP in Fiscal Year 2023-24, denoting its growing contribution to government revenue.

Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) Policy

The Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) policy was implemented in India from April 2010 to regulate fertilizer subsidies. It fixes subsidies on phosphorus (P) and potash (K) fertilizers at the start of each season, while allowing companies to set retail prices based on market conditions. The policy aims to promote balanced fertilizer use and reduce over-reliance on urea. India imports about 80% of phosphorus and 100% of potash. Since 2015, the government has intervened mid-year to adjust subsidies, especially for Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP), to control retail prices and manage shortages.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved increased subsidies under the NBS policy for the 2025 kharif season, mainly due to rising global prices of phosphatic fertilizers, impacting government allocations and market prices.

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental economic organization with 38 member countries, primarily high-income economies. Founded in 1961, it promotes policies to improve economic and social well-being worldwide. The OECD collects data, publishes reports, and provides a platform for governments to discuss and coordinate policies on issues including education, labor markets, and gender equality. It plays a key role in standardizing international economic data and encouraging cooperation on challenges like climate change and digital transformation. The OECDs work influences global economic policy and development strategies.

Why in news?

The OECD was referenced as the source of data and criteria used for the 2025 Glass-Ceiling Index assessing womens working conditions.

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+)

refers to the coalition of the 13 OPEC member countries and 10 non-OPEC oil-producing nations, including Russia, formed in 2016 to coordinate oil production policies. The alliance aims to stabilize global oil markets by adjusting production levels. OPEC+ decisions influence crude oil prices worldwide. The group agreed to increase production from April 2025 but is prepared to reverse this if market imbalances occur. Russia, a key OPEC+ member, plays a strategic role in these decisions. OPEC+ meetings occur regularly, with production quotas enforced to manage supply and demand dynamics in the global oil market.

Why in news?

OPEC+ is in the news due to its recent decision to increase oil production output from April 2025 and statements by Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak about possible reversals depending on market conditions.

Permanent Account Number (PAN)

The Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a unique 10-character alphanumeric identifier issued by the Indian Income Tax Department to taxpayers. Introduced in 1972 and widely adopted in the 2000s, PAN is used to track financial transactions and prevent tax evasion. Before PAN adoption, tax records were manual and lacked consistent identification, leading to difficulties in arrear collection. PAN links all tax filings and financial activities to a single identity, improving transparency and enforcement. It is mandatory for filing income tax returns, opening bank accounts, and large financial transactions, serving as a critical tool in Indias tax administration.

Why in news?

The report mentioned that arrears from the mid-1990s and early 2000s are hard to collect partly because PAN was not used as an identifier during that period, complicating record-keeping and enforcement.

Personal Transfer Receipts

Personal transfer receipts primarily include remittances sent by Indians working abroad to their families in India. These remittances are source of foreign exchange and contribute to the current account balance. India has consistently been the top recipient of remittances globally. The funds are typically used for household consumption, education, health, and investment. Remittances tend to be stable and counter-cyclical, often rising during economic downturns. The Reserve Bank of India tracks these inflows under the current account. The volume and value of remittances depend on global economic conditions and the diaspora’s employment status.

Why in news?

Personal transfer receipts rose to $35.1 billion in Q3FY25 from $30.6 billion a year ago, supporting Indias current account amid widening merchandise trade deficits.

PL-480 Wheat Imports

PL-480 refers to the U.S. Public Law 480, also known as the Food for Peace program, initiated in 1954 to provide surplus American agricultural commodities to developing countries. India was a major beneficiary in the 1950s and 1960s, importing wheat under PL-480 to combat food shortages. These imports were credited with helping India avoid famine before the Green Revolution. The program included concessional loans and grants. India gradually reduced dependence on PL-480 wheat imports by increasing domestic production through agricultural reforms and technological advancements led by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan. PL-480 imports officially ended in India by the late 1970s.

Why in news?

The DMK MP criticized the government for reversing Indias long-standing policy of reducing dependence on U.S. wheat imports, referencing the historical PL-480 program.

Plaza Accord

The Plaza Accord was a 1985 agreement among the G5 nations – the US, Japan, Germany, France, and the UK. It aimed to devalue the US dollar to improve US export competitiveness and reduce trade deficits. The agreement led to a sharp decline in the dollar’s exchange rate and a rise in other currencies like the Japanese yen and German mark. Japan experienced a speculative bubble in real estate and stock markets due to this, followed by decades of economic stagnation. The Plaza Accord is considered a short-to-medium-term success but not a permanent solution to trade imbalances.

Why in news?

The Plaza Accord is referenced as a potential model for a new “Mar-a-Lago Accord” to address the current high dollar exchange rate and US trade deficit in 2025.

PLI Scheme for Passive Components

The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Passive Components is distinct from the semiconductor PLI scheme and designed to support manufacturing of non-semiconductor electronics. It offers three types of incentives – employment-linked incentives, capital subsidies for high capital expenditure and low turnover segments, and production/turnover-linked incentives. This scheme aims to attract large domestic and global investments, boost domestic value addition, and create around 1 lakh direct jobs. It is structured to enable companies to set up manufacturing anywhere in India, encouraging a robust ecosystem for resistors, capacitors, and inductors over six years.

Why in news?

The PLI scheme was announced alongside ECMS in 2025 to specifically promote manufacturing of passive electronic components, addressing industry demands for targeted incentives apart from semiconductor components.

Plug-and-Play Facilities

Plug-and-play facilities are pre-developed industrial spaces equipped with essential infrastructure like power, water, roads, and communication networks, allowing businesses to start operations immediately. These facilities reduce setup time and costs for investors, encouraging rapid industrialisation. They are often part of industrial townships and special economic zones. In Tamil Nadu, plug-and-play models are promoted to attract global investors and accelerate industrial growth, particularly in backward regions. These setups support diversification into value-added activities and mass employment generation by providing ready-to-use infrastructure and streamlined regulatory processes.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu plans to encourage plug-and-play facilities as part of its strategy to boost industrialisation and attract foreign investment, according to the 2024-25 Economic Survey.

Potash Fertilizer Tariff

Potash fertilizer is a key agricultural input rich in potassium, essential for plant growth. It is primarily mined from underground deposits formed by ancient evaporated seas. Canada and Russia are the largest global producers. In the US trade context, potash imports from Canada and Mexico are subject to a reduced 10% tariff instead of the general 25% tariff under the USMCA agreement. This partial tariff rollback reflects potashs importance to North American agriculture and the need to maintain supply chains despite broader trade tensions.

Why in news?

Potash fertilizer imports from Canada and Mexico received a lower tariff rate amid US trade tariffs, reflecting its agricultural significance during ongoing trade disputes.

Pravaah Platform

The Pravaah platform is an external regulatory application system launched by RBI in May 2024. It digitizes submission and processing of over 70 different regulatory applications, integrating seamlessly with the internal Sarthi system. Pravaah offers real-time tracking, analytics, and transparency for applicants and RBI managers, reducing delays caused by paper-based processes. Following its launch, monthly applications increased by 80%. The platforms name means smooth flow in Hindi, reflecting its role in streamlining regulatory workflows and improving efficiency in RBIs external operations.

Why in news?

Pravaah contributed to RBI winning the Digital Transformation Award 2025 for revolutionizing external regulatory processes and enhancing transparency.

Price Collusion in Advertising

Price collusion in advertising refers to an illegal agreement among competitors to fix ad rates, discounts, or inventory allocation. Such collusion distorts market competition by inflating prices and limiting consumer choice. Under Section 3 of Indias Competition Act, cartelization, including price fixing, is a punishable offense that can attract penalties. Collusion typically benefits select players, reduces market transparency, and harms advertisers and consumers. Regulatory bodies like the CCI investigate such practices to maintain fair competition. Price collusion is often difficult to detect and requires evidence of coordinated behavior among companies.

Why in news?

The CCI raided media agencies and broadcasters for alleged price collusion in advertising rates ahead of the IPL 2025 season.

Priority Sector Lending

Priority Sector Lending (PSL) mandates banks in India to allocate a specified portion of their total lending to certain sectors deemed vital for economic development, such as agriculture, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), education, housing, and weaker sections. The current PSL target is 40% of adjusted net bank credit. Banks often offer concessional interest rates or special terms to these sectors. PSL aims to promote inclusive growth but can affect banks overall profitability due to lower yields on these loans. Compliance with PSL norms is monitored by the RBI and influences banks licensing and regulatory benefits.

Why in news?

The deposit cost calculation by Kotak Mahindra Bank includes adjustments for priority sector lending, which increases the effective cost of funds for banks.

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is a government initiative aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing and innovation by providing financial incentives linked to production output. It offers companies incentives based on incremental sales, encouraging scale and competitiveness. The scheme covers multiple sectors including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. The new R&D fund is described as a “huge PLI scheme” for research, providing primarily low-interest, long-term loans to private companies for developing commercial products, rather than grants or support for purely academic research.

Why in news?

The government plans to launch a ₹1 lakh crore fund structured like a PLI scheme to incentivize private companies to invest in research and development of commercial technologies.

Production-Sharing Contract (PSC)

A Production-Sharing Contract (PSC) is a contractual arrangement between a government and a resource extraction company. The company bears exploration and production costs and recovers them from the produced hydrocarbons, sharing the remaining output with the government. PSCs define rights, responsibilities, revenue sharing, and dispute resolution mechanisms. They are widely used in oil and gas sectors globally, especially in countries where resources are state-owned. In India, PSCs have been a key tool for attracting foreign investment and expertise in hydrocarbon exploration since the 1990s. The KG Basins RIL-led consortium operates under such a PSC signed in 2000.

Why in news?

The PSC signed by Reliance Industries and the government governs the rights and disputes over gas extraction in the KG Basin, underpinning the legal conflict over gas migration and revenue claims.

Profit Repatriation

Profit repatriation is the process by which foreign investors transfer earnings made in a host country back to their home country. In the context of India’s insurance sector, it refers to foreign firms sending profits overseas rather than reinvesting locally. This practice can limit domestic industry growth and reduce funds available for sectoral development. It raises concerns about long-term sustainability and job security. Governments often regulate profit repatriation through policies to balance attracting foreign investment while ensuring economic benefits remain in the host country.

Why in news?

The Standing Committee on Finance warned that increased FDI to 100% in insurance could lead to higher profit repatriation, potentially harming India’s domestic insurance industry growth.

Proof of Origin

“Proof of Origin” is a newly introduced broader term replacing “Certificate of Origin” in Indian customs rules. Unlike the traditional certificate issued by exporting countries, proof of origin can include various documents like detailed invoices, production records, or raw material sourcing data. This change allows customs greater discretion in verifying goods’ origin but lacks a strict definition, leading to potential inconsistencies and increased compliance burdens. It requires importers to gather comprehensive documentation, often sensitive and hard to obtain, to qualify for preferential tariff treatment under FTAs, increasing risks of delays and disputes in customs clearance.

Why in news?

India’s customs amendment replaced the “Certificate of Origin” with “Proof of Origin,” complicating importers’ ability to claim preferential tariffs under FTAs and increasing customs scrutiny.

Provision Coverage Ratio

The Provision Coverage Ratio (PCR) indicates the proportion of a banks non-performing assets (NPAs) covered by provisions. A PCR of 70.20% means the bank has set aside provisions covering over 70% of its bad loans, reducing potential losses. Regulators require banks to maintain adequate PCR to ensure financial health and protect depositors. PCR varies with asset quality and regulatory guidelines. A higher PCR suggests conservative risk management, while a low PCR can indicate vulnerability. PCR is recalculated quarterly and impacts a banks profitability and capital adequacy metrics.

Why in news?

IndusInd Banks PCR stood at 70.20% as of December 31, 2024, reflecting its risk provisioning status amid concerns about its financial health.

PSB Alliance Pvt. Ltd

PSB Alliance Pvt. Ltd is a digital platform created to facilitate streamlined communication between Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and auditors in India. It enables secure exchange of financial documents like Balance Confirmation Certificates through online consent mechanisms. The platform integrates multiple PSBs, reducing paperwork and manual processes in banking audits. It supports real-time data sharing and enhances transparency in financial verification. PSB Alliance Pvt. Ltd was developed to modernize audit procedures and improve efficiency in compliance and regulatory reporting within the Indian banking sector. It leverages secure authentication protocols to protect customer data during transactions.

Why in news?

PSB Alliance Pvt. Ltd portal is the platform used by Canara Bank to launch its Digital Balance Confirmation Certificate service, replacing manual auditor-bank interactions.

Public Interest Entities (PIEs)

Public Interest Entities (PIEs) are companies or organizations whose financial health and reporting impact the public and investors. In India, PIEs typically include listed companies, banks, insurance firms, and large public sector undertakings. Due to their influence on the economy and investor confidence, PIEs are subject to stricter auditing and reporting standards. Regulatory bodies like NFRA focus on PIEs to ensure high-quality financial disclosures and reduce risks of financial misstatements. PIEs are often under enhanced scrutiny to maintain market integrity and protect the interests of stakeholders at large.

Why in news?

NFRAs expanding role includes overseeing audit quality in PIEs, prompting calls for better staffing and operational reforms to meet growing regulatory responsibilities.

Public Market Exits

Public market exits refer to companies raising capital or investors cashing out by listing shares on stock exchanges through Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) or other public offerings. IPOs provide liquidity to early investors and enable companies to access large-scale funding. In India, regulatory bodies like SEBI oversee public market exits to ensure transparency and investor protection. The pace of public market exits has been increasing globally since 2021, driven by favorable market conditions and investor appetite. Public exits are considered critical for the startup ecosystem as they validate business models and encourage further investments.

Why in news?

The increasing pace of public market exits, including IPOs, since 2021 is brought into light as a key trend in Indias venture capital ecosystem in 2024.

Public Sector Banks (India)

Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India are banks where the majority stake is held by the government. They play important role in financial inclusion and lending to priority sectors like agriculture and MSMEs. PSBs have faced challenges like non-performing assets (NPAs) but are undergoing digital transformation to improve efficiency. The government often uses PSBs to implement social welfare schemes and credit initiatives. There are 12 major PSBs as of 2025, including Central Bank of India, State Bank of India, and Punjab National Bank. PSBs are increasingly partnering with fintech firms to modernize their services and expand digital banking.

Why in news?

Central Bank of India, a major public sector bank, signed an MoU to adopt a fintech platform for enhancing digital financing services.

Public Sector Banks (PSBs)

Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India are banks where the majority stake is held by the government. As of FY24, 12 PSBs collectively earned a net profit of ₹1.41 lakh crore, rise from ₹1.05 lakh crore in FY23. PSBs pay dividends to the government, which owns a substantial share. In FY24, these banks paid ₹27,830 crore in dividends, with the government receiving about 65% or ₹18,013 crore. PSBs showed a turnaround from losses of ₹85,390 crore in FY18 to profits in FY24, denoting improved asset quality and loan recovery.

Why in news?

PSBs reported a 33% increase in dividend payout in FY24, reflecting improved financial health and profitability, with contributions from major banks like SBI and Punjab National Bank.

Public Sector Banks Stake Dilution

Stake dilution in Public Sector Banks (PSBs) involves the government reducing its ownership percentage by selling shares to private investors. This strategy aims to increase retail investor participation, improve governance, and raise capital for PSBs. The government retains majority control but allows more market-driven management. Stake dilution has been part of Indias banking reforms since the 1990s, accelerating post-2010 for recapitalisation and efficiency. Dilution also helps PSBs comply with Basel III norms by raising Tier 1 capital. Retail investors gain access to stable financial institutions, while the government reduces fiscal burden.

Why in news?

Finance Minister Sitharaman reiterated the governments commitment to increasing public float in PSBs to attract more retail investors amid banking sector reforms.

Pulse Deflation

Pulse deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the retail prices of pulses, which are a major protein source in Indian diets. Pulses include lentils, chickpeas, pigeon peas, and beans. Price fluctuations in pulses are affected by monsoon patterns, domestic production, import duties, and storage conditions. Deflation in pulses is rare due to supply-demand imbalances and seasonal factors. A negative inflation rate (deflation) in pulses indicates falling prices, which can ease food inflation but may hurt farmers incomes.

Why in news?

Pulse prices recorded a deflation rate of -0.4% in February 2025, down from 2.6% inflation in January, supporting the overall reduction in food inflation.

Punjab Pradesh Beopar Mandal

Punjab Pradesh Beopar Mandal is a traders association in Punjab that voiced strong opposition against the 2024-25 farmers protest at Shambhu and Khanauri borders. The Mandal labeled the protesting farmer unions as a “parallel government” and demanded strict laws to ban protests that block highways. This group represents the economic interests of Punjabs business community, which suffered losses due to highway blockades and disruption of trade during the prolonged protest. Their stance contrasts with the broader public support seen during the 2020-21 protests.

Why in news?

Punjab Pradesh Beopar Mandal publicly condemned the 2024-25 farmers’ protest for hurting Punjabs economy and demanded legal action against highway-blocking protests.

Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)

The Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is a monthly economic indicator derived from surveys of purchasing executives in various sectors, primarily manufacturing and services. It measures business activity levels, with a value above 50 indicating expansion and below 50 contraction. The PMI is compiled from responses about new orders, employment, inventories, supplier deliveries, and production. It is a leading indicator of economic health, widely used by policymakers and investors. The survey typically covers hundreds of companies, and its methodology varies slightly across countries. PMI data can signal turning points in economic cycles earlier than official statistics.

Why in news?

Indias services PMI rose sharply to 59 in February 2025, indicating strong expansion driven by global demand and employment growth, as reported by S&P Global.

Quantitative Tightening

Quantitative tightening (QT) is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to reduce the amount of liquidity in the economy by shrinking their balance sheets. It involves the central bank selling government bonds or allowing them to mature without reinvesting the proceeds. The Federal Reserves balance sheet peaked at around $8.9 trillion in 2022 and was reduced to $6.81 trillion by early 2025 through QT. QT contrasts with quantitative easing (QE), which injects liquidity by buying assets. QT aims to tighten financial conditions, potentially slowing inflation and economic growth. Fed Governor Chris Waller dissented in 2025 over the decision to slow QT.

Why in news?

The Federal Reserve announced it will slow the ongoing drawdown of its $6.81 trillion balance sheet as part of its 2025 monetary policy update, sparking debate among policymakers.

Quick Commerce (Q-commerce)

Quick commerce is a subclass of e-commerce focused on delivering products within 10 to 20 minutes, primarily catering to immediate or impulse purchases like food and beverages. It operates through a network of dark stores and distribution centers, using mobile apps for order placement and data-driven inventory management. Q-commerce differs from traditional e-commerce by emphasizing speed and convenience, often charging a convenience fee instead of relying on minimum cart values for free delivery. It emerged during the COVID-19 lockdowns and has since evolved into a major retail channel, particularly in urban India, with a market value projected to reach $9.95 billion by 2029.

Why in news?

Quick commerce is brought into light for its rapid growth and increasing market share in India, with major players like Blinkit, Zepto, and Swiggy Instamart dominating the sector.

Sarfaesi Act

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (Sarfaesi Act) is an Indian law that empowers banks and financial institutions to auction residential or commercial properties to recover loans. It allows lenders to enforce security interests without court intervention, speeding up the recovery process. The Act also established Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) to buy non-performing assets (NPAs) from banks and manage recovery. It applies to secured creditors and aims to reduce the burden of NPAs on the banking system. The Act has been amended multiple times to improve efficiency in asset recovery.

Why in news?

SEBI found that some AIFs were structured to circumvent regulations including the Sarfaesi Act, prompting regulatory intervention and a new compliance framework.

Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB)

are government-issued securities denominated in grams of gold, introduced to provide an alternative to physical gold purchases. Issued in denominations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 grams, they offered a fixed term of 5-7 years with interest rates linked to the gold price at investment time. The bonds aimed to reduce physical gold demand and were capped at 500 grams per person annually. Interest was paid semi-annually, and bonds could be redeemed in cash at maturity based on prevailing gold prices, combining investment returns with gold price appreciation.

Why in news?

The government has discontinued the issuance of Sovereign Gold Bonds amid rising gold prices and changes in gold investment policies in 2025.

Sub-prime Borrowers

Sub-prime borrowers are individuals or households with a lower credit rating, often having a history of missed payments or limited credit history. They typically receive loans at higher interest rates due to increased risk for lenders. This group is more vulnerable to economic downturns and financial stress. Globally, sub-prime lending surged in the early 2000s, contributing to financial crises in various countries. In India, the rise of sub-prime borrowers reflects widening income inequality and limited access to formal credit channels. Financial institutions track sub-prime borrower data to assess risk and adjust lending policies accordingly.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India reports that 45% of borrowers are now sub-prime, with half their loans directed toward consumption, denoting rising household debt stress in India.

Zero Coupon Bond (ZCB)

A Zero Coupon Bond (ZCB) is a debt security sold at a discount to its face value and pays no periodic interest. The investor receives the full face value upon maturity. ZCBs are sensitive to interest rate changes, exhibiting duration risk, meaning their price fluctuates inversely with interest rates. They are typically issued for long terms, often exceeding 10 years. Taxation on gains depends on holding period – gains under 12 months are taxed as short-term capital gains, while gains after 12 months attract a 12.5% long-term capital gains tax. ZCBs are favored for long-term, lump-sum financial planning.

Why in news?

The Finance Ministry notified the issuance of ZCBs for Power Finance Corporation, allowing it to raise up to ₹10,000 crore through bonds maturing in 121 months.

Zero-for-Zero Tariff

The zero-for-zero tariff approach involves two countries mutually eliminating tariffs on a selected list of products rather than agreeing on a broad trade pact. It targets specific product categories, allowing faster implementation compared to comprehensive bilateral trade agreements. The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) estimates that about 90% of industrial goods traded between India and the US could be covered under such an arrangement. This method aims to protect sensitive sectors like agriculture and automobiles while maintaining export competitiveness. It emerged as a response to potential reciprocal tariffs threatened by the US government during trade negotiations in 2024-2025.

Why in news?

India and the US are considering zero-for-zero tariffs as an alternative to a broad bilateral trade agreement amid looming US tariff threats and ongoing trade negotiations in early 2025.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Bangus Valley

Bangus Valley is located in Kupwara district, north Kashmir, near the Line of Control (LoC). It consists of two bowl-shaped valleys at an altitude of approximately 10,000 feet. Historically, it served as a militant infiltration route. The valley is part of a cluster of remote tourist spots near the LoC, including Gurez, Machil, and Keran. Bangus is known for its rich biodiversity and traditional pastoral culture, inhabited by shepherds and nomads. The region is being developed as an ecotourism destination to promote sustainable tourism and preserve ecological balance.

Why in news?

The Jammu and Kashmir government announced new rules to promote Bangus as an ecotourism destination while restricting large-scale construction to protect the environment and local livelihoods.

Brahmani River

The Brahmani River is one of the major rivers in eastern India, flowing through Odisha and Jharkhand. It is formed by the confluence of the Sankh and South Koel rivers at Vedavyas near Rourkela. The river spans approximately 799 kilometers and drains into the Bay of Bengal. It supports agriculture and sustains numerous ecosystems along its course. The Brahmani basin is rich in mineral resources, including coal and bauxite. It is prone to seasonal flooding, especially during the monsoon. Several hydroelectric and irrigation projects have been developed on the river to support local economies.

Why in news?

The unfinished bridge over the Brahmani River near Brahmabarada is causing inconvenience to residents of over 20 villages, disrupting daily commutes and access to essential services.

Byrnihat

Byrnihat is a town located on the Assam-Meghalaya border in Northeast India. It is part of the Ri-Bhoi district in Meghalaya. The town lies near the border of two states, Assam and Meghalaya, making it a key transit point. Byrnihat is situated close to Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya. The region experiences a humid subtropical climate with heavy monsoon rains. It is surrounded by hilly terrain and dense forests. Byrnihat is known for its cultural diversity, with various indigenous tribes inhabiting the area. The town has recently gained attention due to its high air pollution levels, especially PM2.5 concentrations.

Why in news?

Byrnihat was reported as the most polluted metropolitan area in the 2024 World Air Quality Report, with an annual average PM2.5 concentration of 128.2 μg/m3.

Chandrawal Waterworks

The Chandrawal Waterworks is a historic water supply facility in Delhi, established during British colonial rule. It was the citys primary source of drinking water in the late 19th century. Around 1890, the introduction of a sewerage system led to untreated sewage being discharged downstream of Chandrawal, marking the start of the Yamuna’s pollution. The waterworks initially drew water directly from the Yamuna riverbed wells built in 1881. Despite its significance, it gradually lost relevance as untreated sewage contamination worsened, denoting early urban water management challenges in Delhi.

Why in news?

The Chandrawal Waterworks is mentioned as the historical point where untreated sewage discharge began, contributing to the Yamuna river pollution crisis addressed in the 2025 Delhi government budget.

Dimapur District

Dimapur is the largest city and commercial hub of Nagaland, located on the border with Assam. It serves as the main gateway to Nagaland via road and rail. The district is ethnically diverse, home to Nagas, Assamese, Bengali, and other communities. Dimapur hosts important educational institutions and the only airport in Nagaland. The region has witnessed insurgency-related tensions, leading to parts being declared “disturbed areas” under AFSPA. Dimapurs economy relies on trade, agriculture, and small industries. The districts strategic location makes it for security operations in Nagaland.

Why in news?

Dimapur district is included in the AFSPA extension effective April 1, 2025, due to continuing law and order challenges in Nagaland.

Geographical Indication (GI) Tea

Geographical Indication (GI) tea refers to tea varieties that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation attributable to that origin. In India, GI teas include Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri teas. The Tea Board mandates that imported teas must not be blended with GI teas; if blended, the product cannot be marketed as GI tea. Packaging of blends must clearly indicate the presence of imported tea. This protects the authenticity and market value of Indian GI teas, ensuring consumer transparency and compliance with international intellectual property laws.

Why in news?

The Tea Board issued directives in 2021 to regulate blending and labeling of imported teas with Indian GI teas, as stated by the Union Minister in 2023-24.

Krishna Godavari Basin

The Krishna Godavari (KG) Basin is a major sedimentary basin located off the coast of Andhra Pradesh. It spans approximately 50,000 square kilometers and is rich in hydrocarbons, especially natural gas and oil. Discovered in the 1980s, it has multiple producing blocks, including KG-D6. The basin’s geology includes deltaic and marine sediments from the Krishna and Godavari rivers. It is considered one of Indias most prolific hydrocarbon provinces. The basin has been a focus of intense exploration and production activities by companies like ONGC, Reliance Industries, and others since the 1990s.

Why in news?

The KG Basin is central to the gas migration dispute between ONGC and Reliance Industries, involving extraction rights and reservoir connectivity issues affecting contractual and financial claims.

Laterite Stones

Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminum, formed in hot, wet tropical areas through intense weathering. It hardens when exposed to air, making it a durable building material. Laterite was widely used in ancient South Indian architecture, including temples and megalithic structures. It often appears reddish due to iron oxide content. Its porous nature allows it to retain water, influencing local agriculture and construction. Laterite mining and usage date back several centuries, with some ancient quarries still visible in Kerala and neighboring states.

Why in news?

Some newly discovered megalithic structures near Malampuzha dam incorporate laterite stones, denoting ancient construction techniques in Kerala.

Lawngtlai District

Lawngtlai is the southernmost district of Mizoram, sharing international borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh. It is predominantly inhabited by tribal communities, including the Lai and Chakma peoples. The district is characterized by hilly terrain and dense forests, which contribute to its biodiversity. Agriculture and animal husbandry are primary livelihoods. Lawngtlai town serves as the district headquarters and acts as a regional trade hub, especially for cross-border commerce. The district experiences a monsoon climate and is part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Infrastructure development has been gradual due to its remote location and challenging geography.

Why in news?

Lawngtlai town reported 41 pig deaths due to African Swine Fever, contributing to a total of 503 deaths in Mizoram since March 20, 2025.

Lungsen Village

Lungsen is a village in the Lunglei district of Mizoram, noted for being the first location in the state where African Swine Fever was confirmed in March 2021. The village is part of a rural agrarian community dependent on pig farming and agriculture. It is situated in a hilly region with limited connectivity, making disease containment challenging. Lungsen has traditional Mizo cultural practices and festivals, with local governance often administered through village councils. The village’s experience with ASF has brought into light vulnerabilities in rural animal husbandry practices and the need for improved veterinary services in remote areas.

Why in news?

Lungsen village was the initial site where African Swine Fever was first detected in Mizoram in 2021, marking the start of an ongoing outbreak.

Mahakali-Darchula Border

The Mahakali-Darchula border lies between Uttarakhands Pithoragarh district in India and Sudurpashchim Province in Nepal. It is a key transit point for trade and cross-border movement, including illicit wildlife trafficking. The region is mountainous, with rugged terrain that facilitates smuggling activities due to limited surveillance. Local communities often engage in cross-border trade, both legal and illegal. The border has several unofficial crossing points used by poachers and traders to move contraband such as tiger parts. It connects to important Nepalese towns and forms part of a broader network linking India to Tibet and China through Nepal.

Why in news?

The Mahakali-Darchula border is brought into light as a preferred route for tiger smugglers moving contraband from India to China via Nepal and Tibet, as part of evolving wildlife trafficking patterns.

Major vs Non-Major Ports

In India, major ports are those governed by the central government, while non-major ports fall under state government jurisdiction. Major ports handle the bulk of maritime cargo and are subject to uniform regulatory frameworks. Non-major ports are typically smaller and managed with more localized policies. The distinction affects tariff regulation, administrative control, and revenue sharing. The proposed tariff reforms focus on major ports, ensuring their revenue is protected while allowing PPP terminals to adopt market-linked pricing. This differentiation influences investment, operational autonomy, and policy implementation across the port sector.

Why in news?

The tariff migration exercise targets major ports, which are centrally governed, to ensure consistent tariff structures and protect their revenue streams amid reforms.

Malampuzha Dam

Malampuzha Dam is a large dam built across the Malampuzha River in Palakkad district, Kerala. Completed in 1955, it is one of the largest reservoirs in Kerala, serving irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric purposes. The dam is surrounded by a popular garden and park complex, attracting tourists. The reservoir covers an area of approximately 23.13 square kilometers. Malampuzha is also noted for its role in regional agriculture, supporting paddy fields and plantations. The dam’s construction boosted the economy and infrastructure of Palakkad and neighboring areas.

Why in news?

The recent archaeological excavation near Malampuzha Dam led to the discovery of over 110 megalithic structures, revealing historical insights beneath the reservoirs vicinity.

Mendipathar Railway Station

Mendipathar railway station is the only operational railway station in Meghalaya, located in the North Garo Hills district. It was inaugurated in 2014 and connects Meghalaya to Guwahati in Assam. The station serves both passenger and freight trains, with the first freight shipment arriving recently. Mendipathars rail link marked Meghalayas entry into the Indian Railways network, facilitating trade and mobility for the Garo Hills region. Expansion proposals include extending the line to Baghamara in South Garo Hills, driven by local political representatives advocating for improved connectivity to boost the local economy.

Why in news?

Mendipathar station remains Meghalayas sole railhead amid stalled railway projects elsewhere, with local MLAs pushing for line extensions to enhance connectivity in the Garo Hills.

National Waterway 49 (River Jhelum)

National Waterway 49 (NW-49) corresponds to the navigable stretch of the River Jhelum in Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of the three declared national waterways in the Union Territory. The waterway includes key locations such as Pantha Chowk, Zero Bridge, Amira Kadal, and Safa Kadal. NW-49 is for both transport and tourism, with plans for floating jetties and hydrographic surveys to ensure safe navigation. The river is part of the larger Indus basin and has historical importance for trade and cultural exchange in the Kashmir Valley.

Why in news?

Seven floating jetties will be installed on NW-49 to support river cruise tourism as part of the new agreement between IWAI and the J&K government.

Niglok, East Siang

Niglok is a village in the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, situated in the northeastern region of India. It is part of a district known for its scenic valleys and the Siang River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra. East Siang has population of the Adi tribe, who have rich cultural traditions. Niglok has gained attention as the site of a newly sanctioned Sainik School, making it a strategic location for defense-oriented education in the region. The school aims to serve students from nearby districts and boost regional educational infrastructure.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Defence sanctioned a new Sainik School at Niglok in East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, making it operational amid proposals for schools in other districts.

North-westerly Winds (Rajasthan)

North-westerly winds originating from Rajasthan blow at speeds of 20-30 km/h, carrying dust and dry air across Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. These winds cause sudden temperature drops of 3-4 degrees Celsius and create hazy conditions. They are seasonal phenomena influenced by pressure gradients between the Thar Desert and adjoining regions. These winds can temporarily alleviate heatwave conditions but also contribute to air quality deterioration due to dust dispersion. They are crucial in shaping the climate and weather patterns of northwestern India during pre-monsoon months.

Why in news?

A brief relief in rising temperatures is expected in northern India as north-westerly winds from Rajasthan bring cooler air and dust, lowering temperatures by 3-4 degrees temporarily.

Pamban Rail Bridge

The Pamban Rail Bridge is India’s first sea bridge, connecting the town of Mandapam on the mainland to Rameswaram Island. The original bridge was opened in 1914 and was the longest sea bridge in India for many years. It features a unique double-leaf bascule section that can be raised to allow ships to pass. The new bridge, completed in 2024, includes a 72-meter vertical lift span, the first of its kind in India, replacing the century-old structure. It was constructed at a cost of ₹531 crore by Rail Vikas Nigam Limited. The bridge is crucial for rail connectivity to Rameswaram.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to inaugurate the new Pamban rail bridge on April 6, 2025, after completion and safety clearance, restoring rail connectivity to Rameswaram Island.

Point Nemo

Point Nemo is the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility, located in the South Pacific Ocean at approximately 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W. It is the point on Earths surface farthest from any landmass, about 2,688 km from the nearest shores of Ducie Island, Motu Nui, and Maher Island. The name “Nemo” means “no one” in Latin, reflecting its extreme remoteness. It is often used as a spacecraft cemetery where decommissioned satellites and space debris are directed to crash. Due to its isolation, it is one of the least biologically active oceanic regions but is important for oceanographic studies.

Why in news?

The INSV Tarini crew passed through Point Nemo during their leg from Lyttelton, New Zealand, to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands.

Qaanaaq, Greenland

Qaanaaq is a remote town in northwestern Greenland, located approximately 120 kilometers northwest of Pituffik Space Base. It is one of the northernmost inhabited settlements globally, with a population primarily of Inuit descent. The town relies on hunting and fishing, adapted to extreme Arctic conditions including months of darkness and cold. Qaanaaq was established in the 1950s after the relocation of indigenous populations due to the construction of the nearby U.S. military base. It serves as a logistical and cultural hub for the region, maintaining traditional Greenlandic customs while supporting modern Arctic operations.

Why in news?

Qaanaaq is mentioned as the nearest town to Pituffik Space Base, relevant to discussions of local communities affected by U.S. military presence and Arctic strategic operations.

Qingdao City

Qingdao is a major port city in Shandong Province, eastern China, on the Yellow Sea coast. It is known for its German colonial architecture, as it was a German concession from 1898 to 1914. Qingdao hosts the annual Qingdao International Beer Festival, Asias largest beer festival. The city is an important naval base and home to the Qingdao Naval Base of the Peoples Liberation Army Navy. Qingdaos economy is driven by shipping, manufacturing, and tourism. It was a venue for the 2008 Olympic sailing events. The city is also a hub for marine science and technology research in China.

Why in news?

Qingdao is hosting the first SCO international military cooperation organs meeting of 2025, denoting its strategic and military significance in China.

Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire is a 40,000 km horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It includes over 450 volcanoes, about 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes. The tectonic activity results from the movement and collision of several major and minor plates, including the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, and Indo-Australian plates. The Ring of Fire extends through countries such as Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, and the west coasts of the Americas. It is responsible for about 90% of the world’s earthquakes and 81% of the largest earthquakes.

Why in news?

Indonesias Mount Lewotobi eruption is part of volcanic activity along the Ring of Fire, a major seismic zone influencing the regions frequent earthquakes and eruptions.

Wallace Line

The Wallace Line is a biogeographical demarcation identified by Alfred Russel Wallace in the 19th century, separating the distinct fauna of Asia and Australia. It runs between the islands of Bali and Lombok, then north between Borneo and Sulawesi, and curves south of Mindanao. The line marks a sharp transition in species distribution despite the narrow water gap. It laid the foundation for modern biogeography and marks evolutionary divergence due to historical land connections and ocean barriers. The Wallace Line is not a strict boundary but reflects complex species dispersal and island geology.

Why in news?

The Wallace Line remains a key concept in studies analyzing species distribution across Asia and Australia, with recent research using evolutionary modeling to understand species migration and habitat changes in the Indo-Malayan archipelago.

Zokhawsang

Zokhawsang is a locality in Mizoram, situated on the outskirts of Aizawl city. It was chosen as the new site for the Assam Rifles establishments due to its relatively available land and suitable topography compared to the densely populated urban core of Aizawl. The area is characterized by hilly terrain typical of Mizoram but offers more space for strategic and infrastructural development. Zokhawsangs selection reflects efforts to balance security needs with urban planning constraints in a mountainous region where land scarcity is a persistent issue. Its development has implications for regional security and urban expansion.

Why in news?

Zokhawsang became the new location for the Assam Rifles camp after the government approved relocating the force from central Aizawl to enable city growth and modernization.

Environment & Ecology

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a global framework adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015, consisting of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity by 2030. It includes nearly 250 indicators to monitor progress across goals. SDG 2 targets zero hunger and improved nutrition. The agenda emphasizes multisectoral approaches, including food systems transformation, health, and education, to achieve sustainable development. The inclusion of MDD as an indicator strengthens the focus on diet quality within this agenda.

Why in news?

The 2030 Agendas SDG framework was updated in 2025 to include MDD, denoting nutritions role in achieving zero hunger and health objectives.

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is a protected area in the southern Western Ghats, spanning Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It covers over 3,500 km² and is a UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves member. The reserve hosts rich biodiversity, including many endemic and endangered species, and is an important watershed for peninsular India. It features tropical evergreen forests, montane shola forests, and grasslands at elevations from 100 to over 1,800 meters. The reserve is named after the sage Agastya and plays a vital role in conservation and ecological research in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.

Why in news?

The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve is where the new species Uniyala keralensis was discovered and studied, emphasizing its ecological significance.

Amrabad Tiger Reserve Migration

The Amrabad Tiger Reserve is located in Telangana and is part of the larger Nallamala forest complex. It serves as important habitat and corridor for tiger migration. Male tigers T120M, T121M, and T125M migrated from Atmakur, and female tiger T130F moved from Markapuram to Amrabad, indicating natural dispersal and genetic exchange between tiger populations. This movement helps maintain genetic diversity and reduces inbreeding risks. Amrabad Reserve is also known for its rugged terrain and dense forests, making it a vital refuge for tigers and other wildlife species in the region.

Why in news?

Four tigers were recorded migrating into Amrabad Tiger Reserve from neighboring areas, denoting connectivity between tiger habitats and the success of conservation corridors.

Amrut Biodiversity Park

The Amrut Biodiversity Park spans 90 hectares on the eastern bank of the Yamuna floodplains near NH-24. It was developed on former agricultural land with nurseries and settlements. The park features six water bodies with a combined capacity of 225 million litres. It uses jute-reinforced slopes and riverine grass communities to stabilize flood-prone terrain. Over 14,500 trees, 18,000 shrubs, and 3.21 lakh riverine grasses have been planted. The park manages stormwater, mitigates flood risks, and enhances groundwater recharge through natural filtration and landscape design.

Why in news?

Lieutenant Governor V.K. Saxena inaugurated the Amrut Biodiversity Park as part of Delhis efforts to restore the Yamuna floodplains and promote green urban spaces.

Asian Elephant Genetic Engineering

Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are the closest living relatives of the woolly mammoth. Genetic engineering efforts aim to introduce mammoth-like traits, such as cold tolerance, into Asian elephant embryos. Due to the endangered status of Asian elephants, such projects face regulatory hurdles and ethical considerations. The goal is not to resurrect mammoths but to modify elephants with select traits. This process involves precise gene editing, potentially involving multiple genes associated with hair density and fat metabolism, to adapt elephants to colder climates, possibly aiding conservation or environmental restoration projects in tundra ecosystems.

Why in news?

Colossal Biosciences plans to move from genetically edited mice to Asian elephant embryos to develop mammoth-like traits, pending regulatory approval.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium whose genes are inserted into cotton plants to produce Bt cotton hybrids. These hybrids express proteins toxic to the American bollworm, a major cotton pest. India adopted Bt cotton commercially in 2002, rapidly becoming the world’s second-largest producer and exporter by 2011-12. However, no new Bt varieties have been approved for commercialization in India since 2006, leading to resistance development in pests like pink bollworm and whitefly. Bt cottons initial success reduced pesticide use and increased yields, but pest resistance has since contributed to declining cotton output in India.

Why in news?

Indias cotton output has declined due to pest resistance in Bt cotton hybrids, shifting it from a net exporter to an importer, creating new market opportunities for US cotton exports.

Bandipur Tiger Reserve

Bandipur Tiger Reserve, established in 1974, is located in Karnataka, and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It covers an area of approximately 874 square kilometers and is a critical habitat for the endangered Bengal tiger and Indian elephant. The reserve is also home to over 200 species of birds and numerous other mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Bandipur was originally a private hunting reserve for the Maharaja of Mysore before becoming a protected area. The reserve is connected to other protected areas like Nagarhole and Mudumalai, forming a vital wildlife corridor. Night traffic bans were imposed in 2009 to reduce roadkill and disturbance to nocturnal wildlife.

Why in news?

The Karnataka government decided to maintain the night traffic ban in Bandipur Tiger Reserve despite Kerala’s request to increase state-owned buses allowed during night hours through the reserve.

Basanti Block

Basanti block is an administrative region in the Sundarbans delta of West Bengal, characterized by its vulnerability to climate change and environmental stressors. It is part of the South 24 Parganas district and consists of multiple Gram Panchayats. The block is largely rural, with agriculture as the primary livelihood, heavily dependent on irrigation. Basanti faces severe groundwater depletion, with levels dropping 1 to 2 meters annually, exacerbated by illegal groundwater extraction for paddy cultivation. It is also prone to saline water intrusion due to cyclones and rising sea levels, making water security a critical issue for residents and ecosystems.

Why in news?

Basanti block is in the news as the epicenter of a study showing rapid groundwater depletion and illegal water extraction, threatening drinking water availability amid climate change impacts.

Bhairu Bagh

Bhairu Bagh is a garden area located near the Sajjangarh Sanctuary in Udaipur, known for its lush greenery and proximity to wildlife habitats. It serves as a buffer zone between human settlements and the sanctuary, helping to reduce human-wildlife conflict. The garden is frequented by local visitors and supports various bird species, contributing to the area’s ecological diversity. Bhairu Bagh’s vegetation provides food and shelter for smaller animals, making it an important ecological link in the region.

Why in news?

The wildfire initially erupted in the Bhairu Bagh area and surrounding zones near the Sajjangarh Sanctuary, marking the starting point of the ongoing fire crisis.

Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve

The Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve is located in the Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka. It spans approximately 540 square kilometers and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The reserve is named after the Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple situated within its boundaries. It is home to diverse flora and fauna, including tigers, elephants, and the indigenous Soliga tribe. The area is a critical corridor connecting the Western and Eastern Ghats. The reserve was declared a tiger reserve in 2011 under Project Tiger to enhance conservation efforts. It also features mixed deciduous forests and shola grasslands.

Why in news?

The reserve is in the news due to ongoing issues with illegal resorts and homestays violating Eco-Sensitive Zone regulations, prompting official meetings and calls for strict enforcement of construction bans.

Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)

Biodiversity Heritage Sites are well-defined areas recognized for their unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems with high species diversity, endemism, and presence of rare or threatened species. They include terrestrial, coastal, inland water, and marine ecosystems. BHS aim to conserve genetic diversity, keystone species, species of evolutionary significance, and wild ancestors of domesticated species. Designation under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, protects these sites while allowing traditional community practices. Tamil Nadus first BHS was Arittapatti in Madurai, designated in 2022, followed by Kasampatty in 2025.

Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu government notified Kasampatty Sacred Grove as the states second Biodiversity Heritage Site, denoting the ongoing expansion of protected ecologically sensitive areas.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water. It is a key indicator of water pollution. BOD levels above 3 mg/L indicate organic pollution. The Tunga river recorded a maximum BOD of 8 mg/L, signaling high organic waste presence. Elevated BOD reduces dissolved oxygen, stressing aquatic organisms. BOD testing helps regulatory bodies assess wastewater treatment efficiency and river health. It is widely used in environmental monitoring worldwide to gauge the impact of sewage and industrial effluents on water bodies.

Why in news?

The Central Pollution Control Board reported that BOD levels in the Tunga river exceeded permissible limits, denoting organic pollution concerns affecting water quality.

Bioplastics

Bioplastics are materials derived from renewable biological sources such as plants, starch, or microorganisms, rather than petroleum. They are biodegradable or compostable, reducing plastic pollution. Bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and starch blends. They are used in packaging, agriculture, and medical applications. Production involves fermentation or chemical synthesis using bioresources. Despite environmental benefits, bioplastics face challenges like higher costs, limited mechanical properties, and industrial composting requirements. Indias bioeconomy generated roughly $78 billion in 2024 from industrial bio-products, including bioplastics, denoting their growing economic and ecological importance.

Why in news?

Bioplastics contributed to Indias industrial bioeconomy sector, which accounted for nearly half of the $165 billion bioeconomy value in 2024.

Black Carbon

Black carbon is a fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. It absorbs sunlight, contributing to atmospheric warming and accelerating ice melt when deposited on snow and glaciers. Black carbon is short-lived in the atmosphere, lasting days to weeks, but has a strong warming effect. It is linked to over eight million premature deaths annually due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Economically, black carbon pollution costs over 6% of global GDP each year. Major sources include residential fuel burning, brick kilns, transportation, and industry.

Why in news?

New studies emphasize black carbons role in global warming and health impacts, calling for urgent emission reductions and policy changes.

Blue Carbon

Blue carbon refers to carbon captured and stored by coastal and marine ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses. These ecosystems sequester carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and store it in biomass and sediments for centuries. Mangroves are among the most efficient blue carbon sinks due to their dense root systems and organic-rich soils. They play a vital role in mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Blue carbon ecosystems also provide co-benefits like coastal protection, habitat for marine species, and nutrient cycling. Monitoring blue carbon stocks helps in climate policy and carbon credit initiatives.

Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu report marks blue carbon monitoring in mangroves, emphasizing their carbon storage capacity and role in climate change mitigation.

Carbon Emissions Peak

A carbon emissions peak is the point in time when a countrys annual greenhouse gas emissions reach their highest level before starting to decline. It is a critical milestone in climate policy and carbon management. Countries set targets to reach their emissions peak by specific years to limit global warming. Achieving the peak often requires structural changes in energy production, industrial processes, and consumption patterns. China has committed to peaking emissions before 2030, a goal that requires balancing economic growth with aggressive emission reduction strategies.

Why in news?

Chinas commitment to peak carbon emissions before 2030 is challenged by its recent slower-than-targeted reduction in carbon intensity during 2024.

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary

The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Karnataka along the Cauvery River, covering approximately 1,170 square kilometers. It includes riverine forests, grasslands, and rocky hills, supporting a variety of wildlife such as tigers, elephants, and the vulnerable Indian star tortoise. The sanctuary serves as important corridor for tiger movement between different reserves. It faces challenges from tourism and human settlements around its periphery. Efforts are underway to regulate tourism and control unauthorized resorts to minimize disturbance to wildlife. The sanctuary’s role in tiger conservation is vital for gene flow and population stability in the region.

Why in news?

Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is brought into light as a key area for tiger dispersal and conservation, requiring enhanced protection and regulation to support Karnatakas tiger population management.

Chambal Ravines

The Chambal Ravines are a network of deep gullies and ravines formed by the Chambal River flowing through Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. This rugged terrain consists of eroded badlands with sparse vegetation and is known for its unique ecosystem. Despite their ecological significance, parts of the ravines have been classified as wastelands by the government. The area supports diverse wildlife including reptiles, birds, and small mammals, but habitat degradation has increased due to human activities. Conservation efforts for species like the caracal are challenged by the lack of ecological restoration in this region.

Why in news?

The natural habitat of the caracal in the Chambal Ravines is under threat, with the area being classified as wasteland, contributing to the decline of this critically endangered species in India.

Clarion-Clipperton Zone

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is a vast underwater region in the Pacific Ocean, stretching approximately 4.5 million square kilometers between Hawaii and Mexico. It contains abundant polymetallic nodules rich in nickel, cobalt, and manganese, metals essential for batteries and electronics. Nodules grow extremely slowly, just a few millimeters per million years, forming around debris like shark teeth or shells. The CCZ hosts a diverse ecosystem, with 88%-92% of species newly discovered as of 2023. Mining activities here are regulated by the International Seabed Authority, which oversees environmental and operational guidelines.

Why in news?

The CCZ is in the spotlight due to upcoming decisions by the International Seabed Authority in July 2025 regarding commercial deep-sea mining applications and environmental regulations.

Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System (CERES)

CERES is a NASA satellite instrument system launched in 1998 that measures solar radiation reflected by Earth and emitted terrestrial radiation. It provides vital data on Earth’s radiation budget and cloud properties. CERES instruments help quantify the role of clouds in climate change by measuring radiation fluxes from space. Data from CERES supports climate models and is critical for understanding energy balance and feedback mechanisms in the atmosphere. Its measurements are used worldwide for validating climate predictions and assessing the effects of aerosols and greenhouse gases on solar radiation.

Why in news?

Researchers used CERES radiation data to model future solar panel performance in India under climate change and pollution scenarios.

Crop Germplasm

Crop germplasm consists of living genetic resources such as seeds, tissues, or plants preserved for breeding, research, and conservation. It includes landraces, wild relatives, and improved cultivars. Germplasm banks conserve these to ensure genetic diversity is available for future crop improvement, especially under environmental stresses. Germplasm helps develop resistance to diseases, pests, and climate change. It is vital for maintaining food and nutritional security. Accessions are often characterized by traits like drought tolerance or nutritional content. The term “germplasm” was coined in the early 20th century and is central to plant genetic resource management.

Why in news?

The new National Gene Bank aims to conserve 10 lakh crop germplasm accessions, expanding Indias capacity to safeguard agricultural biodiversity.

Crop Wild Relatives

Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild plant species genetically related to cultivated crops. India hosts over 902 crop wild relatives, which are vital for enhancing crop resilience, disease resistance, and climate adaptability. These wild relatives contribute genes that help improve cultivated varieties. CWRs are often found in natural habitats and are threatened by habitat loss and climate change. Conserving CWRs is essential for sustainable agriculture and food security. They provide a genetic pool for breeding programs aimed at developing crops capable of withstanding environmental stresses.

Why in news?

The new National GenBank will conserve both cultivated crop species and their wild relatives, strengthening Indias agricultural biodiversity in response to climate change challenges.

Cryosphere

The cryosphere encompasses all frozen water parts of the Earth including glaciers, ice caps, sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, and ice sheets. It plays a critical role in regulating global climate by reflecting solar radiation and storing freshwater. Changes in the cryosphere impact sea level rise and global temperature regulation. Antarctic sea ice reached its second-lowest extent ever recorded recently, while glaciers have shown a persistent negative mass balance for seven of the last ten years. Melting permafrost releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, further accelerating warming. Monitoring the cryosphere is essential for understanding climate change impacts and feedback loops.

Why in news?

The WMO report brought into light alarming cryosphere changes including glacier retreat and record low Antarctic sea ice extent, contributing to sea level rise and climate risks.

Cyphoderus bihariensis

Cyphoderus bihariensis is a newly identified species of Collembola discovered in Bihar. It belongs to the multidentati species group, marking the first record of this group in India. The species is characterized by its minute body size, absence of eyes, and presence of a furcula for jumping. It has feathered dental scales, a multi-toothed mucro, and a unique chaetotaxy. The genus Cyphoderus contains 86 species worldwide, with 10 now documented in India. This discovery adds to the understanding of soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

Why in news?

Cyphoderus bihariensis was recently discovered and described by a team from the Zoological Survey of India, denoting new biodiversity in Indian soil ecosystems.

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Odisha, covering approximately 346 square kilometers. It is known for its mixed deciduous forests and is part of the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests ecoregion. The sanctuary hosts a variety of wildlife including the Indian bison (gaur), elephants, leopards, and several bird species. It is a critical habitat for the vulnerable Indian bison and supports a stable population due to conservation efforts. The sanctuary also plays a key role in local livelihoods through eco-development committees. Its landscape includes curated meadows and inviolate zones to enhance biodiversity and breeding grounds.

Why in news?

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary hosted the first-ever Indian Bison Fest to promote conservation and show its potential as a breeding habitat for the species.

Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ)

An Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ) is a regulatory buffer area around protected regions such as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India, intended to minimize harmful human activities. ESZs are declared under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. The width of ESZs varies but can extend from 100 meters to 10 kilometers depending on ecological sensitivity. Activities like construction, mining, and industrial operations are either prohibited or regulated within ESZs. ESZs aim to protect flora, fauna, and natural habitats by controlling pollution, deforestation, and urbanization in the vicinity of protected areas.

Why in news?

The ESZ boundary around Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary is under dispute, with the Punjab government limiting it to 100 meters for Nayagaon municipal area after opposition to a proposed 1-3 km expansion.

Environmental Transition

Environmental transition refers to the large-scale, systemic changes in natural ecosystems and human interactions due to environmental, social, and technological factors. It includes shifts in climate patterns, biodiversity, land use, and resource consumption. This transition demands adaptation in policies, lifestyles, and economic models to ensure sustainability. It often involves moving from exploitative practices to conservation-oriented approaches. The term is used to describe the ongoing global shift towards sustainable development and low-carbon economies. Environmental transition also marks the intergenerational responsibility to mitigate climate change and preserve ecosystems for future generations.

Why in news?

The President stressed the need for the younger generation to contribute to environmental transition during the National Conference on Environment – 2025 to ensure a sustainable future.

Gangetic Dolphin Population

The Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) is an endangered freshwater dolphin species endemic to the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems. It is recognized as the National Aquatic Animal of India. The species is an indicator of river health due to its sensitivity to pollution and habitat degradation. According to the Wildlife Institute of India, the population increased from approximately 3,330 in 2018 to 3,936 in 2024. Sightings in previously unrecorded locations suggest improved aquatic ecosystems. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, pollution control, and community awareness under the Namami Gange Programme.

Why in news?

The Gangetic Dolphin population has grown , reflecting improved river health due to successful pollution control and ecological restoration measures under the Namami Gange Programme.

Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)

The GEAC is the apex regulatory body under Indias Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change responsible for the approval of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for environmental release. It evaluates biosafety data, environmental impact, and compliance with national regulations before permitting commercial cultivation or field trials of GM crops. The GEAC is composed of experts from multiple disciplines, including agriculture, biotechnology, and environment. It plays important role in balancing agricultural innovation with biosafety concerns. The committees 2022 approval of GM mustard was its first green light for a GM food crop in India, making it a landmark decision in Indian agricultural biotechnology governance.

Why in news?

GEACs 2022 approval of GM mustards environmental release is under Supreme Court review in 2025, with activists and NGOs challenging the decision and demanding stricter biosafety protocols.

Gharial

The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a crocodilian native to the Indian subcontinent, distinguished by its long, narrow snout adapted for catching fish. It is critically endangered due to habitat loss, depletion of fish resources, and entanglement in fishing nets. Gharials primarily inhabit deep, fast-flowing rivers and require sandy banks for nesting. Conservation efforts include captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Unlike other crocodilians, gharials have more than 100 sharp, interlocking teeth and lack the broad snout typical of crocodiles. Their population declined drastically in the 20th century, but recent initiatives have seen slow recovery in protected areas like the National Chambal Sanctuary.

Why in news?

New conservation initiatives for gharials were announced at the NBWL meeting held at Gujarats Gir National Park in March 2025 to boost their protection and population recovery.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF)

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) occur when a glacier-fed lake suddenly bursts, releasing large volumes of water downstream. Since the 1990s, the number and area of glacial lakes have increased substantially, raising GLOF risks. These floods have caused over 12,000 deaths globally in the past 200 years, with the Hindu Kush Himalaya region alone accounting for approximately 7,000 fatalities in 190 years. The risk of GLOFs is expected to triple by 2100 due to ongoing glacier melt and climate change, threatening settlements, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Why in news?

GLOFs are emphasized in the UN report as a growing hazard linked to glacier retreat, with increased frequency and severity threatening millions in mountain regions.

Gobardhan Project

The Gobardhan Project is an Government of India initiative aimed at managing organic waste, particularly cattle dung and agricultural residues, to produce biogas and organic compost. It promotes sustainable waste management while generating clean energy and improving soil fertility. The project reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers and fossil fuels, contributing to environmental sustainability. It also supports rural livelihoods by creating new income sources. The Gobardhan Project is part of integrated waste management strategies and is linked with water conservation efforts by reducing water pollution from organic waste runoff.

Why in news?

The Gobardhan Project was revealed as one of the innovative water management projects during the Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain2025 event in Haryana.

Greenathon

A Greenathon is an innovation-focused hackathon event aimed at generating technology-driven solutions to environmental and sustainability challenges. Participants collaborate intensively over a short period to develop prototypes or strategies that address climate change, renewable energy, waste management, or sustainable finance. Greenathons encourage interdisciplinary teamwork, public-private partnerships, and the use of emerging technologies like AI and blockchain. RBIs planned Greenathon will concentrate on climate change risks and sustainable finance, encouraging fintech innovations aligned with environmental goals. Such events accelerate the development of scalable green solutions within the financial ecosystem.

Why in news?

RBI announced plans to conduct a special Greenathon to promote fintech innovations addressing climate change and sustainable finance risks and opportunities.

Gulf of Mannar

The Gulf of Mannar is a biologically rich marine region located between the southeastern coast of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka. It hosts extensive seagrass meadows with 16 species of seagrass and supports around 1,250 species of flora and fauna, including endangered dugongs and green turtles. Restoration efforts between 2011 and 2020 rehabilitated 14 acres of degraded seagrass areas here with an 85-90% success rate. The gulf is a critical habitat for marine biodiversity and plays a vital role in coastal protection and fisheries.

Why in news?

India’s Gulf of Mannar is noted for successful seagrass restoration projects, reflecting growing conservation efforts to combat habitat loss and support marine biodiversity.

Gully Erosion

Gully erosion is the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff, forming large channels or gullies. It is a geomorphic process that alters landscapes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In India, gully erosion includes three features – gully systems, badlands, and denuded hill slopes. It causes loss of agricultural productivity, water stress, and increases drought vulnerability. Gully erosion leads to deeply dissected landscapes called badlands. It is difficult to reverse due to its scale and impact. Mapping gullies using ≤1 m resolution satellite imagery helps in management and rehabilitation efforts.

Why in news?

A 2025 scientific report brought into light gully erosion as a major obstacle to Indias land degradation neutrality mission, identifying 77 districts with high erosion priority, mainly in eastern India.

Hadal Zone

The hadal zone refers to ocean depths below 6,000 meters, typically found in oceanic trenches like the Atacama Trench. This zone experiences extreme pressure exceeding 1,000 times atmospheric pressure and near-freezing temperatures. It is characterized by complete darkness and limited food supply. Organisms living here have evolved unique adaptations such as pressure-resistant enzymes and specialized feeding mechanisms. The hadal zone remains one of the least explored habitats on Earth, with ongoing discoveries revealing unexpected biodiversity and biological activity. It is important for studies on extremophiles and astrobiology analogs.

Why in news?

The hadal zone was brought into light due to the discovery of Dulcibella camanchaca, the first predatory amphipod found at these extreme depths, shedding light on life in this hostile environment.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22)

HCFC-22 is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used primarily in air-conditioning and refrigeration. It is an ozone-depleting substance targeted for phase-out under the Montreal Protocol. India follows an accelerated phase-out schedule – 10% reduction by 2015, 35% by 2020, 67.5% by 2025, and complete phase-out by 2030. From 2030-2040, 2.5% of baseline production (2009-2010 average) is allowed for servicing existing equipment. India has met all interim reduction targets. HCFC-22 replacement is critical to protecting the ozone layer and mitigating climate change effects.

Why in news?

Indias progress on HCFC-22 phase-out and compliance with the Montreal Protocol was reported in the Lok Sabha as part of environmental protection efforts.

IMD Heatwave Criteria

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) defines a heatwave based on both absolute temperature and deviation from normal temperatures. A heatwave is declared when the maximum temperature reaches at least 40°C in plains or 30°C in hilly regions. A heatwave occurs if the temperature departure from normal is between 4.5°C and 6.4°C, while a severe heatwave is declared for departures above 6.4°C. Actual maximum temperatures above 45°C indicate a heatwave, and above 47°C a severe heatwave. The heatwave status requires these conditions at two stations in a subdivision for two consecutive days.

Why in news?

IMD issued heatwave warnings for Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and other states during March 2025 due to rising temperatures exceeding defined thresholds.

Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBAs)

Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBAs) are designated sites identified for their biodiversity value along Indias coastline. As of 2025, 106 coastal sites have been recognized as ICMBAs to promote marine conservation and sustainable use of resources. These areas include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, and fish breeding grounds. The designation aims to protect habitats critical to marine life and support livelihoods dependent on coastal ecosystems. ICMBAs are integrated into planning and regulatory frameworks to mitigate ecological impacts from development activities, including offshore mining.

Why in news?

The Union Minister stated that offshore mining blocks were carved out excluding 130 marine protected areas and 106 ICMBAs to safeguard marine biodiversity.

In-situ Conservation

In-situ conservation refers to the preservation of plant genetic resources in their natural habitats or on-farm environments. It allows continued evolution and adaptation of crops under natural and farmer-managed conditions. Approximately 42% of surveyed taxa globally are threatened at species or varietal levels despite in-situ conservation efforts. This method contrasts with ex-situ conservation, which involves seed banks or gene banks. In-situ conservation supports ecosystem services, cultural heritage, and resilience to climate change. It is crucial for maintaining dynamic genetic diversity and facilitating farmers ongoing selection and breeding practices.

Why in news?

The FAO report marks that in-situ conservation faces challenges, with many taxa threatened, underscoring the need for enhanced conservation strategies on farms and in natural environments.

Indian Ocean Dipole

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a climate phenomenon characterized by differences in sea surface temperatures between the western and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean. A positive IOD phase features warmer waters in the western Indian Ocean near Africa and cooler waters near Indonesia, while a negative phase reverses this pattern. The IOD influences rainfall patterns in surrounding countries, particularly affecting monsoon strength in India and Australia. It typically lasts from May to November. The IOD interacts with other climate systems like El Niño and La Niña, affecting global weather. Neutral IOD phases mean no temperature difference across the ocean.

Why in news?

A neutral Indian Ocean Dipole in early 2025 contributed to disrupted weather patterns and above-normal heat across India, intensifying early heatwaves.

Insecticides Impact

Insecticides are chemicals used to kill or manage insect populations in agriculture and public health. Modern insecticides include neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Neonicotinoids, introduced in the 1990s, are systemic and affect insects’ nervous systems, often linked to pollinator declines. Organophosphates disrupt nerve function but are increasingly restricted due to toxicity concerns. Insecticides can accumulate in ecosystems, affecting non-target species like butterflies and bees. Changes in insecticide use patterns since 2000, including increased neonicotinoid application, correlate with declines in butterfly populations. Resistance development and environmental persistence make management challenging.

Why in news?

Insecticide use is identified as the biggest cause of butterfly population declines in the U.S. over the past 20 years, according to the recent study.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

ICIMOD is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1983, headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal. It serves eight Hindu Kush Himalayan countries, focusing on sustainable mountain development, climate change adaptation, and disaster risk reduction. ICIMOD conducts research, capacity building, and policy advocacy on environmental and social issues affecting mountain communities. It operates advanced monitoring systems for glaciers and air pollution and collaborates with international bodies like the UN and World Bank. ICIMOD plays a key role in promoting clean technologies and integrated approaches to reduce black carbon emissions in South Asia.

Why in news?

ICIMOD supported and helped release a 2025 report linking black carbon pollution to climate risks and health impacts in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region.

International Solar Alliance (ISA)

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a treaty-based intergovernmental organization launched in 2015 by India and France. It aims to promote solar energy deployment globally, especially in countries between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The ISA currently has over 120 member countries. It facilitates cooperation on solar technology, financing, and capacity building. The alliance focuses on reducing dependence on fossil fuels and accelerating renewable energy adoption in the Global South. ISA also runs initiatives like the Solar Technology Application Resource Centre and supports solar mini-grid projects in remote areas. Its headquarters is in Gurugram.

Why in news?

Indias Union Minister brought into light ISA as a key initiative during the World Sustainable Development Summit 2025, emphasizing its role in global climate action and sustainable development.

IUCN Green Status

The IUCN Green Status is a conservation assessment tool introduced in a 2021 paper in the journal Conservation Biology. It complements the IUCN Red List by measuring species recovery and conservation success. The Green Status categorizes species into nine recovery levels – Fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. It provides a fuller picture of a species’ ecological functionality and recovery potential rather than just extinction risk. Over 100 species have been assessed using this tool as of 2025, aiding targeted conservation efforts worldwide.

Why in news?

The IUCN released its first Green Status assessment for the lion in March 2025, categorizing the species as Largely Depleted and denoting ongoing conservation challenges.

Jal-Jangal-Jan Campaign

The Jal-Jangal-Jan – Ek Prakritik Bandhan Abhiyan is a campaign launched to strengthen the ecological connection between water bodies, forests, and people. It promotes the conservation of rivers, springs, and forests as an integrated natural system. The campaign recognizes the interdependence of water resources and forest ecosystems for sustaining biodiversity and groundwater recharge. It encourages community stewardship of natural resources and aims to enhance ecological balance. The campaign also supports the idea that protecting forests directly benefits water availability and quality, thus contributing to climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods.

Why in news?

This campaign was launched during the Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain2025 event to emphasize the natural bond between water, forests, and communities.

Jet Streams

Jet streams are narrow bands of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, typically found at altitudes of 9 to 16 kilometers. They flow from west to east and influence weather patterns by shifting north and south, affecting temperature and precipitation distribution. The position and strength of jet streams impact the occurrence, intensity, and duration of heatwaves and cold spells. Changes in jet stream behavior are linked to climate change and Arctic warming, which can cause more extreme and prolonged weather events. Jet streams also interact with oceanic phenomena like ENSO, further modulating global and regional climates.

Why in news?

Researchers at IIT Bombay connected a northward shift in jet streams during the pre-monsoon season to the duration and intensity of heatwaves in India in 2025.

Kala-azar Elimination

Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies, affecting internal organs and fatal if untreated. India eliminated Kala-azar as a public health problem in 2023, achieving fewer than one case per 10,000 people in all 633 endemic blocks across Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh. Sustained control measures include vector control, early diagnosis, and treatment with improved drugs. To receive WHO certification, India must maintain this status for three consecutive years, up to 2027. Kala-azar elimination marks public health milestone in tropical disease control.

Why in news?

Union minister Anupriya Patel announced Indias achievement of Kala-azar elimination in Rajya Sabha and outlined the criteria for upcoming WHO certification.

Kanger Valley National Park

Kanger Valley National Park (KVNP) is located in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh. It covers an area of approximately 200 square kilometers and is known for its dense tropical forests and biodiversity. The park is home to over 200 bird species and rare animals like the Lethis softshell turtle, otter, mouse deer, and giant squirrel. It contains more than 15 limestone caves, including Kotamsar, Kailash, and Dandak caves, which have geological and archaeological importance. The park features Tirathgarh Falls, a 150-foot waterfall originating from the Kanger River, noted for its clean water and unique rocky formations.

Why in news?

Kanger Valley National Park has been included in UNESCOs tentative list of World Heritage Sites under the Natural category, marking the first such recognition for a site in Chhattisgarh.

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Cookstoves

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve in Assam introduced improved cookstoves to reduce smoke emissions and fuelwood consumption among local communities. These cookstoves are designed to be more efficient and environmentally friendly, lowering indoor air pollution and deforestation. The initiative supports the reserves green warriors—forest protectors and local residents—by improving health and reducing the ecological footprint. The cookstoves use less biomass and retain heat longer than traditional stoves. This program also indirectly aids tiger conservation by lessening habitat degradation caused by wood collection.

Why in news?

New cookstoves were introduced to enhance the lives of green warriors in Kaziranga, promoting sustainable living and conservation efforts.

Kolsa Zone

The Kolsa zone is one of the designated safari zones within the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, lesser-known compared to the core Pangdi zone. It covers forest area with diverse flora and fauna, including tiger habitats. Historically, it received fewer tourists due to accessibility challenges and lesser infrastructure. Recent considerations to extend full-day safari access to Kolsa aim to distribute visitor pressure more evenly across the reserve. The zone is also studied for its potential to support longer, uninterrupted wildlife excursions, balancing tourism and conservation by reducing overcrowding in core areas.

Why in news?

Tadoba-Andhari authorities are contemplating extending full-day safari access to the Kolsa zone to enhance visitor experience and reduce pressure on the Pangdi core region.

Kotamsar Cave

Kotamsar Cave is a limestone cave located within Kanger Valley National Park. It extends over 1,371 meters, making it one of the longest caves in India. The cave features stalactites, stalagmites, and underground streams. It is ecologically important, hosting unique cave-dwelling fauna such as blind fish and bats. Archaeological findings in the cave suggest ancient human activity, making it for prehistoric studies. The caves environment remains largely undisturbed due to its remote location and restricted access, preserving its natural formations and biodiversity.

Why in news?

Kotamsar Cave is part of the Kanger Valley National Park, recently added to UNESCOs tentative list, denoting its geological and archaeological significance.

Kurangani Forest Fire Tragedy

The Kurangani forest fire in March 2018 occurred in the Western Ghats, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. It trapped multiple trekking groups, causing 16 deaths and numerous injuries. The fire spread rapidly due to dry undergrowth and difficult terrain. Many trekkers lost their way as flames cut off escape routes, leading to panic and fatalities. It brought into light the dangers of forest fires in trekking zones and the need for better safety measures. Rescue operations were complicated by steep slopes and dense forest. The incident remains one of Tamil Nadus deadliest forest fire disasters.

Why in news?

The Kurangani tragedy is referenced to illustrate the deadly impact of forest fires amid rising wildfire incidents in Tamil Nadu.

Lama Tenpai Dronmey Museum

The Lama Tenpai Dronmey Museum is located in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, focusing on the cultural and natural heritage of the region. It houses artifacts related to local Buddhist traditions, tribal customs, and natural history, including exhibits on migratory birds and regional wildlife. The museum plays a role in environmental education and conservation awareness among locals and visitors. Its founder, Rinchin Norbu, is an advocate for protecting migratory bird habitats and has documented changes in bird populations linked to hunting and habitat degradation.

Why in news?

Rinchin Norbu, owner of the museum, commented on the decline and recent return of migratory birds in West Kameng district, emphasizing conservation challenges.

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)

Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) is a global environmental goal defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) to maintain or improve the amount and quality of land resources. It aims to balance land degradation with restoration, ensuring no net loss of productive land by 2030. LDN involves monitoring biological productivity, soil health, and ecosystem services. It supports sustainable land management practices to combat desertification, drought, and biodiversity loss. Indias LDN efforts focus on combating gully erosion and badlands to meet UN targets.

Why in news?

Indias 2025 scientific report linked gully erosion control to achieving LDN targets under the UN agenda for 2030, denoting priority districts for intervention.

Lantana camara

Lantana camara is a highly invasive shrub native to Central and South America, introduced worldwide as an ornamental plant. It spreads rapidly, forming dense thickets that outcompete native flora and reduce biodiversity. The plant is prickly, obstructing wildlife movement and increasing forest fire risks. It thrives in disturbed areas, often proliferating after deforestation and human activity. In Haryanas Aravalli ranges, densities exceed 1,000 bushes per hectare in some patches. Its control requires mechanical removal and chemical treatment. Lantana also alters habitats, affecting animal migration and predation patterns, thus disrupting ecosystem balance.

Why in news?

Lantana camara tops the list of invasive species threatening Haryanas reserved forests, covering 89 sq km and severely impacting biodiversity and forest health in the Aravalli region.

Lion-tailed Macaque Sanctuary

The Sharavathi Valley is a protected sanctuary for the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque, an endemic primate species of the Western Ghats. It is one of eight global biodiversity hotspots and hosts a rich variety of flora and fauna, including the vulnerable Great Indian Hornbill. The sanctuary acts as important wildlife corridor connecting Gerusoppa-Kyadagire in the north to Govardhanagiri-Jog forests in the south. The proposed project threatens about 360 acres of pristine forest within this core sanctuary area, which is vital for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance in the region.

Why in news?

The sanctuary is under threat from the Sharavathi hydroelectric project, which requires clearing forest land, raising concerns about habitat destruction and violation of wildlife protection laws.

Loss and Damage Fund

The Loss and Damage Fund is a financial mechanism established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to compensate developing countries for climate change-induced losses. It was agreed upon during COP27 in Sharm El-Sheikh in 2022 and became operational on January 1, 2025. The fund aims to address irreversible impacts such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and ecosystem degradation. Its governing board consists of developed and developing country representatives. The fund’s establishment marked a historic recognition of climate reparations, with a focus on vulnerable and least-developed countries disproportionately affected by climate change.

Why in news?

The United States withdrew from the funds governing board, creating uncertainty about the funds future and its ability to support vulnerable nations.

M.M. Hills Wildlife Sanctuary

The M.M. Hills Wildlife Sanctuary (Male Mahadeshwara Hills) is located in the southern part of Karnataka near the Tamil Nadu border. It spans over 906 square kilometers and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The sanctuary is home to diverse species, including tigers, elephants, and the endangered grizzled giant squirrel. It acts as an important wildlife corridor linking tiger populations between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. M.M. Hills is less visited compared to other reserves, which helps reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation efforts focus on anti-poaching and habitat protection to support tiger dispersal from saturated reserves like Bandipur and Nagarahole.

Why in news?

M.M. Hills Wildlife Sanctuary is mentioned as a potential habitat to absorb increasing tiger populations from Bandipur and Nagarahole, emphasizing the need for strengthened protection and anti-poaching measures.

M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

The M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) is an Indian non-profit organization founded in 1988 by M.S. Swaminathan, a prominent agricultural scientist. MSSRF focuses on sustainable agriculture, biodiversity conservation, and rural development. It pioneered the concept of community seed banks in India to preserve indigenous crop varieties. The foundation integrates modern science with traditional knowledge to address food security and climate change challenges. MSSRF has been involved in promoting climate-resilient farming practices and empowering women farmers through technology and education. It operates primarily in Tamil Nadu but has influenced agricultural policies nationally.

Why in news?

Sandeep Mahato of MSSRF commented on the impact of heat waves on wheat growth stages in India amid rising temperatures in early 2025.

Machans

Machans are elevated platforms traditionally used in India for hunting and wildlife observation. In modern conservation, they serve as vantage points for farmers and forest guards to monitor wildlife activity and prevent crop damage by animals. Typically made from bamboo or wood, machans provide a safe place to observe without disturbing wildlife. In Gujarat, over 11,000 machans have been constructed under Project Lion to help farmers protect crops while ensuring coexistence with Asiatic lions and other wildlife. Machans reduce human-wildlife conflict by enabling early detection of animal movement and minimizing direct encounters.

Why in news?

Machans are being widely deployed in Gujarat as part of Project Lion to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and protect crops from Asiatic lions and other animals.

Madhav National Park

Madhav National Park is located in the Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, within the Chambal region. Established in 1956, it spans approximately 354 square kilometers and features diverse habitats including dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and water bodies. The park is known for its rich biodiversity, including species like blackbuck, chinkara, and various migratory birds. It was originally a hunting reserve for the Scindia rulers of Gwalior. The park has been part of efforts to restore tiger populations, with three tigers introduced in 2023 as part of a reintroduction project.

Why in news?

Declared Indias 58th tiger reserve in March 2025, Madhav National Park became Madhya Pradeshs 9th tiger reserve, denoting its growing role in tiger conservation efforts.

Madhukosh Initiative

Madhukosh is a bee-keeping project under the Sustainable Phansad program focused on empowering tribal communities near Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary. It provides 30 tribal households with 5 active bee boxes each and necessary equipment to establish bee-keeping enterprises. The initiative combines traditional knowledge with modern techniques to promote sustainable honey harvesting. Madhukosh aims to reduce harmful forest activities by creating alternative income sources, thus supporting conservation efforts. The presence of bees also improves pollination, enhancing local biodiversity. The project is supported by Green Works Trust and SBI Foundation and integrates community development with environmental stewardship.

Why in news?

Madhukosh is brought into light for its first successful honey harvest, marking a milestone in community-based conservation and sustainable livelihood generation near Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary.

Mahanadi-Indravati Interlinking

The Mahanadi-Indravati interlinking project involves creating a water management system connecting the Mahanadi and Indravati rivers in central India. This initiative aims to optimize water distribution for irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power generation. The Mahanadi River is a major river flowing through Chhattisgarh and Odisha, while the Indravati is a tributary of the Godavari River. The interlinking is expected to improve drought resilience and agricultural productivity in the region. Environmental impact assessments are critical due to the potential effects on biodiversity and local ecosystems.

Why in news?

The Chhattisgarh state budget for 2025-26 included a survey for interlinking the Mahanadi and Indravati rivers as part of water resource management initiatives.

Mahanadian East Coastal Region

The Mahanadian east coastal region is a biogeographical zone within the Oriental realm that covers parts of eastern India, including Odisha. It is characterized by tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, rich biodiversity, and a variety of endemic species. This region forms part of the Similipal Biosphere Reserves ecological landscape, contributing to its unique flora and fauna. The areas climate and soil types support diverse ecosystems, including semi-evergreen forests where rare plant species thrive. It plays a critical role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting local livelihoods dependent on forest resources.

Why in news?

The region is part of the habitat where the new wild ginger species Zingiber jagannathii was discovered, underscoring its ecological importance.

Mahua Tree

The Mahua tree (Madhuca longifolia) is native to central and south India, especially in tribal and rural areas. It blooms between March and April, producing fragrant flowers used for food, drink, and traditional medicine. The flowers are collected after falling naturally and dried for preservation. Mahua seeds contain oil used historically for cooking and medicinal purposes, though edible use has declined. The tree supports local economies as a non-timber forest product, providing income during flowering and fruiting seasons. Mahua oil extraction yields about 20-30% oil from seeds. It also plays a cultural role in tribal customs and rituals.

Why in news?

Mahua flowers are harvested extensively in March-April in Chhattisgarhs Boir village, providing critical income to villagers like Guleshwar Dhruv, who relies on mahua as a primary livelihood source.

Majuli River Island

Majuli is the world’s largest river island, located in the Brahmaputra River in Assam. It spans approximately 880 square kilometers but is shrinking due to erosion. The island is known for its unique biodiversity and cultural heritage, particularly its Vaishnavite monasteries called Satras. Majuli hosts many migratory bird species during winter, making it an important ecological hotspot. The islands soil fertility supports predominantly agrarian communities. It faces challenges from flooding, erosion, and increasing human-wildlife conflict, especially with species migrating from nearby protected areas like Kaziranga National Park. Conservation efforts focus on balancing ecological preservation and local livelihoods.

Why in news?

Majuli is in the news due to a recent Aaranyak survey denoting escalating human-wildlife conflicts on the island and the need for sustainable conservation strategies to protect its biodiversity and local communities.

Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)

MPEDA is an Government of India agency established in 1972 to promote marine product exports. It regulates fishing practices, quality standards, and aquaculture development. MPEDA collaborates with international bodies to align Indias seafood exports with global market requirements. It has raised concerns about the ecological impacts of light fishing on export sustainability. MPEDA supports policy development for sustainable fisheries and has advocated learning from countries like Japan and the EU on stricter fishing regulations. The agency also facilitates fisher welfare programs and technological upgrades to improve marine product quality and environmental compliance.

Why in news?

MPEDA officials have brought into light the need for stricter regulation of light fishing to protect fish populations critical for Indias seafood export sector.

Measles elimination (USA)

The United States declared measles eliminated in 2000, meaning there was no continuous disease transmission for over 12 months. This status was achieved through widespread vaccination and public health efforts. However, importations of measles cases from abroad can still cause outbreaks, especially among unvaccinated populations. The elimination status does not mean measles is eradicated globally but that endemic transmission is interrupted in the US. The CDC continues surveillance and vaccination campaigns to maintain this status. Measles elimination requires at least 95% vaccination coverage to sustain herd immunity.

Why in news?

The 2025 measles outbreak in the US marks challenges in maintaining measles elimination due to pockets of unvaccinated individuals.

Melioidosis

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, found in soil and water in tropical regions. It can infect humans through inhalation, ingestion, or skin inoculation. The disease manifests in diverse forms, from mild skin infections to severe pneumonia and sepsis, with a fatality rate up to 50% in septicemic cases. Diagnosis is challenging due to the bacteriums slow growth and frequent misidentification as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment requires an initial intravenous phase followed by a prolonged eradication phase lasting 12-20 weeks to prevent recurrence. It is endemic in South Asia, especially India.

Why in news?

Melioidosis cases in Odisha, have increased, prompting research linking environmental factors like rainfall and humidity to disease occurrence and mapping high-risk regions.

Menchukha, Arunachal Pradesh

Menchukha is a remote town in Arunachal Pradesh situated at an altitude of around 2,000 meters, making it suitable for high-altitude crops like saffron. It is part of the West Siang district and known for its diverse tribal culture and biodiversity. The region’s cool climate and fertile soil are conducive to saffron cultivation, a crop traditionally grown in Kashmir. Menchukha’s inclusion in Mission Saffron marks shift in agricultural practices, aiming to boost local income and utilize uncultivated land. The area remains relatively inaccessible, with limited infrastructure, posing challenges for large-scale farming.

Why in news?

Menchukha is in the news as one of the primary sites for large-scale saffron cultivation under the governments Mission Saffron initiative in Northeast India.

Mishmi Takin

The Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor) is a rare subspecies of takin found in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh. It inhabits alpine and subalpine forests at elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters. The species is adapted to cold mountainous terrain with a robust body and thick fur. Classified as vulnerable, it faces threats from habitat fragmentation and poaching. The Mishmi takin is culturally to local tribes and is known for its unique gait and social behavior. Conservation efforts include habitat protection and captive breeding programs in zoos like the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park.

Why in news?

The Mishmi takin is among the endangered Himalayan species whose genetic material is being preserved at Indias first frozen zoo in Darjeeling.

Miyawaki Technique

The Miyawaki technique is an afforestation method developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s. It involves planting dense clusters of native tree species in small urban areas to rapidly create self-sustaining forests. Saplings are planted at a density of 3-5 per square meter and grow to maturity in about three years. The technique mimics natural ecosystems by using indigenous plants and random planting patterns. It improves soil quality, combats urban heat islands, and absorbs carbon emissions. Originating from Japans sacred shrine forests called Chinju no Mori, this method has been applied globally in cities like Mumbai and Chennai.

Why in news?

The Uttar Pradesh government used the Miyawaki technique to afforest 56,000 square meters in Prayagraj during the Maha Kumbh festival, contributing to urban beautification and environmental sustainability.

Model Solar Villages

Model Solar Villages are a novel initiative by MNRE under the PM Surya Ghar scheme to accelerate solarisation. One village per district is selected to compete in solar adoption over six months. The village achieving the highest solarisation receives central financial assistance (CFA) of about ₹1 crore. This competition aims to motivate local administrations and communities to increase rooftop solar installations and promote renewable energy adoption at the grassroots level. It integrates decentralized solar power growth with community participation and government incentives.

Why in news?

MNRE introduced Model Solar Villages to boost solar rooftop installations and accelerate the progress of the PM Surya Ghar scheme, as reported in October 2024 and March 2025 updates.

Monitoring Programs

Monitoring programs are systematic efforts to collect data on butterfly populations over time. In the U.S., over 35 monitoring programs contributed to gathering data for the study, involving more than 76,000 surveys. These programs vary in geographic scope and methodology, often relying on citizen scientists and professional researchers. They track species abundance, distribution, and seasonal changes. The data helps identify trends in population dynamics and environmental impacts. Many programs have been running for decades, providing long-term datasets essential for understanding ecological changes. Some programs focus on specific habitats, while others cover broader regions or entire states.

Why in news?

The study used data from over 35 monitoring programs to reveal a 22% decline in butterfly populations across 554 species in the contiguous United States from 2000 to 2020.

Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve

Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve is located in Rajasthan, covering an area of approximately 1,796 square kilometers. It was declared a tiger reserve in 2013 to protect the Bengal tiger and other wildlife. The reserve features dry deciduous forests and hilly terrain, supporting diverse fauna including leopards, sloth bears, and various deer species. It plays a critical role in conserving endangered species and maintaining ecological balance in the region. The reserve is also a habitat for lesser-known small cats like the caracal, denoting its biodiversity significance beyond just tigers.

Why in news?

A rare caracal was photographed for the first time in Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve during a Phase IV wildlife survey, denoting the reserve’s role in protecting elusive species.

Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve

The Nagarjuna Sagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR) is located in the Nallamala forest area, spanning parts of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the largest tiger reserves in India, covering over 3,500 square kilometers. The reserve is known for its rich biodiversity, including several endangered species beyond tigers, such as the Indian pangolin and the slender loris. It is divided into three census blocks for systematic wildlife monitoring. The reserve is part of the larger Nallamala forest range, which is ecological corridor connecting various wildlife habitats in South India.

Why in news?

The tiger population in NSTR increased from 74 in 2023 to 76 in 2024, reflecting successful conservation efforts and enhanced protection measures by the Andhra Pradesh government.

National Gene Bank (NGB)

The National Gene Bank at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, is the second largest gene bank globally, housing 4,71,561 accessions from 2157 species. It preserves plant genetic resources crucial for crop improvement and biodiversity conservation. The NGB supports both public and private sector research by providing access to its germplasm collections. It plays a vital role in safeguarding genetic diversity against climate change and pests. The bank uses state-of-the-art cryopreservation and seed storage techniques to maintain viability over decades. Its collections include wild relatives of crops, landraces, and modern cultivars.

Why in news?

The government announced establishing a second National Gene Bank with a capacity of 10 lakh crop germplasm to enhance Indias biodiversity conservation and food security.

National Green Hydrogen Mission

Indias National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to position the country as a global leader in green hydrogen production, utilization, and export. The mission targets a production capacity of 5 million tonnes per year by 2030 and an electrolyser manufacturing capacity of 3,000 megawatts annually. Green hydrogen is produced by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable energy, primarily solar or wind, making it a clean fuel alternative. The mission supports Indias energy transition goals and aims to reduce reliance on fossil fuels while boosting renewable energy infrastructure.

Why in news?

Union minister Shripad Yesso Naik informed Rajya Sabha about the missions targets, including production and electrolyser capacities, emphasizing Indias renewable energy ambitions.

National Green Tribunal (NGT)

The National Green Tribunal is a specialized judicial body established in India in 2010 to handle environmental disputes and enforce environmental laws. It has the power to hear cases related to air and water pollution, deforestation, and waste management. The NGT aims to provide speedy justice in environmental matters and reduce the burden on traditional courts. It has benches across India and includes expert members from judicial and environmental backgrounds. The NGT can impose penalties, order remediation, and direct government agencies to implement environmental regulations.

Why in news?

The NGT issued directives leading to automatic deregistration of diesel vehicles older than 10 years and petrol vehicles older than 15 years in Delhi, underpinning the citys ban on refueling overaged vehicles.

National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP)

The National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) is Indias official organic certification scheme established in 2000. It sets standards for organic products, including production, processing, packaging, labeling, and marketing. NPOP certification is mandatory for exporting organic products from India and is recognized internationally under the Equivalence Agreement with the European Union. The program is managed by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). NPOP includes a list of permitted substances and prohibits synthetic chemicals. It also promotes sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation. The scheme supports farmers by providing access to organic markets domestically and abroad.

Why in news?

The US may re-recognize Indias NPOP certification, potentially leading to reduced import duties on certain products from the US as part of trade negotiations.

National Referral Center for Wildlife Health

The National Referral Center for Wildlife Health is a specialized facility dedicated to wildlife disease diagnosis, treatment, and research. Located on 20.24 hectares in New Pipaliya, Junagadh district, Gujarat, it supports conservation by monitoring wildlife health and managing disease outbreaks. This center complements the high-tech monitoring and veterinary hospital in Sasan, enhancing the Gir regions capacity to care for Asiatic lions and other species. It serves as a hub for wildlife veterinary expertise, emergency response, and scientific research, facilitating coordinated health management across protected areas.

Why in news?

The Government of India has approved the establishment of the National Referral Center for Wildlife Health in Junagadh to support Project Lions conservation and health monitoring efforts.

National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP)

The National Wildlife Health Policy (NWHP) is an interim draft policy by the Government of India aimed at integrated wildlife disease surveillance, research, and diagnostic infrastructure. It proposes a unified framework to monitor health in terrestrial, marine, and avian ecosystems. The policy supports the National One Health Mission, promoting coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health sectors. It recommends setting up satellite diagnostic labs near forest habitats and creating national databases for wildlife health data. The Environment Ministrys Central Zoo Authority, IIT Bombay, and private firms like Ernst and Young have collaborated in its formulation.

Why in news?

The NWHP draft is under ministerial review as part of Indias strategy to prevent zoonotic disease outbreaks and improve pandemic preparedness five years after the Covid-19 pandemic.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are climate action plans submitted by countries under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Each country sets its own targets and timelines, reflecting its national circumstances. Indias NDCs include commitments to increase renewable energy capacity, reduce carbon intensity, and enhance forest cover. These contributions are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect increasing ambition. India has been recognized for early completion of several NDC targets, including expanding solar energy and improving energy efficiency. NDCs form the backbone of global climate cooperation and accountability.

Why in news?

The President brought into light Indias early achievements in fulfilling its NDCs during the environmental conference, emphasizing the country’s commitment to international climate agreements.

Niche Partitioning

Niche partitioning is an ecological concept where closely related species evolve to occupy different ecological niches to reduce direct competition for resources. In the case of the Javan and Indian rhinoceroses, niche partitioning led to divergent feeding habits – the Javan rhino became a browser feeding on leaves and twigs, while the Indian rhino became a grazer feeding on grasses. This differentiation influenced their skull shapes, dentition, and overall morphology. Niche partitioning promotes biodiversity by allowing species with overlapping habitats to coexist through specialized resource use and adaptive evolution.

Why in news?

Researchers attribute the evolutionary divergence of the Javan and Indian rhinoceroses to niche partitioning, explaining their distinct ecological adaptations and supporting the taxonomic separation of the Javan rhino into Eurhinoceros.

Non-Attainment Cities

Non-attainment cities are urban areas that do not meet the prescribed national air quality standards, particularly for particulate matter like PM10. India has identified 82 such cities under the Control of Pollution Scheme. These cities face pollution challenges from industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and other sources. The government allocates targeted funds to improve air quality through monitoring, regulation enforcement, and pollution control initiatives. These cities are prioritized under the National Clean Air Programme to achieve substantial reductions in pollution levels by 2026.

Why in news?

Non-attainment cities are central to the underutilized pollution control funds, as the scheme meant to address their pollution issues is awaiting continuation approval.

Odishas Keonjhar District

Keonjhar district is located in northern Odisha, within the Deccan Peninsular biogeographic zone. It is known for its rich mineral resources, including iron ore and manganese. The district encompasses diverse ecosystems such as forests, hills, and river valleys, supporting a wide variety of flora and fauna. Keonjhar is part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and has several protected areas and wildlife sanctuaries that contribute to biodiversity conservation. The regions soil and forest ecosystems provide habitats for many endemic and lesser-known species, making it area for ecological and biological research.

Why in news?

Keonjhar district is the location where scientists discovered the new nematode species Crassolabium dhritiae, denoting its ecological significance and biodiversity richness within the Deccan Peninsular zone.

Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park

Located in Darjeeling, this zoo specializes in Himalayan fauna conservation. Established in 1958, it is Asia’s largest high-altitude zoo. It focuses on breeding endangered Himalayan species such as red pandas, snow leopards, and Himalayan wolves. The park has pioneered captive breeding programs for several rare species. It collaborates with scientific institutions for wildlife research and conservation. The zoos terrain mimics natural Himalayan habitats to ensure animal welfare. It is the first in India to establish a frozen zoo, preserving genetic material at minus 196 degrees Celsius for future species revival efforts.

Why in news?

The park launched Indias first frozen zoo in collaboration with the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology to preserve genetic material of endangered Himalayan species.

Panchaganga River

The Panchaganga River flows through the Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. It is formed by the confluence of five rivers – Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi, Bhogavati, and Saraswati. The river supports local agriculture and is culturally in the region. It faces pollution challenges primarily from industrial effluents, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff. Fish mortality incidents have been reported due to contamination. The river basin is a vital water source for irrigation and domestic use. Efforts to monitor and control pollution involve local government agencies and environmental bodies.

Why in news?

A government panel was appointed to investigate pollution in the Panchaganga River following fish deaths and pollution concerns raised by local MLAs.

Panthera leo melanochaita

Panthera leo melanochaita is a lion subspecies classification used by the IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group. It includes lions found in Southern and East Africa and differs from Panthera leo leo, which covers Central Africa, West Africa, and Asia. This taxonomic revision replaced the older two-subspecies system (African and Asiatic lions). The name melanochaita derives from Greek, meaning black mane, referring to the darker manes seen in some populations. This classification helps focus conservation strategies by recognizing genetic and geographic distinctions within lion populations.

Why in news?

The IUCNs 2025 lion assessment used this updated subspecies classification to report population and conservation status across different African regions.

Parandur Airport

The Parandur Airport project near Chennai is planned on 2,172.73 hectares with three terminals and two parallel runways. It aims to handle 100 million passengers. The airport will be developed in four phases costing approximately ₹29,144 crore. The site includes 26.54% wetlands, raising environmental concerns. The project faced opposition from villagers, farmers, and environmentalists due to displacement and ecological impacts. Land acquisition and environmental clearance are ongoing. The first phase is targeted for completion by 2028. The sites hydrogeology and flooding risk are under study but reports remain confidential.

Why in news?

Parandur Airport project is nearing final approval after three years of delays, with environmental clearance and land acquisition underway amid protests from local communities and environmentalists.

Parivesh Portal

The Parivesh Portal is an online platform used by Government of India departments for forest clearance and environmental clearances. It streamlines the process of obtaining permissions and no-objection certificates related to land use, especially in ecologically sensitive areas. The portal integrates multiple agencies to ensure compliance with environmental laws and to monitor project impacts on forests and wildlife. It facilitates transparent and timely decision-making and is part of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Changes efforts to digitize environmental governance.

Why in news?

The Jammu and Kashmir administration plans to use the Parivesh Portal to seek forest clearance for land parcels identified for ecotourism development in Bangus Valley.

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, near the Arabian Sea coast. Established in 1986, it spans approximately 8,436 hectares and protects dry deciduous forest and coastal ecosystems. The sanctuary is home to diverse flora and fauna, including leopards, barking deer, and various bird species. It serves as a critical habitat for several endemic and endangered species. The sanctuary plays a key role in conserving biodiversity in the Western Ghats’ coastal belt and acts as a green buffer near rapidly urbanizing areas like Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.

Why in news?

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary is in the news for the successful launch of a tribal bee-keeping initiative aimed at sustainable livelihoods and ecosystem conservation under the project Sustainable Phansad.

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) is located in Uttar Pradesh, spanning approximately 602 square kilometers. It was declared a tiger reserve in 2008 and is part of the Terai Arc Landscape, known for its rich biodiversity. PTR features dense Sal forests, grasslands, and marshy areas, supporting species like tigers, leopards, elephants, and various deer. The reserve lies close to Nepals Shuklaphanta National Park, enabling transboundary wildlife movement. PTR is notable for its efforts in anti-poaching and habitat restoration. It currently has no rhino population but is under consideration for rhino relocation to enhance biodiversity.

Why in news?

PTR is being considered as a new habitat for relocating rhinos from Nepal to expand their population in northern India.

Pink Bollworm

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a moth species whose larvae infest cotton bolls, causing crop damage. It is native to Asia but has spread globally, becoming a major pest in cotton-growing regions. The larvae bore into cotton bolls, feeding on seeds and reducing fiber quality and yield. The pest developed resistance to many insecticides, complicating control efforts. It arrived in Punjab, around 2018-19, severely impacting cotton production. Management includes genetically modified Bt cotton varieties, crop rotation, and pheromone traps. Pink bollworm infestations can lead to economic losses and threaten the sustainability of cotton farming.

Why in news?

The pink bollworm has recently caused major damage to cotton crops in Punjab, prompting calls for new pest-resistant cotton varieties like Bollgard-3.

Plastic Neutrality

Plastic neutrality refers to companies offsetting their plastic footprint by collecting and recycling an equivalent amount of plastic waste. It is a voluntary commitment often used by corporations to claim environmental responsibility. However, definitions vary widely, and offsets can include sending waste to waste-to-energy plants or cement kilns, which may not fully mitigate environmental harm. Verification of plastic neutrality claims is often lacking, with calls for independent third-party audits. The concept is criticized for allowing continued plastic production while relying on offsetting rather than reducing plastic use at the source.

Why in news?

The report and panel discussion questioned the effectiveness of plastic neutrality claims amid rising plastic packaging and emphasized the need for credible verification mechanisms.

Podu Cultivation

Podu cultivation is a traditional form of shifting agriculture practiced mainly by tribal communities in India, especially in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It involves clearing forest patches by slashing and burning, cultivating crops for a few years, and then moving to a new area to allow forest regeneration. This method supports subsistence farming but contributes to deforestation and soil degradation if not managed sustainably. Podu is distinct from permanent agriculture as it relies on natural forest cycles. The practice is often linked to indigenous rights and forest conservation debates in India, as it intersects with forest land diversion policies.

Why in news?

Telanganas deforestation figures exclude forest land diverted under podu cultivation by the previous BRS government, denoting its impact on forest cover statistics.

Polar Jet Stream

The polar jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds flowing between 8 and 11 kilometers above Earth’s surface, typically circling the polar regions. It forms at the boundary between cold polar air and warmer mid-latitude air and influences weather patterns by steering storm systems and air masses. The jet stream’s path and strength vary with the polar vortex’s stability. When the vortex weakens or collapses, the jet stream can become wavy or displaced, allowing cold Arctic air to penetrate southward, causing severe winter weather events.

Why in news?

The anticipated polar vortex collapse in March 2025 is expected to weaken the polar jet stream, enabling cold Arctic air to move into North America and Eurasia, potentially causing heavy snowfall and extreme cold.

Polar Vortex

The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding Earth’s poles, primarily in the stratosphere and troposphere. It plays a critical role in controlling winter weather in the Northern Hemisphere. The vortex is typically stable but can weaken, split, or become displaced, which allows cold Arctic air to move into lower latitudes. It is closely linked to the polar jet stream, a fast-moving air current at 8 to 11 kilometers altitude. The polar vortex fluctuates seasonally and can be influenced by atmospheric phenomena like SSW.

Why in news?

The 2025 polar vortex collapse, the second this year, is expected to cause widespread cold and travel disruptions in North America and Europe by altering the jet stream and sending Arctic air southward.

Polymetallic Nodules

Polymetallic nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. They contain valuable metals like manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules are primarily found in deep ocean floors, especially in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Their extraction is considered challenging due to deep-sea pressures and environmental concerns. Nodules grow at a rate of millimeters per million years. They are targeted for mining as a potential source of critical metals for batteries and electronics. India is among countries actively exploring these deposits in its exclusive economic zone.

Why in news?

Polymetallic nodules are part of the offshore resources opened for private sector mining under the amended OAMDR Act, with auctions including blocks off the Kerala coast.

Post-Tuberculosis Lung Sequelae

Post-tuberculosis lung sequelae refer to chronic respiratory complications that develop after successful TB treatment. These include lung fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-like symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation, involving physical therapy, breathing exercises, and nutritional support, is recommended to improve lung function and quality of life. Experts emphasize integrating pulmonary rehabilitation into primary healthcare centers to address these sequelae early. This condition affects portion of TB survivors, often leading to long-term disability and increased healthcare needs, yet it remains under-recognized in TB care programs.

Why in news?

Experts call for pulmonary rehabilitation in primary healthcare to combat long-term lung damage following TB treatment.

Proglacial Lakes

Proglacial lakes form from meltwater accumulating in depressions near glaciers or behind natural dams like moraines. They are particularly common in glaciated mountain regions such as the Himalayas. These lakes pose risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which can cause sudden, catastrophic downstream flooding. In Jammu & Kashmir, 332 proglacial lakes have been identified, with 65 exhibiting GLOF risks. The Central Water Commission reported a 33% increase in glacial lake and water body coverage in the Himalayas between 2011 and 2024. Moraines surrounding such lakes often contain permafrost-laden materials that influence lake stability.

Why in news?

Proglacial lakes in the Kashmir Himalaya are increasingly unstable due to permafrost thaw, raising concerns over flood risks and infrastructure damage in the region.

Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis juliflora, also called Neltuma juliflora or Vilayati kikar, is a thorny shrub/tree native to Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. It thrives in arid and semi-arid environments, tolerating drought and poor soils. It invades grasslands and forests, displacing native plants and altering soil chemistry through nitrogen fixation. Its dense growth forms impenetrable thickets, hindering native vegetation regeneration and wildlife movement. It covers 61 sq km of Haryanas forests. Prosopis julifloras hard wood is used for charcoal and fuel, but its invasive nature creates ecological and economic challenges, including reduced agricultural productivity and increased management costs.

Why in news?

Prosopis juliflora is the second most widespread invasive species in Haryanas forests, affecting native ecosystems and soil composition, prompting urgent management efforts.

Proteomic Signatures

Proteomic signatures refer to patterns of protein expression and modification identified in cells or tissues, reflecting physiological or pathological states. Proteomics involves analyzing the full set of proteins (proteome) to detect changes caused by diseases, environmental stressors, or toxins. Specific protein markers can indicate cell damage, necrosis, inflammation, or neurodegeneration. In wildlife studies, proteomic signatures help understand sublethal effects of pollutants, such as plastics, by revealing molecular-level impacts on organs like the liver, brain, and kidneys before visible symptoms appear. This approach enables early detection of health deterioration in animal populations.

Why in news?

Researchers used proteomic signatures to identify multi-organ failure and neurodegeneration in seabird chicks caused by plastic ingestion, revealing hidden health damage not detectable by traditional ecological metrics.

Punjab Clean Air Programme (PCAP)

The Punjab Clean Air Programme (PCAP) is an environmental initiative launched by the Punjab government in Pakistan to tackle severe air pollution issues. It targets key pollution sources such as transport, agriculture, industry, energy, and municipal services. PCAP includes measures like deploying 5,000 super seeders to reduce crop residue burning, introducing 600 electric buses for public transit, and expanding air quality monitoring stations. The programme aims to reduce PM2.5 levels by 35% over ten years. It integrates public awareness campaigns and regulatory enhancements to improve air quality and public health.

Why in news?

PCAP is receiving a USD 300 million loan from the World Bank to strengthen air quality management and implement smog mitigation strategies in Punjab.

Pyroclastic Flows

Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter that can reach speeds of up to 700 km/h and temperatures around 1,000°C. They result from the collapse of an eruption column or explosive volcanic activity. These flows can destroy nearly everything in their path due to their speed and heat. Pyroclastic flows are denser than air and hug the ground, traveling downhill. They are often accompanied by ash clouds and can cause severe damage to infrastructure and loss of life. The term comes from Greek “pyro” (fire) and “klastos” (broken).

Why in news?

Pyroclastic flows are a major hazard during the recent Volcan de Fuego eruption, threatening nearby communities with fast-moving, deadly volcanic material.

Quadripartite Global Database

The Quadripartite Global Database is a collaborative data system used to track country self-assessments on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) policies and practices. It involves four UN agencies – FAO, UNEP, WHO, and WOAH. The database collects standardized data from member countries on AMR surveillance, education, and control measures. It helps in monitoring progress, identifying gaps, and guiding international AMR response strategies. In 2023, it revealed that 78% of countries reported no AMR education in primary and secondary schools. The database is updated regularly through national self-assessment surveys to provide real-time insights for global AMR policymaking.

Why in news?

Data from the Quadripartite Global Database brought into light the lack of AMR education in schools worldwide, informing a joint brief by six global organizations on integrating AMR prevention into school curricula.

Rainfed Agriculture

Rainfed agriculture relies solely on rainfall for water, without irrigation support, and accounts for approximately 60% of Indias cultivated area. It is highly vulnerable to climate variability and erratic monsoons, leading to fluctuating crop yields and farmer distress. The soil moisture and water availability in rainfed regions are unpredictable, making farming risky. These areas often have lower productivity compared to irrigated zones. Policies targeting rainfed agriculture focus on drought-resistant crops, water conservation, and improved risk management tools like the Farmers Distress Index.

Why in news?

Rainfed agriculture was central to the pilot study assessing farmers distress and the impact of PM Fasal Bima Yojana in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

Rare Civet Cat

The rare civet cat spotted near Tadepalli is a member of the civet family, known for their nocturnal habits and distinctive musk glands. Unlike common Asian civets, this species resembles some African civets in appearance and behavior. Civets play a role in seed dispersal and maintaining forest ecology. They are elusive and rarely seen in urban or human-inhabited areas. Their musk has been historically used in perfumes. The species is vulnerable due to habitat loss and hunting. Medical examination confirmed the animal was healthy before planned release back into its natural habitat.

Why in news?

The sighting of this rare civet cat in a residential area of Guntur district is unusual and has raised awareness about local wildlife conservation.

Rock Glaciers

Rock glaciers are masses of ice and rock debris that move slowly downslope, found mainly in alpine and arctic environments. They consist of interstitial ice within rock fragments, often forming in permafrost regions. Rock glaciers contribute to river base flow by releasing meltwater during warmer months. Their movement rates vary from centimeters to meters per year. In the Himalayas, rock glaciers play a role in hydrology and landscape stability but remain under-studied. Permafrost degradation threatens their integrity, potentially impacting water resources.

Why in news?

The study marks that degradation of rock glaciers due to permafrost thaw in the western Himalaya could affect groundwater and river flows, with implications for regional water security.

Soil Liquefaction

Soil liquefaction occurs when saturated, loose, sandy soils temporarily lose strength during intense shaking, behaving like a liquid. Water pressure builds between soil particles, reducing friction and causing the ground to lose load-bearing capacity. This phenomenon leads to sinking, tilting, or collapse of buildings and infrastructure. It typically happens in areas with shallow water tables, such as riverbanks, coastal zones, and reclaimed land. Liquefaction was a major factor in damage during the 1964 Niigata earthquake in Japan and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California. Mitigation includes soil compaction and drainage improvements.

Why in news?

Soil liquefaction contributed to structural damage in Bangkok and Myanmar during the March 2025 earthquake by weakening the ground beneath buildings.

Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs)

Sovereign Green Bonds are government-issued debt securities aimed at raising funds specifically for environmentally sustainable projects. Launched in India in FY 2022-23, they target investments in clean transportation, renewable energy, and sustainable land use. Globally, green bonds often carry a “green premium,” a slightly lower yield accepted by investors due to the environmental benefits, typically around 8-9 basis points. However, in India, this premium has been observed to be only 2-3 basis points. Between FY 2022-23 and FY 2024-25, India raised over ₹57,000 crore through these bonds, with 78% allocated to clean transportation projects.

Why in news?

The Finance Ministry is reviewing the continuation of sovereign green bonds after three years due to their underperformance and limited investor interest compared to global standards.

Subclinical Tuberculosis

Subclinical tuberculosis refers to TB infections where individuals have no overt symptoms but harbor active Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria detectable via chest X-ray or molecular tests. These cases can transmit TB but often remain undiagnosed due to lack of symptoms. The 2019-2021 National TB Prevalence Survey in India estimated that 42.6% of TB cases would be missed without chest X-ray screening, denoting the prevalence of subclinical TB. Detecting subclinical TB is crucial for controlling transmission and reducing disease burden. It necessitates advanced screening strategies beyond symptom-based diagnosis, including radiological and molecular tools.

Why in news?

The intensified TB elimination campaign focused on identifying subclinical TB cases using chest X-rays, aiming to detect hidden infections among high-risk groups.

Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary

The Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Chandigarh, covering an area of approximately 8.75 square kilometers. It was established in 1998 to protect local flora and fauna, including migratory birds that visit the Sukhna Lake nearby. The sanctuary hosts species like blackbucks, jackals, and various birds. It is part of the Shivalik Hills ecosystem and plays important role in maintaining the ecological balance in the region. The sanctuary is also a designated Eco Sensitive Zone (ESZ), aimed at regulating developmental activities to protect biodiversity. It is managed by the Chandigarh Forest Department.

Why in news?

The Punjab governments affidavit stated the ESZ around Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary will remain at 100 meters for Nayagaon municipal committee instead of 1-3 km, following protests by local residents and pending Supreme Court orders.

Super Seeders

Super seeders are specialized agricultural machines designed to collect and manage crop residues, especially wheat and rice stubble, to prevent open-field burning. These machines cut, collect, and sow seeds simultaneously, reducing the need for burning crop residues, a major source of seasonal smog in Punjab and other regions. Super seeders improve soil health by incorporating residues back into the soil, enhancing moisture retention and nutrient recycling. Their use has been promoted to combat air pollution caused by crop residue burning, which contributes to PM2.5 particulate matter and smog formation in South Asia.

Why in news?

The Punjab Clean Air Programme includes the investment in 5,000 super seeders to reduce crop residue burning and mitigate seasonal smog in the region.

Tiger Reintroduction Project (Madhya Pradesh)

The tiger reintroduction project in Madhya Pradesh involves relocating and releasing tigers into suitable forest habitats to increase population numbers and genetic diversity. Initiated in the early 2020s, the project focuses on reserves like Madhav National Park, where tigers had become locally extinct or severely depleted. The program includes monitoring tiger movements via GPS collars, habitat restoration, and community engagement to reduce human-wildlife conflict. In 2023, three tigers, including two females, were introduced to Madhav National Park. The project is part of Indias larger national effort to double tiger populations under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973.

Why in news?

Three tigers were introduced to Madhav National Park in 2023 as part of this reintroduction project, preceding its declaration as a tiger reserve in 2025.

Turmeric Cultivation in India

India is the worlds largest producer of turmeric, cultivating over 30 varieties across more than 20 states. Major producing states include Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Turmeric is grown on varied soil types but requires warm, humid climates and well-drained soil for optimal yield. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, harvested mainly for its rhizomes, which are dried and powdered for culinary and medicinal uses. Despite its widespread cultivation, many regions lack modern agronomic support, leading to inconsistent yields and quality. Turmeric contributes to Indias spice export economy and traditional medicine systems.

Why in news?

The article discusses turmeric cultivation statistics and challenges faced by farmers in Chamarajanagar, denoting the need for better support and inclusion in national programs.

Veeranan Deity

Veeranan is a local deity worshipped in Kasampatty Sacred Grove, integral to the communitys cultural traditions. The deity is associated with protection and valor, often linked to village guardian spirits in Tamil Nadu. Worship practices at Veera Kovil (temple) continue unrestricted despite the groves protected status. This reflects the integration of ecological conservation with indigenous religious customs. The deitys veneration supports community involvement in preserving the groves biodiversity and cultural heritage, demonstrating the coexistence of spiritual traditions and environmental stewardship in rural Tamil Nadu.

Why in news?

The Kasampatty Sacred Groves designation as a Biodiversity Heritage Site includes provisions allowing uninterrupted worship of the Veeranan deity at the local temple.

Visceral Leishmaniasis

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is caused by the protozoan parasite *Leishmania donovani* and transmitted by sandflies. It primarily affects internal organs like the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged spleen and liver. If untreated, VL is often fatal. India accounts for portion of global VL cases, especially in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh. The diseases elimination threshold is defined as less than one case per 10,000 population. VL control relies on vector control, early diagnosis, and treatment with antileishmanial drugs.

Why in news?

India reduced VL incidence by 95% in the last decade, reaching elimination thresholds in 2024, marking a major public health milestone.

Vitamin A supplementation in measles

Vitamin A supplementation is recommended by the WHO for children diagnosed with measles to reduce the risk of severe complications like blindness, diarrhea, and mortality. Measles infection depletes vitamin A stores, weakening immunity and damaging mucosal surfaces. Supplementation is especially critical in malnourished children or those with vitamin A deficiency. The usual regimen involves two doses of vitamin A given 24 hours apart. Studies have shown that vitamin A reduces measles-related deaths by up to 50% in high-risk populations. Vitamin A is also important for maintaining healthy vision and immune function beyond measles treatment.

Why in news?

Vitamin A supplements are part of treatment protocols used during the 2025 measles outbreak to mitigate complications in affected children.

Walayar-Madukkarai Forests

The Walayar-Madukkarai forests lie along the interstate border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, forming a critical elephant migratory corridor in the Western Ghats. This forest range connects the Nilgiris and Sathyamangalam wildlife areas, facilitating seasonal elephant movement. It contains multiple reserved forest blocks like Soolakkarai and Boluvampatti. The region’s dense forest cover and water sources, including the Walayar river, provide essential habitat for elephants and other wildlife. The area has faced increasing human-elephant conflict due to railway tracks bisecting the migratory paths, leading to fatalities before recent technological interventions. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining corridor connectivity and reducing accidents.

Why in news?

The Walayar-Madukkarai forests are in the news due to the successful implementation of an AI-enabled surveillance system that prevents elephant deaths on railway tracks passing through this critical corridor.

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)

The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) is an Government of India agency established in 2007 to combat organized wildlife crime. It operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The bureau has a sanctioned strength of 109 personnel, including wildlife inspectors and officers, but faces vacancies and staffing challenges. WCCB inspectors are often deputed from paramilitary forces for short terms and lack specialized wildlife expertise. The bureau coordinates with state forest departments and international agencies but struggles with limited resources, low inter-agency coordination, and political support. It handles intelligence gathering, investigation, and prosecution related to wildlife trafficking.

Why in news?

The WCCB is discussed for its limited capacity and challenges in curbing new-age tiger poaching syndicates using advanced technology and cross-border networks.

Zero-Carbon Building Energy Codes

Zero-carbon building energy codes are regulatory standards designed to ensure that new buildings produce no net carbon emissions over their lifecycle, primarily by minimizing energy use and maximizing renewable energy integration. These codes cover building design, materials, insulation, HVAC systems, and renewable energy requirements. Adoption timelines vary, with major carbon-emitting countries targeted to implement by 2028 and others by 2035. They are critical for limiting future emissions as nearly half of all buildings that will exist by 2050 have yet to be built. Enforcement and compliance remain challenges, especially in emerging economies where over 50% of new buildings lack such policies.

Why in news?

The UNEP report stresses the urgent need for widespread adoption of zero-carbon building codes to meet global climate targets and reduce the building sectors large emissions footprint.

History (India / World) & Culture

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is a government agency under the Ministry of Culture responsible for archaeological research, conservation, and maintenance of Indias heritage sites. It manages over 3,600 monuments and sites, including prehistoric caves, temples, forts, and tombs. Established in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, ASI enforces the AMASR Act and regulates activities around protected monuments. It employs scientific methods for restoration and preservation. ASI also organizes excavations and documentation of historical artifacts. The agency plays important role in safeguarding Indias cultural and historical legacy.

Why in news?

ASI has installed tin sheets and fencing around Aurangzebs tomb to protect the monument amid communal tensions and calls for its demolition.

Bathou Religion

Bathou is the traditional religion of the Bodo people of Assam, centered on the worship of Bathoubwrai, the supreme deity symbolizing the “deep mystery of the creator of the five elements.” The religion venerates the five elements (panchatatva) – fire, air, earth, sky, and water, which form the universe’s foundation. Bathou followers use the Sijou plant (Euphorbia milii) as a sacred symbol, often planted at homes and community places. Bathouism emphasizes harmony with nature and community rituals. It remains a vital cultural identity marker for the Bodo ethnic group, with efforts underway to promote and preserve its teachings.

Why in news?

Union Home Minister Amit Shah referenced Bathou religion during the ABSU conference, denoting its cultural importance and expressing support for spreading its message among the Bodo people.

Champaran Satyagraha Testimonies

The book titled Thumb Printed – Champaran, Indigo Peasants Speak to Gandhi Volume III contains 423 testimonies from the historic Champaran Satyagraha, including 143 principal testators. Among them, five were women, 11 were minors, and 76 signed the documents, while four had no signature or thumb impression. These testimonies provide firsthand accounts of the indigo peasants’ struggle against oppressive plantation practices during British colonial rule. The volume is part of a series documenting the grassroots voices involved in this early non-violent resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917.

Why in news?

This volume was launched by the National Archives of India on its 135th Foundation Day in March 2025, showcasing rare archival materials related to the Champaran Satyagraha.

Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar

Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar is a recently renamed district in Maharashtra, formerly known as Aurangabad. It was renamed in 2023 to honor Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the second ruler of the Maratha kingdom. The district is part of the Marathwada region and has historical significance due to its proximity to UNESCO World Heritage sites like Ajanta and Ellora caves. It is one of the 14 districts identified as suicide-prone, leading to targeted welfare schemes. The renaming reflects regional pride and cultural heritage linked to the Maratha empire.

Why in news?

Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar is mentioned as one of the districts benefiting from the Anandacha Sidha scheme aimed at suicide-prone areas.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is known for pioneering guerrilla warfare tactics against the Mughal Empire. Shivaji was crowned as Chhatrapati (king) in 1674 at Raigad Fort. He established a competent and progressive civil administration and promoted the use of Marathi and Sanskrit in court and administration. Shivajis naval force was one of the earliest to challenge European colonial powers. Despite conflicts, he respected women and banned the killing of civilians during warfare. His legacy is celebrated widely in Maharashtra and beyond.

Why in news?

Maharashtra government announced building a memorial in Agra, where Shivaji was held under house arrest by the Mughals in the 17th century.

Garo Language

The Garo language is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken primarily by the Garo people in Meghalaya, and parts of Bangladesh. It has several dialects and is written in the Latin script. The language includes unique vocabulary related to local flora, fauna, and cultural practices. “Nachi,” the specific name for Channa nachi, is a vernacular term in Garo referring to this fish. The use of indigenous language in scientific nomenclature helps preserve cultural heritage and reflects the deep connection between the Garo community and their natural environment. Garo is recognized under the Constitution of Indias Eighth Schedule.

Why in news?

The species name Channa nachi was derived from the Garo language, linking the scientific discovery to Meghalayas indigenous culture and local ecological knowledge.

Handia (Rice Beer)

Handia is a traditional fermented rice beer widely consumed by Adivasi communities in Jharkhand and surrounding areas. It is prepared using a starter culture called ranu or bakhar, which contains natural yeasts and bacteria essential for fermentation. Handia is integral to social and religious occasions, including Sarhul, where it is shared during communal feasts. The drink has a mild alcoholic content and is considered a symbol of hospitality and community bonding. Its preparation methods vary slightly among tribes but typically involve fermenting cooked rice in earthen pots for several days.

Why in news?

Handia is consumed during the grand community feast on the final day of Sarhul, symbolizing unity and celebration among the Adivasi people.

INS Darshak

INS Darshak is a hydrographic survey ship deployed by the Indian Navy’s Eastern Naval Command. It specializes in detailed oceanographic and hydrographic surveys, including underwater archaeological explorations. In 2004, INS Darshak discovered a U-shaped submerged structure and remnants of a Dutch shipwreck near Poompuhar. Artifacts recovered included lead ingots marked with W. Blackett and 1792, indicating British manufacture, and a Dutch East India Company emblem Vior. A two-meter-long cannon was also found. These findings provide evidence of colonial-era maritime conflicts and trade in the Bay of Bengal region.

Why in news?

INS Darshaks earlier discoveries off the Tamil Nadu coast support the governments new initiative for deep-sea archaeological excavations to uncover submerged historical sites.

Khanderi Fort

Khanderi Fort is a small island fort located off the coast of Maharashtra near Mumbai, built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1679 to strengthen naval defense. It was strategically important for controlling maritime trade routes and protecting the Arabian Sea coast. The fort features a lighthouse and a freshwater pond, rare for sea forts. It was originally called ‘Khanderi’ but renamed ‘Uran Island Fort’ during British rule. The fort was involved in conflicts between the Marathas and the British East India Company, marking the rise of Maratha naval power in the late 17th century.

Why in news?

Khanderi Fort is included in the list of 12 forts proposed for UNESCO recognition as part of the Maratha Military Landscape of India.

Khuldabad

Khuldabad, formerly known as Rauza, is a historic town in Maharashtra, famous for its Sufi shrines and Mughal-era tombs. It houses the dargah of 14th-century Chishti saint Sheikh Zainuddin, near which Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is buried. The town earned its name “Khuldabad,” meaning “abode of eternity,” after Aurangzeb was given the title Khuld-Makani posthumously. Besides Aurangzeb, Khuldabad contains tombs of his son, the first Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah I, and Nasir Jung. The site is a pilgrimage center blending Islamic austerity with Sufi traditions, reflecting diverse religious histories in the Deccan region.

Why in news?

Khuldabad is in the spotlight as Aurangzebs tomb there has been covered with tin sheets by the Archaeological Survey of India amid protests demanding its removal, sparking violence in Nagpur in March 2025.

Kishangarh Village

Kishangarh is a village in Mansa district, Punjab, that became the epicenter of the Muzhara Movement’s resistance in 1949. It hosted the most intense standoff between tenant farmers and biswedars, where muzharas drove out landlords, harvested crops independently, and prepared for retaliation. The village witnessed a police officers death and a military confrontation resulting in four tenant farmer casualties. Kishangarh holds annual commemorations, including conferences organized by the Communist Party of India. The village features a memorial and hall dedicated to the martyrs of the movement, built on land formerly owned by biswedars, symbolizing the shift in power.

Why in news?

Kishangarh remains a symbolic site for the Muzhara Movements legacy, hosting annual events on March 19 to honor tenant farmers struggles and maintain the memory of their resistance.

Krishnashila Idol

The 6.5-foot idol of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the Bhiwandi temple is made of krishnashila, a rare blackstone known for its durability and fine texture. The statue was sculpted by Arun Yogiraj, a renowned Mysore-based artist. Yogiraj has also created prominent statues such as the 22-foot statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at India Gate, the 12-foot idol of Aadi Shankaracharya in Kedarnath, and the Ram Lalla idol at the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya. Krishnashila stone is prized for its deep black color and is traditionally used in sacred sculptures in India.

Why in news?

The temples central attraction is the 6.5-foot krishnashila statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, sculpted by Arun Yogiraj, revealed during the temple inauguration.

Kumbabishekam

Kumbabishekam is a Hindu temple consecration ritual involving the sanctification of the temples main deity and premises. It is usually performed every 12 years or after major renovations. The ritual involves pouring sanctified water from a sacred pot (kumbha) over the temple spire (gopuram) and deities. It revitalizes the spiritual energy of the temple and reaffirms the temples religious status. The last kumbabishekam at Jalanatheswarar temple was held over 15 years ago. Approval from the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department is required for conducting the ritual.

Why in news?

Restoration efforts for the Jalanatheswarar temple include plans to perform kumbabishekam after more than 15 years, pending official approval.

Lachit Barphukan

Lachit Barphukan was a 17th-century Ahom general known for leading the Ahom army to victory against the Mughal forces in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. He is celebrated for his strategic acumen and valor, which preserved Assams sovereignty. His leadership prevented Mughal expansion into the Brahmaputra valley. Lachit Barphukans legacy is honored annually on Lachit Divas in Assam. His biography has been translated into 23 languages and is included in libraries across India. The Lachit Barphukan Police Academy in Dergaon, Assam, is named after him to inspire bravery and excellence in policing.

Why in news?

The Lachit Barphukan Police Academy was inaugurated in Dergaon, Assam, with plans to become the top police academy in India within five years, commemorating Lachit Barphukans legacy.

Lahore Conspiracy Case

The Lahore Conspiracy Case was a British colonial trial held in 1930 against Bhagat Singh, Shivram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, and other HSRA members. The Special Tribunal was established by Viceroy Lord Irwin, bypassing normal legal procedures. The accused were charged for the killing of British officer John P Saunders and bombing the Central Assembly. The trial was marked by violations of legal norms and political motivations to suppress revolutionary activities. The tribunal sentenced Bhagat Singh and his comrades to death on October 7, 1930, despite limited legal recourse for appeal, making it a very important moment in Indias freedom struggle.

Why in news?

The Lahore Conspiracy Case is central to Bhagat Singhs death sentence, which Gandhi failed to commute during the Gandhi-Irwin Pact negotiations, sparking debates on Gandhis role and moral stance.

Maasir-i-Alamgiri

Maasir-i-Alamgiri is a 17th-century Persian chronicle documenting the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, authored by Saqi Mustad Khan. It provides detailed accounts of Aurangzebs military campaigns, administration, and personal life. The text describes Aurangzebs burial wishes, including his simple tomb with a red sandstone platform filled with earth for fragrant herbs. Translated into English by historian Sir Jadunath Sarkar, the chronicle is a primary source for Aurangzebs era, offering vital information about Mughal policies and culture during a period of empire expansion and decline.

Why in news?

The Maasir-i-Alamgiri is referenced in recent discussions about Aurangzebs tomb and burial practices as authorities and historians examine his legacy amid calls for the tombs removal.

Maratha Military Landscape of India

The Maratha Military Landscape of India is a proposed UNESCO World Heritage site encompassing 12 forts linked to the Maratha empire and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. These forts include Lohagad, Salher, Raigad, Pratapgad, Shivneri, Suvarnadurg, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, Panhala, Khanderi, and Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu. They represent the strategic military architecture and defense systems employed by the Marathas in the 17th and 18th centuries. Each fort reflects unique geographic and architectural features adapted to its terrain, showcasing the Maratha’s naval and land warfare capabilities during their expansion across India.

Why in news?

Maharashtra government has approached UNESCO to recognize these 12 forts as a collective heritage site under the Maratha Military Landscape of India, denoting their historical significance related to Shivaji Maharaj.

Megalithic Burials

Megalithic burials are prehistoric tombs made using large stones or boulders, often arranged in circles, dolmens, or cairns. These structures date back to the Iron Age, around 1200 BCE to 500 CE. They serve as burial sites and are associated with early ritualistic and funerary practices. In South India, especially Kerala, megaliths often include cist graves and stone circles. The use of granite slabs and laterite stones is common, reflecting local geology. These sites provide evidence of social hierarchies and belief systems related to death and afterlife during the early Iron Age.

Why in news?

More than 110 megalithic structures were discovered near Malampuzha dam, Kerala, shedding light on early Iron Age society and burial customs in the region.

Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs

The Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs in Telanganas Narayanpet district are a prehistoric site dating back 3,500 to 4,000 years. The site features approximately 80 tall standing stones (menhirs) between 10 to 14 feet high, thousands of alignment stones arranged in rows with 20-25 feet gaps, and circular stone formations. It is considered one of South Indias largest megalithic burial sites and an archaeo-astronomical observatory with alignments corresponding to solar events like solstices and equinoxes. A flat-faced stone with cup-marks depicts the Ursa Major constellation, the earliest known star constellation depiction in South Asia. The site holds ongoing cultural and religious significance for local communities.

Why in news?

The Mudumal menhirs were added to Indias tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2025, moving Telangana closer to its second UNESCO inscription after Ramappa Temple.

National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA)

Established in 2007, the NMMA is tasked with the systematic documentation and digitization of India’s built heritage, monuments, and antiquities. It has digitized over 12,34,937 antiquities and documented 11,406 sites and monuments. NMMA standardizes documentation across central, state, private institutions, and universities. It provides training and capacity building for state departments, museums, NGOs, and universities. The mission encourages collaboration between the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other stakeholders. Its budget allocation for FY 2024-25 was Rs. 20 lakh. NMMA aims to create a comprehensive national database for better heritage management and research.

Why in news?

NMMAs recent progress in digitizing over 12 lakh antiquities and documenting more than 11,000 heritage sites was brought into light in the 2024-25 budget and heritage conservation reports.

Niluralla Thimmappa

Niluralla Thimmappa refers to the local name for the Mudumal menhirs, which are regarded by villagers as sacred standing stones believed to be transformed humans by a local goddess. The community worships one menhir as Goddess Yellamma, integrating the stones into their cultural and religious practices. This living tradition links the archaeological site with ongoing local beliefs, reflecting a fusion of ancient megalithic heritage and contemporary spiritual customs. The name Niluralla Thimmappa symbolizes the enduring cultural significance and reverence held by the local population towards these prehistoric monuments.

Why in news?

The cultural and religious importance of Niluralla Thimmappa menhirs was brought into light in the UNESCO nomination dossier submitted for World Heritage recognition in 2025.

Nowruz Festival

Nowruz is the Persian New Year, celebrated on the vernal equinox, marking the start of spring. It is observed by various ethnic groups across Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, for over 3,000 years. The festival symbolizes renewal, fertility, and the rebirth of nature. Traditions include cleaning homes, preparing special foods, and community gatherings. Nowruz is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. It encourages cultural unity and is a public holiday in Kyrgyzstan, where it is celebrated with music, dance, and rituals reflecting the countrys nomadic heritage.

Why in news?

Nowruz celebrations are part of the cultural exchange during the KHANJAR-XII exercise in Kyrgyzstan in March 2025.

Polygraph (Copying Device)

The Polygraph was a 19th-century mechanical copying device invented by John Isaac Hawkins and patented in 1803. It used a pantograph mechanism to move two or more pens simultaneously, creating exact duplicates of handwritten documents. Thomas Jefferson was an early adopter after acquiring it in 1804, praising it as the finest invention of the present age and relying on it exclusively for duplicating correspondence. The term “polygraph” originally referred to this copying device before becoming associated with lie detectors in 1871. Jeffersons use of the polygraph was crucial for managing his extensive correspondence efficiently.

Why in news?

The polygraph is mentioned as the historical precursor to the autopen, linking past presidential signature duplication methods to the modern controversy over Bidens autopen-signed pardons.

Potti Sriramulu

Potti Sriramulu was an Indian freedom fighter known for his 58-day hunger strike in 1952 demanding a separate Telugu-speaking state. His death on December 15, 1952, sparked widespread protests and led to the creation of Andhra State, the first linguistic state in India. He was born in Padamatipalli, Nellore district, and is considered a martyr for the Telugu community. His sacrifice influenced the reorganization of states along linguistic lines in India. The Nellore district was renamed in his honor. His birth anniversary is commemorated annually on December 15 as Martyrdom Day.

Why in news?

A 58-foot statue of Potti Sriramulu is being installed in Amaravati, with plans to convert his house into a museum, marking his 125th birth anniversary and honoring his sacrifice for Andhra Pradesh.

Pratapgarh Fort

Pratapgarh Fort, constructed in 1656, is located on a hill in Maharashtra and served as a strategic military outpost for Shivaji Maharaj. It was designed for defense and surveillance, offering a vantage point to monitor enemy movements. The fort was the site of the famous encounter between Shivaji and Afzal Khan in 1659. Its architecture includes strong bastions and natural fortifications, making it difficult to assault. Pratapgarh played important role in the early expansion of the Maratha Empire and remains a symbol of Shivajis military acumen. The fort is less frequented by tourists compared to other Maratha forts.

Why in news?

Pratapgarh Fort is referenced as the location of Shivajis legendary confrontation with Afzal Khan, underlining its historical and strategic importance during Shivajis rise.

Provenance Research Technologies

Provenance research technologies include advanced imaging techniques, DNA analysis, and AI-powered databases used to authenticate and trace the origin of cultural artifacts. Imaging methods like multispectral and 3D scanning reveal hidden details and restoration history. DNA analysis helps identify organic materials such as wood, textiles, or bone, linking artifacts to specific regions or periods. AI databases analyze ownership records, auction histories, and smuggling patterns to track artifacts chains of custody. These technologies strengthen legal claims by providing scientific evidence of origin and ownership, crucial for repatriation cases with unclear provenance.

Why in news?

The Indian parliamentary panel recommended investing in these technologies to improve authentication and legal arguments for returning stolen antiquities.

Rajaditya Chola

Rajaditya was a Chola prince and military commander, son of Parantaka I and grandson of Aditya I. He died in 949 CE during the Battle of Takkolam fighting against the Rashtrakutas. His death marked event in the Chola-Rashtrakuta conflicts. Rajaditya was renowned for his valor and was posthumously honored in inscriptions and local tradition. The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) named its Recruits Training Centre in Arakkonam after him in 2025. His death by an arrow piercing his chest is recorded in temple inscriptions, denoting the martial history of the Chola dynasty.

Why in news?

The CISF renamed its Recruits Training Centre in Arakkonam as Rajaditya Chola RTC, commemorating the prince who died in battle at Thakkolam in 949 CE.

Second Round Table Conference

The Second Round Table Conference was a series of meetings held in London in 1931 to discuss constitutional reforms in India. It followed the failure of the first conference in 1930. The Indian National Congress initially boycotted the first conference but agreed to participate in the second after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The conference included representatives from British India and princely states but excluded many key nationalist groups. It focused on issues like federalism, communal representation, and self-governance but failed to reach a consensus, leading to continued political unrest in India.

Why in news?

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact included Congresss agreement to participate in the Second Round Table Conference, marking political negotiation during Indias independence movement in 1931.

Subbarama Dikshitar

Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906) was a 19th-century Carnatic composer and writer, nephew of the poet-saint Muthuswami Dikshitar, one of the Carnatic music trinity. He is known for his scholarly contributions to Carnatic music theory and compositions. Subbarama Dikshitar authored the Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini, an important treatise documenting compositions and musical practices of his time. His work preserved and systematized many compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar and others, influencing subsequent generations of musicians and scholars.

Why in news?

Rudrapatna Krishnamrthy Shriramkumar is recognized as an authority on Subbarama Dikshitars works, contributing to the preservation of this heritage in 2025.

Vaishnavite Satradhikar

Satradhikars are the head priests or spiritual leaders of Vaishnavite monasteries called Satras in Assam. These monasteries were established by the saint Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th-16th centuries to promote Ekasarana Dharma, a form of Vaishnavism. Satradhikars oversee religious activities, cultural preservation, and community welfare. They play a key role in maintaining the islands cultural identity and managing interactions between humans and nature. Satras often serve as centers for art, dance, and traditional crafts. Their leadership extends to mediating conflicts and supporting local conservation efforts, as they hold influence over the agrarian and religious communities of Majuli.

Why in news?

Satradhikars were consulted during the Aaranyak survey on human-wildlife conflict in Majuli, reflecting their involvement in community and ecological issues on the island.

Wagh Nakh

The Wagh Nakh is a concealed weapon shaped like a tiger’s claw, historically used in the Indian subcontinent. It consists of four or five curved blades attached to a handle or worn over the knuckles, designed to slash an opponent in close combat. Shivaji Maharaj famously used the Wagh Nakh to kill Afzal Khan during a surprise attack in 1659, protecting himself with concealed armor. The weapon symbolizes stealth and lethal precision in Indian martial traditions. It was primarily used for assassination or defense in confined spaces and is rarely seen outside historical or cultural depictions .

Why in news?

The Wagh Nakh is mentioned in the context of Shivaji Maharajs legendary fight with Afzal Khan, denoting his strategic use of this weapon during a critical moment in Maratha history.

Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum

The Yuge Yugeen Bharat National Museum is a planned national museum set to be housed in the North and South Blocks of New Delhi, part of the Central Vista Redevelopment Project. It aims to showcase Indias thousands-year-old civilizational and cultural heritage. The museum will transform two symmetrical colonial-era government buildings into exhibition spaces. An agreement was signed in December 2024 with France Museums Development for technical cooperation. The project timeline and budget depend on a feasibility study. It focuses on portraying Indias past, present, and future through cultural artifacts and narratives.

Why in news?

The museum’s development was announced by the Union Minister for Culture and Tourism in a Lok Sabha reply, denoting the ongoing Central Vista Redevelopment Project.

Science & Technology

Barium Borate

Barium borate (BaB₂O₄, BBO) is a synthetic nonlinear optical crystal known for its birefringence and high damage threshold. It is commonly used for frequency doubling and mixing in lasers, converting infrared light to visible or ultraviolet wavelengths. BBO has a wide transparency range from ultraviolet to infrared and excellent mechanical properties. It is anisotropic, allowing phase matching in nonlinear optical processes. Barium borate crystals are grown using the Czochralski method and are integral in high-power laser systems and optical parametric oscillators.

Why in news?

Barium borate is cited as a synthetic birefringent material used in high-power lasers and frequency conversion applications.

Barnase-Barstar System

The barnase-barstar system is a genetic engineering tool used to create male sterility in plants, facilitating hybrid seed production. Barnase is a ribonuclease enzyme that destroys RNA in tapetum cells, causing male sterility, while barstar is its natural inhibitor, preventing barnase activity where fertility is desired. This system enables controlled pollination and higher hybrid vigor in crops. It was first characterized in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria. In GM mustard, this system is used to produce hybrid seeds efficiently, enhancing yield and uniformity. Its utilization reduces dependency on manual emasculation in hybrid breeding programs.

Why in news?

The barnase-barstar genes are part of the transgenic elements approved by GEAC in 2022 for GM mustard, which is currently under Supreme Court scrutiny in 2025 over biosafety and policy concerns.

Bhashini

Bhashini is a MeitY initiative focused on developing AI-powered language technologies for Indian languages. It provides translation capabilities, speech recognition, and natural language processing tools to support multilingual communication. Bhashinis technology is designed to bridge language barriers in governance, education, and public services by enabling real-time translation and transcription. It supports multiple Indian languages and dialects, incorporating features like customizable vocabulary and noise reduction. Bhashinis tools are integrated into projects like Sansad Bhashini to enhance accessibility and inclusivity in government communications and digital platforms.

Why in news?

Bhashini is the core AI language technology platform behind the Sansad Bhashini initiative, announced in March 2025, enabling real-time translation and transcription of parliamentary content in multiple Indian languages.

Bollgard-3

Bollgard-3 is a genetically modified Bt cotton variety developed by Monsanto over a decade ago. It expresses three Bt proteins – Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A, which disrupt the gut function of lepidopteran pests like the pink bollworm and whiteflies, causing their death. This variety offers enhanced pest resistance compared to earlier versions (Bollgard-1 and Bollgard-2). It is currently in use in some cotton-growing countries but has not yet been approved for commercial cultivation in India. Bollgard-3 aims to increase cotton yields by reducing pest-related losses and improving crop health.

Why in news?

Farmers in Punjab are demanding the swift approval of Bollgard-3 to combat pests damaging cotton crops, but regulatory delays persist.

Chandrayaan-4 Mission

The Chandrayaan-4 mission, scheduled for launch in 2027, plans to collect lunar soil samples and return them to Earth. It will be India’s first attempt at a sample return mission from the Moon. The mission will use advanced robotic landers and rovers equipped with instruments to analyze soil chemistry and mineralogy in situ before sample collection. Chandrayaan-4 aims to provide vital information about the Moon’s geological history and the presence of volatiles like water ice. Successful sample return missions are rare and technically complex, making this a critical step in ISRO’s lunar exploration roadmap.

Why in news?

Chandrayaan-4 was brought into light in March 2025 as the next major lunar mission after Chandrayaan-3 and before the newly approved Chandrayaan-5, focusing on sample return capabilities.

Charged Particle Instrument

The charged particle instrument aboard Voyager 2 measures the flux, energy, and composition of charged particles such as cosmic rays and solar wind ions. This instrument helps scientists understand the properties of the interstellar medium and the heliosphere’s boundary. It detects particles with energies ranging from a few keV to hundreds of MeV. The instrument has been operational since Voyager 2s launch in 1977, providing valuable data on planetary magnetospheres and interstellar space. NASA plans to shut it down to conserve power, reducing the spacecraft’s scientific payload but prolonging its operational lifetime.

Why in news?

NASA announced the planned shutdown of Voyager 2s charged particle instrument to save power and extend the spacecrafts mission duration as it continues its journey through interstellar space.

ChaSTE Probe

The Chandrayaan-3’s Thermal Explorer (ChaSTE) is a temperature measurement instrument designed to record surface and sub-surface lunar temperatures up to 10 centimeters deep. It measures fine-scale spatial temperature variations, crucial for understanding lunar regolith thermal properties. ChaSTE detected temperature fluctuations ranging from -170°C at night to 82°C during the day on a sun-facing slope near the Moons south pole. Its data helps model how slope angles affect temperature, influencing ice formation. ChaSTEs findings assist in identifying potential ice-rich regions and inform future missions about thermal environments on the Moons surface.

Why in news?

ChaSTE provided key temperature data from Chandrayaan-3s Vikram lander, enabling the discovery of local temperature variations affecting ice formation near the Moons south pole.

De-Extinction

De-extinction refers to the scientific attempt to recreate or restore extinct species using genetic technologies such as cloning or gene editing. It often involves extracting and analyzing ancient DNA to identify key traits for reintroduction into living relatives. Despite advances, true resurrection of extinct species remains impossible; current efforts focus on creating proxies or hybrids with similar characteristics. The concept raises ecological, ethical, and conservation debates, as it may divert resources from protecting endangered species. De-extinction projects include species like the woolly mammoth and the dodo bird, with goals ranging from biodiversity restoration to climate change mitigation.

Why in news?

Colossal Biosciences’ work on engineering woolly mammoth traits into living animals exemplifies ongoing de-extinction efforts, sparking scientific and ethical discussions in 2025.

Design-Linked Incentive Scheme

The Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme is part of India’s semiconductor ecosystem development, with a budget allocation of Rs 1,000 crore. It incentivizes companies to undertake semiconductor design activities domestically. The scheme supports integrated circuit design, chip design services, and related software development. It aims to reduce dependence on foreign chip designs and encourage local innovation. DLI includes subsidies for design infrastructure, IP procurement, and workforce training. It complements manufacturing incentives by creating a robust semiconductor design ecosystem in India, essential for self-reliance in electronics and technology sectors.

Why in news?

Funds under the India Semiconductor Mission include Rs 1,000 crore earmarked for the Design-Linked Incentive scheme, supporting chip design activities in India.

Diclofenac

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammation in conditions like arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. It inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Diclofenac is available in oral, topical, and injectable forms. It has a higher risk of cardiovascular side effects compared to some other NSAIDs. Diclofenac can cause kidney injury by reducing renal blood flow and inducing interstitial nephritis. Despite risks, it remains widely used globally. Some countries regulate its sale due to potential nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal side effects.

Why in news?

Listed as a common NSAID causing kidney damage, particularly when misused or combined with other nephrotoxic drugs.

DNA-Based Sensors

DNA-based sensors use strands of DNA as recognition elements to detect specific molecules or ions through hybridization or structural changes. They are highly selective and sensitive, often considered the gold standard for detecting trace analytes. DNA sensors can detect metal ions by incorporating aptamers or DNAzymes that bind metals like lead or mercury. These sensors operate via fluorescence, electrochemical, or colorimetric signals. Despite their sensitivity, DNA-based sensors can be complex and costly to produce. Their stability in harsh environmental conditions is limited compared to inorganic sensors.

Why in news?

The newly developed MOF sensor was compared to DNA-based sensors and showed comparable or better performance in detecting heavy metals in water.

Euclid Space Telescope

The Euclid Space Telescope is designed to map the geometry of the dark universe by observing billions of galaxies up to 10 billion light-years away. It uses a 1.2-meter diameter mirror and two instruments – a visible imager (VIS) and a near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP). Euclid operates from the Lagrange Point 2 (L2), a gravitationally stable spot about 1.5 million km from Earth. The telescope’s data helps understand dark energy and dark matter by measuring the shapes and redshifts of galaxies. Its mission duration is planned for at least six years, with imaging resolution four times better than Earth-based telescopes.

Why in news?

Euclid was recently launched by SpaceX Falcon 9 and began capturing images of galaxies, marking advancement in space-based cosmology research.

Gau Chip

The Gau Chip is a genomic chip developed by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and the ICAR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) specifically for indigenous bovine breeds of India. It is designed to analyze the genetic makeup of native cattle, aiding in breed improvement and conservation. The chip helps identify superior genetic traits, enabling selective breeding programs to enhance milk productivity and disease resistance. It is part of India’s efforts to protect indigenous breeds and boost livestock productivity through advanced genomic technologies, contributing to sustainable dairy farming and breed preservation.

Why in news?

The Gau Chip is brought into light as a key technology under the Revised Rashtriya Gokul Mission to improve indigenous bovine breeds and increase milk production across India.

Genetically Modified Mustard (GM Mustard)

GM Mustard refers to a genetically engineered variety of mustard developed using transgenic technology to increase yield and pest resistance. The primary variety in India is DMH-11, which incorporates genes such as barnase, barstar, and bar for hybrid seed production and herbicide tolerance. The barnase-barstar system is a genetic mechanism used to produce male sterility for hybrid seed production. DMH-11 was approved by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) in 2022 for environmental release and commercial cultivation, marking the first GM food crop approval in India. The approval has sparked legal and environmental debates regarding biosafety and policy formulation.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court of India scheduled hearings starting April 15, 2025, on pleas challenging the environment ministrys approval of GM mustard for commercial cultivation, following a split verdict in 2024 and ongoing legal scrutiny.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a satellite-based technology that provides geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. Unlike GPS, which is US-based, GNSS refers to any satellite navigation system, including Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo, and China’s BeiDou. GNSS for toll collection uses on-board units (OBUs) in vehicles to calculate tolls based on distance traveled, eliminating the need for physical toll plazas. Privacy concerns arise because GNSS collects continuous vehicle location data, raising issues of data security and misuse. India aims to deploy GNSS only after achieving full control over its indigenous satellite system to safeguard privacy.

Why in news?

India has deferred the rollout of GNSS-based toll collection due to privacy and security concerns, pending the establishment of its own complete satellite system.

Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant

The Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant is North Indias first nuclear power project, located in a small town named Gorakhpur in Haryana. It marks expansion of nuclear infrastructure beyond traditional southern and western regions. This plant is part of Indias broader strategy to increase nuclear power capacity and diversify energy sources. The project is supported by the government to accelerate clean energy production and align with Indias net-zero emissions target by 2070. Details about the plants reactor type or capacity remain limited publicly as of early 2025.

Why in news?

The Gorakhpur plant was brought into light by the Union Minister in 2025 as a new milestone in Indias nuclear energy expansion, reflecting a strategic push to develop nuclear power in North India.

Heliosphere

The heliosphere is a vast bubble-like region of space dominated by the solar wind—a stream of charged particles released from the sun. It extends well beyond the orbit of Pluto, acting as a shield against cosmic rays and interstellar particles. The boundary where the solar wind slows and interacts with the interstellar medium is called the heliopause. Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause in 2012, and Voyager 2 followed in 2018. The heliosphere’s size and shape fluctuate with solar activity, and it helps protect the solar system from high-energy galactic cosmic rays, influencing space weather conditions.

Why in news?

Voyager 1 and 2 are currently studying the heliosphere and the space beyond it, with recent power-saving measures implemented to extend their missions as they continue to gather data from interstellar space.

Hub-Spoke-Spike Model

The Hub-Spoke-Spike model is a research collaboration framework used in Indias National Quantum Mission to organize quantum technology development. Central hubs coordinate clusters of research projects (Spokes) and smaller individual research groups (Spikes). This model promotes resource sharing, expertise exchange, and innovation across institutions. It enhances collaboration by creating a networked ecosystem rather than isolated efforts. The model supports thematic hubs in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai, and Delhi, each focusing on different quantum domains like computing, communication, sensing, and materials. It is designed to accelerate progress and commercialization in quantum technologies nationally.

Why in news?

The National Quantum Mission employs the Hub-Spoke-Spike model to structure its four thematic quantum research hubs across India.

Human Coronavirus HKU1

Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is a species of Betacoronavirus first identified in 2004 by researchers at the University of Hong Kong. It primarily causes mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, resembling the common cold. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, wheezing, headache, and sore throat. In rare cases, it can lead to bronchiolitis or pneumonia, especially if untreated. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, close contact, or contaminated surfaces. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for HKU1, and most patients recover without intervention. It is distinct and less severe than SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19.

Why in news?

A 45-year-old woman in Kolkata was diagnosed with human coronavirus HKU1, marking an isolated case and prompting health advisories to prevent spread.

ImmunoAct

ImmunoAct is a biotechnology start-up incubated at IIT Bombay focused on developing CAR T-cell therapies for blood cancers. It created Indias first indigenous CAR T-cell therapy, which targets B-cell malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and large B-cell lymphoma. The companys therapy received regulatory approval in India in 2023 based on Phase I and II trials, bypassing the usual Phase III trial requirement with a commitment to 15 years of patient follow-up. ImmunoActs product is priced at approximately US$30,000, making it more affordable than global counterparts costing over US$373,000. It is now available at major Indian hospitals like Apollo, Fortis, and Max.

Why in news?

ImmunoAct developed and commercialized Indias first CAR T-cell therapy, recently published in The Lancet with promising clinical trial results.

IN-SPACe

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe) is a government agency established to promote private sector participation in Indias space activities. It acts as a regulatory and facilitative body to authorize and oversee private space missions, providing infrastructure access and encouraging innovation. IN-SPACe aims to democratize space technology by enabling startups and private companies to collaborate with ISRO and other institutions. It supports experimental satellite projects, launch services, and research, helping India expand its space ecosystem beyond the government monopoly. IN-SPACe was created in 2020 under the Department of Space.

Why in news?

IN-SPACe is collaborating with Assam to launch ASSAMSAT and engage students in satellite development as part of Assams 2025 space initiative.

India Semiconductor Mission

The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a government initiative aimed at developing a robust semiconductor ecosystem in India through subsidies and grants covering 70-75% of investments in major semiconductor facilities. It supports talent development, targeting a skilled workforce of 85,000 professionals. ISM promotes industry-academia collaboration to boost semiconductor design and manufacturing capabilities. India currently holds 20% of the global semiconductor design workforce. The mission is critical to meeting the countrys semiconductor demand, projected to exceed $100 billion by 2030, and reducing dependence on imports.

Why in news?

The mission was emphasized during the Nano Electronics Roadshow as a key driver of Indias semiconductor self-reliance and technological advancement.

IndiaAI Mission

The IndiaAI Mission is a government initiative launched to promote artificial intelligence research, innovation, and adoption across India. It focuses on creating an AI ecosystem by enabling access to compute power, datasets, and mentorship. The mission collaborates with academic institutions, startups, and industry to encourage AI development tailored to Indian needs. It emphasizes ethical AI use and inclusive growth. The initiative also aims to build AI capacity among students and researchers, facilitating Indias position in the global AI landscape. It supports AI solutions in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, education, and governance.

Why in news?

The IndiaAI Mission completed one year, marked by the launch of the IndiaAI compute portal and AIKosha platform by the Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw to enhance AI resources and innovation in India.

Influenza B Virus

Influenza B virus is one of the three main types of influenza viruses causing seasonal flu epidemics in humans. It primarily infects humans and seals, unlike Influenza A, which has a broader host range. Influenza B mutates slower than Influenza A, resulting in less genetic diversity. It is divided into two main lineages – B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. Influenza B typically causes less severe epidemics but can still lead to serious complications, especially in children and elderly. The virus is included in seasonal flu vaccines. It does not cause pandemics, as it lacks an animal reservoir for reassortment.

Why in news?

Influenza B is one of the leading causes of the current seasonal flu outbreak in Delhi, contributing to widespread respiratory infections.

INSAT Satellite

The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites launched by India since 1983. It provides continuous weather monitoring, telecommunications, and broadcasting services. INSAT was the first geostationary satellite system operated by a developing country for meteorological purposes. Its weather monitoring capabilities are crucial for cyclone warnings and disaster management in the Indian Ocean region. INSAT satellites carry sensors for imaging, atmospheric sounding, and data relay. The system has evolved through multiple generations, enhancing spatial resolution and frequency of observations, supporting both national and regional meteorological services.

Why in news?

INSAT is brought into light as the first geostationary satellite used by a developing country, aiding India Meteorological Departments continuous weather monitoring and cyclone warning services.

Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant

The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant is planned to be the world’s largest nuclear power generating station, located in Maharashtra. It will have six European Pressurized Reactors (EPRs), each with a capacity of 1,730 MW, totaling 10,380 MW. The project began initial approvals in 2008 and involves French stakeholders, with commercial terms still being finalized as of 2025. It aims to contribute 10% of Indias 100 GW nuclear energy target by 2047. The plant is situated in a seismic zone, requiring stringent safety measures and environmental clearances, which were renewed after expiring in 2022.

Why in news?

The Jaitapur plant is in the news as it is progressing despite environmental and seismic concerns, with government assurances on safety and environmental clearances. It is key to Indias clean energy goals and policy shifts allowing private sector participation.

Lazurite Mineral

Lazurite is a tectosilicate mineral and the primary component giving lapis lazuli its intense blue color. It contains sulfur in its crystal structure, and the shade of blue varies with the amount and arrangement of sulfur atoms. Lazurite’s chemical formula is roughly (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)1-2. It crystallizes in the cubic system and is part of the sodalite group. Lazurite’s blue color is unique among minerals because it results from electron transitions in sulfur radicals. It is rare outside lapis lazuli and is not found as a pure mineral deposit.

Why in news?

The text specifies lazurite as the key mineral responsible for lapis lazuli’s color, explaining its chemical and structural role in the gemstone’s appearance.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Low Earth Orbit is the region of space within approximately 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above Earth’s surface. It hosts the majority of satellites, including the International Space Station. The atmosphere at LEO is thin but still exerts drag, which gradually slows down objects, causing debris and defunct satellites to re-enter and burn up. The density of the atmosphere at LEO varies with solar activity and climate change, affecting satellite lifespan and debris clearance. LEO is critical for communication, navigation, and Earth observation satellites. Its population has increased dramatically, raising collision risks and creating space debris challenges.

Why in news?

LEO is affected by climate change-induced cooling, which reduces atmospheric density and drag, causing space debris to persist longer and crowd the orbit, threatening satellite operations.

Lunar Slope Ice Accumulation Model

This model predicts how the angle and orientation of lunar slopes influence surface temperatures and ice accumulation near the Moons poles. It indicates that slopes inclined more than 14 degrees away from the Sun and toward the pole can maintain temperatures low enough for water ice to form near the surface. The model aligns with proposed landing sites for NASAs Artemis missions, suggesting multiple accessible ice-rich locations beyond permanently shadowed craters. It contributes to understanding ice distribution and potential resource locations for future lunar habitation and exploration.

Why in news?

Researchers developed the model using Chandrayaan-3 data to identify new potential ice-bearing sites on the Moon, impacting future mission planning.

LVM3 Rocket

The LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3), also known as GSLV Mk III, is Indias heaviest and most powerful launch vehicle developed by ISRO. It can lift payloads of up to 4,750 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit. The rocket uses a cryogenic upper stage powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, along with solid rocket boosters. It was first launched in 2017 and has since been used for launching communication satellites and the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission. LVM3 is designed for heavy payloads and human spaceflight, forming the backbone for Indias ambitious space exploration programs.

Why in news?

Two LVM3 rockets will be used to launch the two separate crafts of Chandrayaan-4, enabling the missions complex dual-launch and docking strategy in Earth orbit.

Lymphangitis

is an inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, usually caused by a bacterial infection, often streptococci. It presents as red streaks extending from the site of infection toward regional lymph nodes and may be accompanied by fever and chills. The condition can progress rapidly and lead to serious complications like sepsis if untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and addressing the primary infection source. Lymphangitis is distinct from lymphadenitis, which is inflammation of the lymph nodes. It is more common in extremities following skin injuries or infections and indicates the spread of infection through the lymphatic system.

Why in news?

Lymphangitis is brought into light as an important lymphatic disorder alongside lymphedema and lymphoma, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.

Manganese Telluride (MnTe)

Manganese telluride (MnTe) is a compound semiconductor and antiferromagnetic material composed of manganese and tellurium atoms. It crystallizes in a hexagonal structure and exhibits magnetic ordering due to manganese ions. MnTe is a candidate for spintronic applications because of its magnetic and electronic properties. In recent studies, ultra-thin MnTe wafers were used to observe altermagnetism, revealing unique magnetic moment arrangements not seen in traditional magnets. MnTes ability to host altermagnetic phases makes it an important material for next-generation memory and electronic devices with improved speed and energy efficiency.

Why in news?

Thin MnTe samples were exposed to polarized X-rays at MAX IV to detect the newly discovered altermagnetic order, a breakthrough in magnetic materials research.

Marine Biotechnology

Marine biotechnology uses marine organisms and ecosystems for products and applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. It involves studying marine microbes, algae, and invertebrates to discover bioactive compounds, enzymes, and biomaterials. Applications include developing new antibiotics, biofuels, and environmentally friendly chemicals. Marine biotechnology also supports climate-resilient agriculture through biofertilizers and biopesticides derived from marine sources. Indias BioE3 policy marks marine biotechnology as a strategic sector for expanding bio-manufacturing and research, leveraging the countrys extensive coastline and marine biodiversity.

Why in news?

Marine biotechnology is promoted under Indias 2024 BioE3 policy to diversify the bioeconomy and develop sustainable bio-based products.

Mausamgram Meteogram

Mausamgram is an interactive, dynamic meteogram developed by the India Meteorological Department, launched on January 15, 2024. It provides location-specific weather forecasts in a graphical format, displaying parameters like temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and humidity over time. This tool enhances public accessibility to detailed weather information for precise planning and preparedness. Mausamgram integrates data from multiple sources, including Doppler radars and automatic weather stations, and supports real-time updates. It is part of IMDs efforts to modernize meteorological communication and leverage technology to serve diverse users, including farmers and disaster management authorities.

Why in news?

Mausamgram was released during IMDs 150th foundation celebration, marking a milestone in Indias meteorological service modernization.

Mpox

Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, related to smallpox but generally less severe. It transmits through close contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated materials. Symptoms include fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes, with incubation lasting 5-21 days. Mpox has two genetic clades – Central African (more severe) and West African. Human cases have increased globally since 2022, with outbreaks outside Africa raising public health concerns. Vaccines developed for smallpox provide cross-protection against mpox. Tanzania reported two mpox cases in 2025, denoting the diseases emerging threat in East Africa.

Why in news?

Two mpox cases were confirmed in Tanzania amid concerns over emerging infectious diseases alongside Marburg virus.

NASA Commercial Crew Program

The NASA Commercial Crew Program is a public-private partnership initiated in 2010 to develop safe, reliable, and cost-effective crew transportation to the ISS. It contracts private aerospace companies like SpaceX and Boeing to build and operate spacecraft. The programs goal is to end reliance on Russian Soyuz spacecraft for crew transport. It supports NASAs focus on deep space missions by outsourcing low Earth orbit crew transport. Certification involves rigorous testing and demonstration missions. SpaceXs Crew Dragon was the first certified vehicle, followed by Boeings Starliner. The program aims to increase launch frequency and reduce costs.

Why in news?

The program is central to the story as it underpins the missions of Starliner and Dragon spacecraft ferrying astronauts to and from the ISS.

National Innovation Challenge for Drone Application and Research (NIDAR)

NIDAR is a drone innovation competition launched by MeitY and Drone Federation India to promote research and development in autonomous drones. It focuses on two domains – Disaster Management (scout and deliver drones) and Precision Agriculture (scan and spray drones). The challenge offers a prize pool of INR 40 Lakhs, startup incubation, cloud credits, software support, and internships. Over 100 student teams from higher education institutions participate, presenting solutions for real-world problems. The contest includes multiple phases – technology presentation, business case presentation, and final operations, encouraging technical and entrepreneurial skills among participants.

Why in news?

NIDAR was launched in March 2025 to encourage drone innovation among students, aiming to position India as a global drone hub by 2030.

National Institute of Virology, Alappuzha

The National Institute of Virology (NIV) branch in Alappuzha, Kerala, is a regional center specializing in viral disease diagnosis and research. It conducts advanced testing such as RT-PCR to detect viral genetic material in clinical samples. NIV Alappuzha plays a critical role in identifying outbreaks and providing timely confirmation of viral infections like meningitis and encephalitis. The institute collaborates with state health authorities for surveillance and virus containment. It is equipped with biosafety level facilities to handle infectious samples and supports public health responses in Kerala and neighboring regions.

Why in news?

Samples from students suspected of viral meningitis in Kerala were sent to NIV Alappuzha for precise viral diagnosis and confirmation.

National Research Centre on Seed Spices

The National Research Centre on Seed Spices (NRCSS) is an Indian research institute dedicated to the development of improved seed varieties for spices like cumin, coriander, fennel, and fenugreek. It focuses on breeding high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient varieties. NRCSS also works on seed production technologies, pest and disease management, and post-harvest processing techniques. The centre supports farmers through extension services and training programs. It plays a critical role in enhancing the quality and productivity of seed spices, which are essential for both domestic use and export. NRCSS operates under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

Why in news?

NRCSS is mentioned for its role in developing high-yielding and climate-resistant spice varieties to boost Indias spice production and exports.

Niobium Diselenide (NbSe2)

Niobium diselenide (NbSe2) is a layered transition metal dichalcogenide known for its superconducting properties and complex magnetic interactions. It becomes superconducting below a critical temperature and exhibits a mixed state under magnetic fields, characteristic of type-II superconductors. NbSe2 can host isolated magnetic vortices where magnetic fields penetrate without destroying superconductivity. Its thin, two-dimensional layers have unique quantum behaviors, including potential Bose metal phases. NbSe2s Hall resistance behavior under magnetic fields provides clues about its charge carriers, revealing Cooper pair dynamics. It is widely studied for its quantum phase transitions and potential applications in nanoscale electronics.

Why in news?

NbSe2 was recently studied for signs of Bose metal behavior in ultra-thin samples under magnetic fields, advancing understanding of superconductivity and anomalous metallic states.

OneWeb Satellite Network

OneWeb is a global satellite internet provider deploying a constellation of LEO satellites to deliver broadband worldwide. Unlike Starlink, OneWeb collaborates with Bharti Enterprises in India, aiming to serve remote regions with affordable internet. OneWebs satellites orbit at approximately 1,200 kilometers altitude, balancing latency and coverage. The network targets enterprise, government, and rural users, with plans to have around 648 satellites for full global coverage. OneWeb filed for bankruptcy in 2020 but was rescued by a UK government and Bharti Enterprises consortium. It is a key competitor to Starlink in emerging markets.

Why in news?

OneWeb, backed by Bharti, is a major competitor to Starlink in Indias satellite internet market, influencing pricing and regulatory discussions.

Ophthalmoplegia

Ophthalmoplegia is a condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the eye muscles, leading to impaired eye movement and sometimes drooping eyelids (ptosis). It can be caused by mitochondrial diseases like POLG mutations, neurological disorders, or muscle diseases. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a subtype often linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Symptoms include double vision, difficulty focusing, and limited gaze. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment is symptomatic, as no cure exists. Ophthalmoplegia can affect quality of life by impairing vision and eye coordination.

Why in news?

Ophthalmoplegia is one of the key symptoms of POLG mitochondrial disease, which affected Prince Frederik of Luxembourg.

Parker Solar Probe Heat Shield

The Parker Solar Probes heat shield is made of a carbon-carbon composite material, 8 feet wide and 4.5 inches thick, weighing only 73 kg. It can withstand temperatures up to 1,370º C. The shield consists of carbon composite foam sandwiched between two carbon plates, with a sun-facing side coated in white ceramic paint to reflect sunlight. Behind the shield, temperatures drop to 29º C, allowing instruments to operate without extra cooling. This shield was developed by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and is critical for the probes survival near the sun.

Why in news?

The Parker Solar Probe reached within 6.1 million km of the suns surface in December 2024, using this heat shield to protect its instruments during close solar approaches.

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad

PRL is an autonomous institution under the Department of Space, specializing in space and atmospheric sciences. It played a key role in analyzing Chandrayaan-3s ChaSTE data, leading the recent study published in Communications Earth and Environment. PRLs expertise includes planetary science, astrophysics, and geophysics. The laboratory contributes to Indias lunar missions by providing scientific analysis and instrumentation support, advancing knowledge of the Moons thermal properties and potential resources.

Why in news?

Scientists at PRL Ahmedabad led the study interpreting Chandrayaan-3 data that revealed new evidence of water-ice beyond lunar polar regions.

Phytoestrogen Metabolism

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds structurally similar to human estrogen and require bacterial metabolism in the gut to become bioactive. Certain gut bacteria break down phytoestrogens into metabolites with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. A deficiency in phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria has been observed in multiple sclerosis patients. Diets rich in phytoestrogens correlate with milder disease symptoms in animal models. The metabolism of phytoestrogens influences immune regulation and may affect autoimmune disease risk and progression through modulation of hormone-like signaling pathways and gut microbiota interactions.

Why in news?

The study linked lack of phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria in multiple sclerosis patients to disease severity, denoting diet-microbiome interactions in disease management.

Platinum Group Elements (PGE)

Platinum Group Elements (PGEs) include six metallic elements – platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They share similar chemical properties and are highly valued for their catalytic, corrosion-resistant, and electrical properties. PGEs are critical in automotive catalytic converters, electronics, jewelry, and green technologies such as fuel cells. Globally, South Africa and Russia dominate PGE production. India’s PGE reserves are limited but exploration efforts have increased recently. PGEs are often found in layered mafic-ultramafic igneous complexes and sometimes associated with nickel and copper deposits. Their extraction and refining require complex metallurgical processes due to their rarity and chemical similarity.

Why in news?

PGEs are among the critical minerals included in Indias newly auctioned exploration blocks to reduce reliance on imports and support green technology industries.

PM-WANI Framework

The Prime Minister’s Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) is an initiative to expand public Wi-Fi in India by enabling Public Data Offices (PDOs) to set up hotspots. PDOs must partner with Public Data Office Aggregators (PDOAs) for service delivery. The framework simplifies licensing, requiring no individual licenses for PDOs or PDOAs. As of March 2025, over 278,439 PM-WANI hotspots are installed nationwide. The system promotes affordable internet access, supporting Digital India goals. PM-WANI compliant hardware is widely available and supplied through the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) and its transfer of technology partners.

Why in news?

PM-WANI’s rapid deployment reached 278,439 hotspots by March 2025, as announced by Minister Dr. Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar in Lok Sabha, emphasizing digital infrastructure growth in India.

Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO)

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme found in many fruits and vegetables that catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, leading to browning. In bananas, PPO reacts with oxygen when the fruit is bruised or peeled, breaking down yellow pigments and producing brown coloration. PPO activity is triggered by ethylene, a ripening hormone produced in large amounts by bananas even after harvest. Silencing PPO genes in fruits like bananas, apples, tomatoes, and mushrooms has been shown to reduce enzymatic browning without affecting ripening. PPO inhibition is a key target in reducing post-harvest food waste.

Why in news?

Tropics genetically engineered bananas disable PPO production, preventing browning and extending shelf-life, a breakthrough in reducing banana waste.

Population III Stars

Population III stars are the universes first generation of stars, composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with virtually no heavier elements (metals). They formed a few hundred million years after the Big Bang and were extremely massive, often hundreds of times the mass of the Sun. Due to their size, they had very short lifespans, burning through their nuclear fuel rapidly and ending in supernova explosions. These supernovae produced heavier elements like oxygen, essential for water formation. Population III stars have never been directly observed because they existed in the very early universe and are too distant and faint for current telescopes.

Why in news?

Population III stars are central to the new study suggesting these stars supernovae created the first water molecules, potentially enabling earlier formation of life-supporting planets.

Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)

Post-Quantum Cryptography refers to cryptographic algorithms designed to be secure against attacks by quantum computers. Traditional public-key cryptosystems like RSA and ECC are vulnerable to quantum algorithms such as Shors algorithm. PQC uses mathematical problems believed to be resistant to quantum attacks, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. These algorithms are being standardized by organizations such as NIST. PQC aims to protect data confidentiality and integrity in the era of fault-tolerant quantum computing, ensuring that internet security, banking, and communications remain secure. Transition to PQC is critical for future-proof cybersecurity infrastructure.

Why in news?

NITI Frontier Tech Hubs recent strategic paper marks PQC as essential for safeguarding national security against emerging quantum threats.

Prayagyaan Rover

The Prayagyaan rover weighed 25 kg and was part of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. It was designed to explore the lunar surface, focusing on soil composition and mineralogy. The rover operated near the Moon’s south pole, an area of scientific interest due to its permanently shadowed regions. Prayagyaan was equipped with instruments such as a laser-induced breakdown spectroscope and a seismometer. It was India’s first rover to successfully operate on the lunar surface after Chandrayaan-3’s soft landing in 2023. The rover’s name combines “Prayag,” meaning confluence, symbolizing India’s scientific unity and exploration spirit.

Why in news?

Prayagyaan was carried by Chandrayaan-3, which successfully soft-landed on the Moon’s south pole in August 2023, marking milestone for ISRO’s lunar exploration efforts.

Precision Biotherapeutics

Precision biotherapeutics are biologically derived treatments tailored to individual patients based on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. These therapies use biotechnology tools to design drugs that target specific molecular pathways, enhancing efficacy and reducing side effects. They include monoclonal antibodies, gene therapies, and cell-based treatments. Precision biotherapeutics rely heavily on bioinformatics and clinical trials for development. They represent a shift from generalized treatments to personalized medicine, improving outcomes in cancer, autoimmune disorders, and rare diseases. Indias bioeconomy growth includes expanding capabilities in this area under policies like BioE3.

Why in news?

Precision biotherapeutics are a key focus area in Indias BioE3 policy to boost biotechnology innovation and commercial bio-manufacturing.

Principal Scientific Adviser to Government of India

The Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India is a senior scientific advisor appointed to guide government policy on science and technology. The PSA coordinates among ministries and departments to promote research, innovation, and technological development. Ajay Sood currently holds this position and plays a key role in shaping initiatives like the new R&D funding scheme. The office was established to ensure science-driven policy decisions and to bridge the gap between scientific research and governmental action.

Why in news?

Ajay Sood, the current PSA, provided details about the upcoming ₹1 lakh crore R&D fund aimed at boosting private sector innovation and commercial product development.

Quantum Computing

Quantum computing uses principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform calculations far faster than classical computers for specific problems. It has potential applications in cryptography, optimization, drug discovery, and materials science. Quantum computers can break many current encryption methods, posing security risks. Development is led by countries and corporations investing heavily in research. India is focusing on quantum technology to secure its digital infrastructure and gain a competitive edge. Practical, large-scale quantum computers remain in early stages, with challenges in qubit stability and error correction.

Why in news?

A strategic paper was published outlining the rapid evolution of quantum computing, its national security implications, and recommendations for Indias strategic preparedness.

Quantum Interference

Quantum interference is a phenomenon where the probability amplitudes of quantum states combine, resulting in constructive or destructive interference patterns. It arises from the wave-like nature of particles in quantum mechanics. In quantum computing, interference is used to amplify the probability of correct answers and suppress incorrect ones during computations. Unlike entanglement, which involves correlations between particles, interference occurs due to the superposition of multiple quantum states of a single or many particles. This principle underpins the operation of quantum algorithms such as Grovers and Shors, enabling them to outperform classical counterparts.

Why in news?

NITI Aayogs report discusses quantum interference as a key principle exploited in quantum computing hardware and algorithms, relevant to Indias frontier tech initiatives.

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)

Quantum Key Distribution is a secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics principles to exchange encryption keys between parties. QKD ensures that any attempt to eavesdrop on the key exchange alters the quantum state, alerting the communicating parties. The National Quantum Mission aims to establish inter-city QKD over 2,000 km within India and develop multi-node quantum networks with quantum memories. This technology is very important for creating unbreakable encryption and secure communication channels, leveraging quantum properties such as superposition and entanglement to guarantee security beyond classical cryptographic methods.

Why in news?

QKD is brought into light as a key deliverable of Indias National Quantum Mission launched in 2025, aiming for long-distance and satellite-based secure quantum communications.

Quantum Magnetometers

Quantum magnetometers are highly sensitive devices that measure magnetic fields using atomic systems and quantum effects. They surpass classical magnetometers in precision by exploiting phenomena such as spin precession and quantum coherence. These instruments have applications in navigation, geological exploration, medical imaging, and fundamental physics research. Under the National Quantum Mission, India plans to develop quantum magnetometers with enhanced sensitivity, contributing to advancements in atomic sensing technologies and improving capabilities in communication, timing, and navigation systems.

Why in news?

Quantum magnetometers are among the advanced quantum sensing technologies being developed under Indias National Quantum Mission announced in early 2025.

Quantum Yield

Quantum yield is the ratio of photons emitted to photons absorbed by a fluorescent material, indicating the efficiency of fluorescence. It is crucial for applications like LEDs and display devices but less critical for security inks, where brightness under varied lighting is more important. Quantum yield affects how bright and visible a fluorescent feature appears under excitation. Materials with high quantum yield convert more absorbed light into emitted light. The quantum yield of the Sr2BiF7 nanoparticle ink was not reported, but it showed sufficient brightness for practical security applications under multiple excitation wavelengths.

Why in news?

Experts noted the absence of quantum yield data in the recent study on nanoparticle-based security ink, discussing its relevance for practical use in anti-counterfeiting measures.

Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS)

Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) is a technique used to study atomic and molecular motions on nanosecond to picosecond timescales. It measures small energy changes in neutrons scattered by a sample, revealing dynamic processes like diffusion and rotation. QENS is sensitive to hydrogen atoms, making it especially useful for studying water and biological materials. In the discovery of Plastic Ice VII, QENS detected the rotational movement of water molecules inside the crystal lattice at high pressures and temperatures, confirming the unique molecular dynamics of this ice phase.

Why in news?

QENS was used to detect molecular rotation within Plastic Ice VII, confirming its existence and unique dynamic properties under extreme conditions.

Rare Earth Elements (REE)

Rare Earth Elements (REE) comprise 17 chemically similar metallic elements critical for modern technologies such as electronics, renewable energy, and defense systems. Despite their name, REEs are relatively abundant but are rarely found in economically exploitable concentrations. Key REEs include neodymium, dysprosium, and terbium, essential for magnets in electric vehicles and wind turbines. China dominates global REE production and processing. Uganda’s interest in REEs reflects a strategic move to develop critical mineral resources for industrial growth. Extraction and processing of REEs require specialized technology due to environmental and technical challenges.

Why in news?

REEs were identified as a key area for India-Uganda cooperation during the 2025 JTC talks, denoting their importance in critical minerals and electric vehicle sectors.

Space Debris Collision Energy

Space debris collisions involve objects traveling at orbital speeds of approximately 7-8 km/s (about 16,000-18,000 mph). Even small debris, such as 3 mm fragments, can impact with the kinetic energy comparable to a bullet, while plum-sized debris can hit with energy similar to a crashing bus. These high-energy collisions can generate thousands of new debris pieces, worsening the space junk problem. The 2009 collision of two satellites created a large debris cloud that increased collision risks. Most debris pieces are too small to track but can still cause damage to operational satellites.

Why in news?

The increasing amount of space debris and their high collision energies threaten satellite safety, worsened by reduced atmospheric drag due to climate change.

Super Heavy Booster

The Super Heavy booster is the first-stage rocket designed by SpaceX to propel the Starship spacecraft into orbit. It stands about 230 feet tall and uses up to 33 Raptor engines to generate thrust. It is built primarily from stainless steel and is designed for rapid reusability, with landing legs and grid fins for controlled descent. The boosters nickname “chopsticks” refers to its docking arms used to catch it upon landing. It is one of the most powerful boosters ever built, capable of producing over 16 million pounds of thrust. Its successful landing is critical to SpaceXs cost reduction goals.

Why in news?

The Super Heavy booster for Starship Flight 8 landed successfully, marking a rare flawless touchdown amid the missions eventual failure.

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a specialized instrument onboard India’s Aditya-L1 solar mission, designed to observe the solar corona at visible wavelengths. It captures images closer to the suns surface than previous coronagraphs and provides high temporal resolution data, enabling detailed study of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares. Developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, VELC can monitor the onset of CMEs near the solar limb, helping distinguish between magnetic phenomena causing flares and CMEs. Its unique design allows continuous observation of solar events during the solar cycle maximum phase.

Why in news?

VELC recently observed a rare flareless coronal mass ejection on July 5, 2024, providing new vital information about solar magnetic activity and the origins of CMEs without associated flares.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Volatile Organic Compounds are small gas molecules emitted from metabolic processes and environmental sources, present in human breath in extremely low concentrations. They can be detected at levels as low as parts per trillion, equivalent to a single drop of liquid diluted in multiple Olympic-sized swimming pools. VOCs’ composition changes with physiological conditions, making them useful biomarkers for diseases. Detection requires highly sensitive technology, and analyzing their patterns can help diagnose illnesses like silicosis. VOCs are also influenced by external factors like diet and smoking, but advanced tests can maintain accuracy despite these variables.

Why in news?

VOCs are central to a new AI-powered breath test that detects silicosis with over 90% accuracy by analyzing these molecules, offering a non-invasive, rapid screening method for early disease diagnosis.

International Relations & Organizations

2+2 Ministerial Dialogue

The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue is a diplomatic format involving the foreign and defense ministers of two countries meeting together to discuss strategic, defense, and foreign policy issues. It aims to enhance bilateral cooperation in security and defense sectors. India and Australia have institutionalized this dialogue to deepen their strategic partnership, with the first India-Australia 2+2 held in 2022. The dialogue facilitates coordination on regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense industry collaboration. It often results in agreements and joint statements that guide bilateral relations. The format is increasingly used by India with key partners like the US, Japan, and Australia.

Why in news?

The two sides reviewed the outcomes of the second India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue from November 2023 and planned preparations for the next 2+2 meeting in Australia later in 2025.

Bab al-Mandab Strait

The Bab al-Mandab Strait is a strategic maritime chokepoint connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea. It lies between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. Around 4.8 million barrels of oil transit daily through this strait, making it vital for global energy supplies. The strait is approximately 20 miles wide at its narrowest point. Control over Bab al-Mandab affects shipping routes to the Suez Canal, impacting international trade. It has been a hotspot for piracy and military conflicts due to its geopolitical importance.

Why in news?

The Houthis have resumed attacks on Israeli and other ships passing through the Bab al-Mandab Strait, prompting US military strikes on Yemen to protect Red Sea shipping lanes.

BIMSTEC

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional organization comprising seven countries – Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal, and Bhutan. Established in 1997, BIMSTEC focuses on economic cooperation, trade, technology, energy, and security among member states. It bridges South Asia and Southeast Asia, enhancing connectivity and regional integration. The organization holds summits, ministerial meetings, and working group sessions to promote collaboration. The Bangkok Vision 2030 is a strategic plan adopted to encourage prosperity, resilience, and openness in the region. BIMSTEC also emphasizes capacity building and institutional strengthening.

Why in news?

The 6th BIMSTEC Summit is scheduled in Thailand on April 4, 2025, with Indias Prime Minister Narendra Modi attending to strengthen regional ties and endorse the Bangkok Vision 2030.

Bongosagar Exercise

The Bongosagar naval exercise is a bilateral maritime drill between India and Bangladesh aimed at enhancing mutual naval cooperation. It focuses on interoperability through complex operations like surface firing, tactical maneuvers, and Visit-Board-Search-Seizure (VBSS). The exercise promotes information sharing and coordinated maritime security responses. It is part of a broader strategy to strengthen regional security and stability in the Bay of Bengal. Bongosagar supports India’s SAGAR initiative, which emphasizes security and growth in the Indian Ocean region through collaborative efforts. The exercise encourages trust and operational synergy between the two navies.

Why in news?

Bongosagar 2025 was conducted recently in the Bay of Bengal, involving Indian and Bangladeshi warships, enhancing bilateral naval cooperation and maritime security coordination.

Doha Declaration

The Doha Declaration was adopted by WTO members in 2001 during the Doha Development Round. It affirmed the right of WTO members to protect public health and allowed countries to bypass patent rights under the TRIPS agreement to access affordable medicines. This declaration was for developing countries, enabling them to address health emergencies like HIV/AIDS by importing or producing generic drugs without violating intellectual property laws. It remains a critical legal framework balancing trade rules with public health needs. Despite other Doha Round negotiations stalling, the declaration stands as a key achievement in global trade and health policy.

Why in news?

The Doha Declaration is referenced in discussions on US pharmaceutical tariffs that violate WTO rules exempting medicines, denoting tensions around access to affordable drugs and public health protections.

Exercise Varuna

Exercise Varuna is an annual bilateral naval exercise between India and France, initiated in 2001. It focuses on joint naval operations, including anti-submarine warfare, air defense, and replenishment-at-sea drills. The exercise enhances interoperability between the two navies, involving aircraft carriers, submarines, frigates, and maritime patrol aircraft. It is named after the Hindu god of water, symbolizing maritime cooperation. Over the years, Varuna has expanded in scope and complexity, incorporating advanced technologies and tactics. It puts stress on strategic partnership and maritime security collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region.

Why in news?

Varuna 2025 was conducted from March 19-22 off Goa, featuring INS Vikrant and Charles de Gaulle, with a focus on anti-submarine warfare and integration of Rafale-M fighter jets.

Golden Triangle

The Golden Triangle is a major illicit drug-producing region where the borders of Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar converge. It is one of the world’s largest sources of heroin and methamphetamine. The dense jungle terrain complicates law enforcement efforts. The region has long been associated with drug trafficking networks that supply narcotics across Asia, including into India via Myanmar. The Golden Triangle’s drug trade impacts security and social stability in neighboring border areas, including India’s northeastern states.

Why in news?

The Golden Triangle is cited as a source of drugs smuggled into India through the Myanmar border, a key factor in security concerns influencing the decision to reconsider the Free Movement Regime.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent tribunal established in 2002 to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression. It is based in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC operates under the Rome Statute, ratified by 123 countries, but some nations, including the Philippines, have withdrawn or refused to join. The court can exercise jurisdiction only if national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute. It has a prosecutor’s office that can initiate investigations proprio motu (on its own initiative). The ICC has issued arrest warrants for several high-profile leaders worldwide.

Why in news?

The ICC issued an arrest warrant for former Philippines President Duterte, who was flown to The Hague to face charges of crimes against humanity related to his war on drugs.

International Development Association (IDA)

The International Development Association (IDA) is a part of the World Bank Group focused on providing interest-free loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries. Established in 1960, it supports projects that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities, and improve living conditions. IDA funds are replenished every three years through contributions from donor countries. It primarily targets countries with low-income economies that cannot access traditional financial markets. IDA has financed over 4000 projects worldwide, focusing on sectors like education, health, infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. It operates alongside the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) within the World Bank Group.

Why in news?

The IDA approved a USD 300 million loan for Pakistans Punjab Clean Air Programme to combat air pollution and support environmental and public health initiatives.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency founded in 1919 to promote social justice and internationally recognized human and labor rights. It formulates international labor standards, policies, and programs to improve working conditions globally. The ILOs tripartite structure includes representatives from governments, employers, and workers. It publishes the World Social Protection Report (WSPR), assessing social protection coverage worldwide. The ILOs collaboration with India includes data-sharing and technical support to enhance social protection schemes and coverage assessment. Its 2024-26 WSPR reported India’s social protection coverage at 48.8%, though the actual figure is believed to be higher.

Why in news?

The ILO partnered with Indias Union Labour Ministry for a comprehensive data-pooling exercise to evaluate social protection coverage across major Central schemes in India.

No Money for Terror (NMFT) Conference

The No Money for Terror (NMFT) Conference is an international forum focused on combating terror financing. It brings together countries to share intelligence, strategies, and best practices to disrupt terrorist funding channels. The conference emphasizes cooperation among nations, law enforcement, and financial regulators. It addresses challenges posed by evolving digital technologies and cross-border financial flows. NMFT promotes strengthening legal frameworks, intelligence sharing, and regulatory oversight to prevent money laundering and terror financing. India has participated since 2018, advocating for unity and enhanced coordination to counteract the increasingly complex methods terrorists use to fund their activities.

Why in news?

The 4th NMFT Conference brought into light Indias commitment to global cooperation against terror financing, emphasizing new challenges from digital technologies and cross-border fund flows.

Operation Brahma

Operation Brahma is an Indian humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) mission initiated in March 2025 to aid Myanmar after a devastating earthquake. It involved deployment of Indian Air Force C130 aircraft carrying relief materials and personnel, including a field hospital from Agra with 118 members. The operation also included four Indian Navy ships transporting 50 tonnes of relief supplies. The field hospital was previously deployed in Operation Dost (Turkey, 2023) and offers full medical services including x-ray and dental care. The operation faces logistical challenges due to Myanmars fractured control between junta and ethnic armed organizations (EAOs).

Why in news?

Operation Brahma was launched by India in response to the massive earthquake in Myanmar on March 28, 2025, with relief efforts coordinated through the Myanmar government despite territorial divisions.

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

The OPCW was established in 1997 to implement the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which bans chemical weapons globally. It is headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands, and has 193 member states. The OPCW conducts inspections, verifies destruction of chemical weapons, and promotes peaceful chemical use. It won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its extensive disarmament efforts. The OPCW Technical Secretariat oversees investigations into chemical attacks and compliance issues. It operates a rapid response team for chemical incidents and maintains a database of declared chemical stockpiles. Its mandate includes assisting states in chemical safety and security.

Why in news?

The OPCW is central to efforts to dismantle Syrias chemical weapons program following the fall of Bashar al-Assads regime and new cooperation pledges from the Syrian caretaker authorities.

Outer Space Treaty Article VI

Article VI of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty states that states bear international responsibility for national space activities, whether conducted by government or non-governmental entities. It requires states to supervise and regulate activities of private companies in space. This article forms the legal basis for holding states accountable for actions and damages caused by space objects launched from their territory or by their nationals. It underpins liability frameworks and international cooperation in space governance. However, enforcement depends on diplomatic negotiations as the treaty lacks punitive mechanisms for violations.

Why in news?

Article VI is central to debates on accountability for falling space debris, including the 2024 incident in Kenya and other uncontrolled reentries by private and state actors.

Pran System

The pran system is a Venezuelan prison hierarchy where incarcerated crime bosses, called pranes, control internal prison operations and external criminal networks. Pranes manage illicit activities such as drug trafficking, extortion, and kidnapping both inside prisons and in surrounding communities. They often maintain complex infrastructures within prisons, including businesses and social spaces. The system has facilitated the rise of gangs like Tren de Aragua by allowing pranes to exert influence beyond prison walls. It has contributed to Venezuelas high crime rates and complicates law enforcement efforts due to the blending of prison and street-level criminal control.

Why in news?

The Tren de Aragua gang, operating under the pran system, was targeted by the US for deportation due to its violent activities and transnational reach.

Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA)

The Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA) is a US government mechanism allowing the president to provide military equipment and supplies from existing Department of Defense stockpiles to foreign countries during emergencies without congressional approval. It is often used for rapid response in crisis situations. PDA played a key role in supplying Ukraine with weapons and equipment since 2022. It accounts for portion of US military aid to Ukraine, alongside the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI). The drawdown process typically takes about eight months from announcement to full delivery.

Why in news?

The PDA is mentioned as one of the primary routes for US military aid to Ukraine, with all allocated funds committed but deliveries potentially affected by the recent US decision to pause new military assistance.

Quad Grouping

The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is an informal strategic forum comprising the United States, Japan, and Australia. It was initially formed in 2007 to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific region. The Quad focuses on maritime security, counterterrorism, cyber security, and disaster relief. It has no formal treaty but conducts joint military exercises like Malabar. The grouping serves as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific. The Quad also engages with smaller island nations to enhance regional stability and economic cooperation. It has expanded its agenda to include supply chain security and vaccine diplomacy.

Why in news?

Top defence officers from Quad countries discussed concerns over China’s assertive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific and cooperation to maintain peace and secure trade routes.

Raisina Dialogue

The Raisina Dialogue is an annual conference held in New Delhi, focusing on geopolitics and geoeconomics. It was launched in 2016 by the Observer Research Foundation in partnership with Indias Ministry of External Affairs. The dialogue is named after Raisina Hill, where Indias presidential residence and key government offices are located. It brings together policymakers, diplomats, business leaders, and strategic experts from around the world. The event aims to encourage discussions on global strategic issues, international relations, and emerging challenges. It has grown in participation and global influence over its first decade.

Why in news?

The 10th edition of the Raisina Dialogue is scheduled from March 17 to 19, 2025, with participation from over 18 foreign ministers, including New Zealands Prime Minister Christopher Luxon and a senior Taiwan security official for the first time.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS)

The Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) is a biometric authentication-enabled payment system linked to the Aadhaar database in India. It enables direct benefit transfers and payments without needing a bank card or account number, using fingerprint or iris scans for identity verification. ABPS is widely used in government welfare schemes like MGNREGS to reduce fraud and ensure timely payments. The system supports interoperability across banks and payment service providers. It was mandated nationwide for MGNREGS in January 2023 to improve efficiency and transparency in wage disbursal.

Why in news?

The government mandated ABPS for MGNREGS payments in 2023, coinciding with a sharp increase in job card deletions, sparking debate about the systems impact on worker inclusion.

Agri Stack

Agri Stack is a digital infrastructure framework developed to securely manage farmers’ data in India. It operates under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, ensuring data privacy and consent-based collection. The system uses federal architecture allowing states to retain control over their datasets. It employs encryption, secure APIs, and token-based authentication for data sharing with authorized entities. Regular security audits and risk assessments are integral to its design. Agri Stack supports digital inclusion through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Krishi Sakhis, and Common Service Centres (CSCs), enabling farmers without mobile access to participate.

Why in news?

Agri Stack was brought into light as part of the government’s efforts to protect farmers’ data privacy and enhance digital agriculture services under the Digital Agriculture Mission in March 2025.

Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs)

APMCs are statutory bodies established by state governments in India to regulate the marketing of agricultural produce. They operate local mandis where farmers sell their produce through licensed traders, ensuring fair price discovery. APMC markets are governed by specific state laws, and the committees levy a cess or fee on transactions for infrastructure and regulatory costs. The APMC system was introduced in 1953 to protect farmers from exploitation by intermediaries. Some states have amended their APMC acts to allow direct sales and e-trading. APMC regulations vary widely across states, impacting agricultural marketing efficiency and farmer incomes.

Why in news?

The Karnataka Assembly passed an amendment bill requiring e-commerce platforms to pay cess to APMCs for trading notified agricultural produce, bringing online retailers under APMC regulation for the first time.

Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission

The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) is a government initiative to digitize healthcare services across India. It aims to create a unified digital health infrastructure, including electronic health records, telemedicine, and health ID systems for citizens. ABDM facilitates interoperability among healthcare providers, enhancing accessibility and efficiency. The mission supports real-time data exchange and secure patient information management. In the 2025-26 Delhi Budget, Rs 9.92 crore has been allocated to implement ABDM, signaling the capitals commitment to integrating digital health services with the Ayushman Bharat scheme.

Why in news?

Delhi government allocated Rs 9.92 crore in its 2025-26 Budget for the implementation of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission to digitize health services in the capital.

Bharatiya Kisan Union Ekta

The Bharatiya Kisan Union Ekta (BKU Ekta) was formed in 1992 as a splinter group from BKU’s Lakhowal faction. It emerged due to ideological and leadership differences within the BKU. BKU Ekta itself later fragmented into multiple groups named after leaders or localities, such as BKU Ekta Ugrahan and BKU Ekta Dakaunda. These factions represent diverse regional and political interests within Punjabs farmer unions. BKU Ekta groups have played key roles in mobilizing farmers for protests and maintaining grassroots connections. Their fragmentation reflects the complex socio-political dynamics within Punjabs agrarian activism.

Why in news?

BKU Ekta and its offshoots are part of the current network of unions involved in ongoing protests and the Samyukta Kisan Morcha coalition in 2025.

Denotified Tribes

Denotified Tribes (DNTs) in India were originally classified as “criminal tribes” under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871, which labeled entire communities as hereditary criminals. The CTA was repealed in 1952, and these communities were “denotified,” losing the official criminal tag but continuing to face social stigma and discrimination. DNTs are often nomadic or semi-nomadic and include groups historically targeted for surveillance and control. Despite repeal, habitual offender laws in some states continued to affect them disproportionately. The National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes was established to address their issues. The Idate Commission report (2017) brought into light the colonial origins of their criminalization.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court of India questioned habitual offender laws, which continue to impact Denotified Tribes in 14 States and UTs, denoting ongoing discrimination rooted in colonial-era laws.

Differentiated TB Care

Differentiated TB Care is a strategy that provides tailored treatment and management based on patient risk factors. It involves triaging high-risk TB patients, such as those with severe undernutrition, respiratory insufficiency, or comorbidities like HIV and diabetes. This approach ensures timely, intensive, and appropriate care to improve outcomes. The Government of India launched a Guidance Document on Differentiated TB Care during the 2025 World TB Day summit. The document includes comprehensive treatment plans and prioritizes resources for vulnerable groups, aiming to reduce mortality and improve treatment success rates in complex TB cases.

Why in news?

The Guidance Document on Differentiated TB Care was launched during the World TB Day 2025 summit to enhance care quality for high-risk TB patients in India.

Hakkipikki Tribe

The Hakkipikki are a tribal community primarily found in Karnataka, known historically as hunters and gatherers. Their name means “bird catchers” in Kannada, reflecting their traditional occupation of trapping birds. Over time, many have shifted to agriculture and trade. The community is noted for its unique knowledge of local flora, especially medicinal plants. Hakkipikki people maintain distinct cultural practices and dialects within Kannada. Their engagement in international trade, particularly in African countries, is unusual for tribal groups in India. They often deal in Ayurvedic products and hair oils, leveraging traditional knowledge in global markets.

Why in news?

Twenty-two Hakkipikki members from Karnataka were fined and expelled from Gabon due to alleged fraudulent residency certificates amid new government policies affecting their trade activities.

Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)

The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based surveillance system in India aimed at early detection and response to disease outbreaks. Established in 2004, it monitors epidemic-prone diseases through data collected from health facilities and laboratories. The IDSP uses weekly reporting formats and employs both active and passive surveillance methods. It integrates data from rural and urban areas, enabling timely public health interventions. Karnatakas Project Director mentioned IDSP in relation to monitoring chickenpox and shingles cases. The program collaborates with the National Centre for Disease Control and international health bodies to improve epidemic preparedness and response.

Why in news?

IDSP is referenced regarding the monitoring of chickenpox and shingles cases in Karnataka, denoting the importance of surveillance in managing viral diseases among aging populations.

International Year of Cooperatives

The International Year of Cooperatives was designated by the United Nations in 2012 to raise awareness of cooperatives’ contributions to socio-economic development. It emphasized principles such as democratic member control, economic participation, and community focus. The year promoted cooperative models as tools for poverty reduction, employment generation, and social integration globally. Various countries held events and campaigns to encourage cooperative growth in agriculture, finance, and consumer sectors. The observance reinforced the role of cooperatives in achieving sustainable development goals and brought into light their resilience during economic crises.

Why in news?

GCMMFs Managing Director referenced the International Year of Cooperatives while celebrating Amuls recognition in the 2025 YouGov rankings, emphasizing the cooperative models significance.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan is a government initiative launched in India to promote water conservation and management. It focuses on rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, and water security. The campaign involves community participation and coordination among various government agencies. It targets multiple districts for intensified action and awareness. The 2025 edition emphasizes innovative strategies and grassroots involvement. It includes activities like exhibitions, awards for contributors, and launching new water management projects. The campaign aligns with World Water Day to show the critical importance of sustainable water resource management amid climate change challenges.

Why in news?

The Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain2025 was launched on World Water Day in Panchkula, Haryana, focusing on water conservation through community participation and new initiatives across 148 districts.

Jal Shakti Ministry

The Ministry of Jal Shakti was formed in 2019 by merging the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation in India. It focuses on integrated water resource management, ensuring availability and sustainable management of water. The ministry leads flagship programs such as Jal Jeevan Mission, aiming to provide piped water supply to all rural households by 2024. It also manages river cleaning projects, groundwater regulation, and water conservation initiatives. The ministry plays a key role in inter-state and international water cooperation, including treaties and MoUs with neighboring countries.

Why in news?

The Union Minister of Jal Shakti, C R Patil, represented India during the signing of a bilateral MoU with Nepal to enhance cooperation in water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors.

Jan Andolan

Jan Andolan refers to a mass movement or people’s campaign initiated to create awareness and drive behavioral change on nutritional practices in India. It involves community engagement to promote healthy eating, hygiene, and maternal and child nutrition. The movement is a strategic pillar of Poshan Abhiyaan, encouraging collective action from multiple stakeholders including government bodies, NGOs, and citizens. Jan Andolan aims to reduce malnutrition by encouraging community ownership and participation. It complements service delivery by addressing social and cultural barriers to nutrition through sustained advocacy and outreach.

Why in news?

Jan Andolan is emphasized as a vital component of Poshan Abhiyaans strategy to mobilize society for a malnutrition-free India.

Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra

The Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra is an annual pilgrimage undertaken by Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Bon followers to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar in Tibet. Mount Kailash is considered sacred as the abode of Lord Shiva in Hinduism and a spiritual center in other religions. The yatra involves a challenging trek at high altitudes, often crossing international borders between India and China. The pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and requires coordination with Chinese authorities for permits and safe passage. The route has been used for centuries and symbolizes religious harmony and cultural exchange between India and Tibet.

Why in news?

India and China agreed during the WMCC meeting to resume the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra, emphasizing cross-border cooperation and cultural ties.

Kisan Sabha

The Kisan Sabha is a prominent farmers’ organization in India advocating for farmers’ rights and agricultural reforms. It originated from the All India Kisan Sabha formed in 1936, which played a key role in peasant movements. The Sabha focuses on issues like fair pricing, export policies, and agricultural subsidies. It often engages in protests and policy dialogues with the government. The organization has regional branches, including in Maharashtra, where it actively represents local farmers’ concerns. It emphasizes long-term policy solutions rather than short-term relief measures. The Sabhas influence extends to shaping public opinion and agricultural legislation in India.

Why in news?

Kisan Sabha criticized the late removal of the 20% export duty on onions by the Centre and called for a stable export policy to protect onion farmers.

Kisan Samman Nidhi

PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi is a government initiative launched in December 2018 to provide direct income support of ₹6,000 per year to small and marginal farmers in India. It is paid in three equal installments directly to beneficiaries bank accounts. The scheme covers farmers owning cultivable land up to 2 hectares. It aims to supplement farmers income to meet agricultural and household needs. As of 2025, the scheme has benefited over 11 crore farmer families. The program is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and has a budget allocation of over ₹75,000 crore annually.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister referenced the Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme in response to demands for debt waivers for farmers during the Rajya Sabha debate on banking reforms.

Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP)

The LHDCP is a government scheme focused on improving livestock health and controlling diseases through vaccination and medicine distribution. Approved in 2024 with a budget of Rs 3,880 crore for two years, it includes components like Pashu Aushadhi for generic veterinary medicines. The program targets diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucellosis, Peste des Petits Ruminants, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Lumpy Skin Disease. It aims to reduce productivity losses in livestock by preventive immunization and affordable treatment, thereby supporting farmers and the dairy sector.

Why in news?

The LHDCP was recently revised and approved by the Union Cabinet, incorporating the Pashu Aushadhi initiative to enhance livestock disease control.

Mandal Commission Report

The Mandal Commission, established in 1979, was tasked with identifying socially and educationally backward classes in India. Its 1990 report recommended reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in public employment and education, altering Indias caste-based affirmative action policies. Implementation led to widespread political realignment and social mobilization among OBC groups. The commission used social, educational, and economic criteria to identify backwardness. Its recommendations sparked protests and debates but ultimately expanded political participation for marginalized communities. The Mandal Commission remains a key reference point in discussions on caste, social justice, and electoral politics in India.

Why in news?

The Mandal Commissions recommendations are linked to the legacy of leaders like Lohia, whose advocacy for backward caste rights set the stage for such policies.

Meghalaya TB Champions

Meghalaya, a northeastern state in India, has initiated a program to re-skill tuberculosis (TB) survivors as TB champions. These champions are trained to support TB patients by providing education, encouragement, and adherence monitoring. This community-based approach leverages the experience of survivors to improve treatment outcomes and reduce stigma. The program focuses on empowering local individuals to act as advocates and facilitators for TB care, enhancing patient engagement and follow-up in remote and underserved areas. This model is part of broader efforts to create meaningfully engaged communities in TB control.

Why in news?

Meghalaya is re-skilling TB survivors to act as community advocates, known as TB champions, to improve TB care and patient adherence.

MGNREGA

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an Indian labor law and social security measure aimed at guaranteeing the ‘right to work.’ Enacted in 2005, it provides at least 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households, primarily for unskilled manual labor. MGNREGA focuses on creating durable assets like roads, ponds, and canals to enhance rural infrastructure. It is the largest work guarantee program in the world. The scheme also promotes transparency through social audits and mandates timely payment of wages. It has played a key role in rural poverty reduction and livelihood security.

Why in news?

MGNREGA was one of the 34 major Central schemes included in the data-pooling exercise to assess social protection coverage in India.

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) is an Government of India ministry responsible for regulating corporate sector and company affairs under the Companies Act. It oversees policies related to corporate governance, compliance, and investor protection. MCA also implements schemes like PMIS to boost employment and skills development. It manages the registry of companies and monitors financial disclosures. The ministry collaborates with other departments and states to ensure policy execution. MCAs role in PMIS includes fund allocation, coordination with industry partners, and recommending state-level agencies for localized management of the scheme.

Why in news?

MCA was urged by the Parliamentary Standing Committee to encourage States to establish dedicated agencies for effective implementation and monitoring of the Prime Minister Internship Scheme.

National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC)

NMDFC is a government corporation under the Ministry of Minority Affairs, established in 1994 to provide concessional finance to minority communities for economic activities. It offers loans for self-employment, skill development, and micro-enterprises. NMDFC also facilitates credit linkages for beneficiaries under schemes like PM VIKAS. It supports six notified minority communities and works to promote entrepreneurship and economic development among them. NMDFC operates through state channelizing agencies and has a focus on women empowerment and backward region development.

Why in news?

NMDFCs credit linkage facilitation for PM VIKAS beneficiaries was emphasized in the March 2025 Rajya Sabha reply by the Minister of Minority Affairs.

National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD)

The NP-NCD was launched by the Government of India in 2010 to combat the rising burden of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes, oral, breast, and cervical cancers. It uses a multi-pronged strategy including population-based screening for individuals aged 30+, opportunistic screening at healthcare levels, support for diagnosis and treatment, teleconsultation services, and a National NCD Portal for data monitoring. The program promotes inter-ministerial coordination for lifestyle awareness and ensures systematic data collection and quality assurance through monthly state reports and centralized analysis. It targets early detection and cost-effective management of NCDs nationwide.

Why in news?

The NP-NCD is central to the ongoing nationwide NCD Screening Campaign launched in February 2025 aiming for 100% screening of adults aged 30+ under the “75/25” initiative.

National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS)

The National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS) is a certification framework established by the Government of India to improve the quality of healthcare services at public health facilities. It includes criteria related to clinical care, infrastructure, human resources, and patient rights. Facilities meeting these standards are recognized for maintaining quality and safety in service delivery. NQAS is often used alongside Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) for comprehensive health facility assessment. It covers aspects like infection control, patient satisfaction, and management protocols, aiming to enhance primary healthcare outcomes at centres like PHCs and AAMs.

Why in news?

The three PHCs converted into Ayushman Arogya Mandirs are undergoing certification under NQAS to ensure quality healthcare delivery.

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) was a government agency under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation in India. It conducted large-scale sample surveys on various socio-economic topics including employment, consumer expenditure, and agriculture. Established in 1950, NSSO provided critical data for planning and policy formulation. It used stratified multi-stage sampling methods and released periodic reports known as NSS rounds. In 2019, NSSO was merged into the National Statistical Office (NSO) to streamline data collection. Its surveys remain a primary source of official statistics on rural and urban livelihoods, particularly agricultural workforce demographics and land ownership patterns.

Why in news?

The NSSO’s latest data brought into light that rural women constitute nearly 75% of the agricultural workforce in India but own less than 13% of landholdings, underscoring gender disparity in agriculture.

National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)

The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) is India’s government initiative aimed at eradicating tuberculosis by 2025. It has implemented strategies including improved diagnostics, treatment regimens, and nutritional support. Under NTEP, TB incidence fell by 17.7% from 2015 to 2023, and TB-related deaths declined from 28 to 22 per million people. The program introduced the all-oral bedaquiline regimen for drug-resistant TB, increasing treatment success rates from 68% in 2020 to 75% in 2022. NTEP also emphasizes nutritional interventions and drug resistance monitoring to improve patient outcomes and reduce TB transmission.

Why in news?

NTEP’s progress in reducing TB incidence and deaths in India is brought into light alongside challenges posed by emerging drug resistance and the potential role of nutrition in TB control.

National Turmeric Board (NTB)

The National Turmeric Board (NTB) is an Government of India agency headquartered in Nizamabad, Telangana, focused on the development and promotion of turmeric and turmeric products. It coordinates efforts with the Spices Board and other agencies to enhance turmeric production, quality, and marketing. The Board supports farmers through policies and programs aimed at improving cultivation practices, value addition, and market access. India grows more than 30 varieties of turmeric across over 20 states, with Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu as top producers. NTB plays a key role in sustaining turmeric’s economic and agricultural importance.

Why in news?

The NTBs role was brought into light as Chamarajanagar district sought inclusion in its programs to boost turmeric production and farmer support in the region.

Ni-kshay Platform

Ni-kshay is an Government of India web-based TB notification and patient management system launched in 2018. It integrates data from public and private healthcare providers, enabling real-time tracking of TB cases. The platform supports case notification, treatment adherence monitoring, and supply chain management of TB drugs. Ni-kshay facilitates data-driven decision-making and resource allocation for TB control programs. It includes modules for patient registration, treatment support, and laboratory reporting. The system is accessible on mobile and desktop, improving accessibility for healthcare workers. Ni-kshay has contributed to increased TB case notifications and improved treatment outcomes across India.

Why in news?

Ni-kshay’s updated data shows TB notifications during the 100-day intensified TB elimination campaign and marks discrepancies between reported cases and government claims.

Pimpri-Chinchwad Social Media Monitoring

Pimpri-Chinchwad, a city in Maharashtra, pioneered localized social media monitoring by law enforcement in May 2024. WhatsApp group admins act as informal moderators, revoking posting rights when misinformation arises and alerting police if offensive content is detected. This decentralized model relies on community policing to curb fake news spread rapidly in social media groups. It is one of the earliest examples in India where local authorities empowered group admins to maintain information integrity. This system functions alongside official cyber cells and uses manual and AI tools for content verification and control.

Why in news?

The Maharashtra governments new Media Monitoring Centre follows the example set by Pimpri-Chinchwads social media monitoring initiative to control misinformation and offensive content.

PM Dhana Dhaanya Yojana (PMDDY)

The PM Dhana Dhaanya Yojana (PMDDY) targets 100 aspirational districts with low agricultural productivity, aiming to raise farmers income through improved productivity, credit access, irrigation, and post-harvest management. It integrates multiple schemes like borewells, solar pumps, and micro-irrigation to streamline subsidy access, avoiding bureaucratic delays. The scheme plans to provide flexible credit options allowing farmers to choose quality products independently. It focuses on both long-term and short-term credit, aiming to benefit approximately 1.6 crore farmers. PMDDY may also support allied activities to generate additional income for farmers.

Why in news?

PMDDY is set to launch before the Kharif season in 2025, focusing on improving productivity and income in 100 low-output districts, as announced in the recent government budget.

PM Fasal Bima Yojana

The PM Fasal Bima Yojana is a government crop insurance scheme launched in 2016 that aims to provide financial support to farmers suffering crop losses due to natural calamities, pests, and diseases. It uses technology such as remote sensing and drones for accurate loss assessment. The scheme covers all food and oilseed crops and annual commercial/horticultural crops. Premium rates are capped, with the government subsidizing the rest. It emphasizes timely claim settlement and encourages farmers to adopt risk mitigation practices. The scheme is linked with the distress index to better target vulnerable farmers.

Why in news?

The PM Fasal Bima Yojana was analyzed alongside the Farmers Distress Index in a pilot study focusing on rainfed agriculture in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh during 2020-22.

PM Internship Scheme (PMIS)

The PM Internship Scheme (PMIS) was announced in the Indian Budget 2024-25 to provide internships to youth across the country. It aims to offer 10 million internships over five years in the top 500 companies, selected based on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending. Internships combine training and at least six months of professional experience. The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) and targets skill development and employability enhancement. The first round saw 28,141 candidates accepting offers, with over 100,000 opportunities available in the second round. The scheme uses model career centres for outreach and facilitation.

Why in news?

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is launching a dedicated PMIS app and the first facilitation centre in Kolkata to boost registrations and participation in the schemes second round.

PM Juga Scheme, 2024

The PM Juga Scheme, launched by the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs in 2024, is a government initiative aimed at accelerating the recognition of forest rights under the FRA. It focuses on empowering tribal communities by expediting claims, promoting sustainable livelihoods, and strengthening institutional support for forest dwellers. The scheme integrates various welfare programs to improve socio-economic conditions and reduce dependency on forest resources. It also aims to address implementation challenges of the FRA by increasing political will and administrative efficiency. The scheme reflects the government’s commitment to uphold constitutional provisions for tribal rights and environmental conservation.

Why in news?

The PM Juga Scheme has been cited by civil society members to support the constitutionality and effectiveness of the FRA during the ongoing legal and political debates in 2025.

PM SHRI Schools

The PM SHRI (PM Schools for Rising India) scheme was launched under the National Education Policy 2020 to develop model schools exemplifying the NEPs vision. These schools aim to provide holistic, inclusive, and equitable quality education with a focus on experiential learning, multilingualism, and critical thinking. The scheme requires States to sign a Memorandum of About (MoU) for implementation. As of 2025, 33 out of 36 States and Union Territories have signed the MoU. PM SHRI schools serve as exemplars to align curriculum and assessment standards nationally and promote innovation in school education.

Why in news?

The Centre halted SSA fund releases to States like Tamil Nadu for not signing the PM SHRI MoU, leading to a conflict over the implementation of NEP 2020 and related funding.

PM Surya Ghar

The PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojna is an Government of India scheme aiming to install rooftop solar (RTS) plants on 1 crore households by FY27, providing free electricity up to 300 units monthly. The scheme has a budget allocation of around ₹75,000 crore and targets generating 1 lakh crore units of electricity, reducing 72 crore tonnes of CO2 emissions. In FY25, the target was 25 lakh installations but only 12 lakh were expected by March 2025. The scheme is a major part of the Ministry of New & Renewable Energys (MNRE) efforts to promote distributed renewable energy.

Why in news?

The schemes progress and budget updates were brought into light in March 2025, with 12 lakh rooftop solar installations expected against a 25 lakh target for FY25, and increased budget allocation for FY26.

PM Svanidhi Scheme

The PM Street Vendors AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) scheme was launched in June 2020 to provide affordable working capital loans to street vendors across India. It offers loans up to ₹10,000 with a 7% interest subsidy for timely repayment. The scheme encourages digital transactions through cashback incentives and rewards vendors for digital payments. It aims to formalize the street vending sector and improve livelihoods post-COVID-19 lockdown. Over 68 lakh street vendors have been supported under this scheme as of early 2025. The scheme is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in coordination with various urban local bodies.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister mentioned the PM SVANidhi schemes success in supporting 68 lakh street vendors during the Rajya Sabha debate on the Banking Regulation Bill in March 2025.

PM-eBus Sewa Scheme

The PM-eBus Sewa Scheme is a public bus transport initiative approved in August 2023 to promote electric buses in urban areas. It aims to reduce pollution and enhance public transport efficiency by subsidizing electric bus purchases and operations. The scheme received ₹1,150 crore allocation in the 2024-25 financial year, marking the first time funds were utilized. It is part of Indias broader push towards sustainable urban mobility and reducing carbon emissions in cities. The scheme involves central and state government collaboration and supports infrastructure development for electric buses.

Why in news?

The PM-eBus Sewa Scheme, announced in the 2021-22 Budget and approved in 2023, saw its first fund utilization in 2024-25, denoting progress in electric urban transport initiatives.

PM-SVANidhi Scheme

The PM-SVANidhi (Pradhan Mantri Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi) scheme was launched in 2020 to provide affordable working capital loans to street vendors. It offers loans up to ₹10,000 with an interest subsidy of 7% per annum and cashback incentives for timely repayment. The scheme promotes financial inclusion and formalization of street vendors, encouraging digital transactions. It is administered by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, targeting vendors impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to revive their livelihoods.

Why in news?

PM-SVANidhi is one of the 13 central schemes integrated with the e-Shram Portal, benefiting unorganised workers registered on the platform.

PM-YUVA 3.0

PM-YUVA 3.0 stands for Prime Ministers Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors, launched in March 2025 by Indias Ministry of Education. It targets authors below 30 years to promote writing and reading culture. The scheme focuses on three themes – Contribution of Indian Diaspora in Nation Building, Indian Knowledge System, and Makers of Modern India (1950-2025). It selects 50 young authors through a nationwide contest, providing mentorship and publishing opportunities via the National Book Trust. The program emphasizes multilingual literary exchange and aims to nurture future creative leaders.

Why in news?

PM-YUVA 3.0 was launched on 11 March 2025 to mentor young Indian authors, with selections and training scheduled throughout 2025 and culminating in a National Camp at the New Delhi World Book Fair 2026.

PMAY-G Extension Phase

The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) extension phase was approved by the Union Cabinet in August 2024 to continue rural housing construction until FY 2028-29. It includes a target to build an additional 2 crore houses beyond the initial 2.95 crore units planned from 2016. The extension aims to clear a backlog of approximately 1.46 crore pending houses from both SECC 2011 and Awaas+ lists, while also allocating fresh houses for new beneficiaries. The total financial outlay for this phase is ₹3,06,137 crore. The scheme provides ₹1.20 to ₹1.30 lakh per unit, though the Committee recommends increasing it to ₹4 lakh due to inflation and construction cost rises.

Why in news?

The Parliamentary Committee urged increasing the number of houses planned under the PMAY-G extension phase to address backlog and new demand, criticizing the current financial assistance levels.

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding following childbirth, typically within 24 hours but can extend up to 6 weeks postpartum. It is the leading cause of maternal mortality globally, accounting for about 27% of maternal deaths. Causes include uterine atony, retained placenta, and trauma during delivery. Risk factors include prolonged labor, multiple births, and previous PPH. Management involves uterotonics, surgical interventions, and blood transfusions. The WHOs 2024 global roadmap aims to reduce PPH deaths through improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies worldwide. PPH rates vary regionally, highest in sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia.

Why in news?

PPH was brought into light in WHOs 2025 global maternal mortality report as the leading cause of maternal deaths, prompting renewed international focus on interventions and the global roadmap launched in 2024.

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP)

The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) was launched in November 2008 by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers. It aims to provide quality generic medicines at 50%-80% lower prices than branded equivalents through dedicated outlets called Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJK). Medicines under PMBJP are procured only from WHO-GMP certified manufacturers and tested in NABL-accredited labs. The scheme offers incentives to Kendras, especially those in North-Eastern, Himalayan, island, aspirational districts, or run by women, ex-servicemen, Divyang, SC/ST entrepreneurs. Over 15,000 Kendras operate nationwide as of 2025.

Why in news?

The PMBJP 2025 Jan Aushadhi Diwas celebrations brought into light the schemes growth, outreach, and ongoing efforts to promote affordable generic medicines across India.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), launched in 2018, is India’s flagship public health insurance scheme under the Ayushman Bharat program. It provides free health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family annually for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to over 10 crore vulnerable families. PM-JAY aims to reduce out-of-pocket medical expenses and improve access to quality healthcare for economically disadvantaged populations. It uses a paperless, cashless system with a national health authority overseeing implementation. The scheme is the world’s largest government-funded health insurance program by coverage.

Why in news?

The March 2025 parliamentary committee recommended a similar free and compulsory crop insurance scheme for small farmers modeled on PM-JAY.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

Launched on August 28, 2014, PMJDY aims for universal financial inclusion by providing basic savings accounts with no minimum balance. By January 2025, it had opened 54.5 crore accounts, with 61% held by women. The scheme includes access to savings, remittance, credit, pension, and insurance. It has issued over 37 crore RuPay debit cards featuring ₹2 lakh personal accidental death and disability coverage. Deposits grew from ₹15,670 crore in 2015 to ₹2,32,502 crore in 2024. It also facilitated direct benefit transfers totaling ₹34 lakh crore, reducing leakages in government schemes.

Why in news?

PMJDY’s role in expanding banking access and digital transactions in India has been brought into light in recent financial inclusion data released in March 2025.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)

The Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK) is a central government scheme aimed at improving infrastructure and socio-economic conditions in minority-concentrated areas across India. It focuses on sectors like education, health, skill development, and basic amenities. The program is implemented through State Governments, Union Territories, and Central Government Organizations (CGOs). It involves physical and financial monitoring to ensure effective utilization of funds. The scheme supports projects such as construction of schools, hospitals, and community centers, enhancing access to essential services for minority communities. Its goal is to promote inclusive growth and reduce regional disparities.

Why in news?

The National Review Meeting was held to assess the progress and challenges in PMJVK’s implementation across States, Union Territories, and CGOs like NVS and KVS.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)

PMKSY was launched in 2015-16 to enhance irrigation access, expand cultivable areas under assured irrigation, and promote water-use efficiency and conservation. The programs Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) component focuses on creating irrigation potential through major and medium projects. Between 2016 and 2022, 63 projects completed under PMKSY-AIBP created an additional irrigation potential of 26.11 lakh hectares. The government approved Rs.93,068.56 crore (central assistance Rs.37,454 crore) for PMKSY during 2021-26. The Kosi Mechi project is the tenth included under AIBP since 2012-22.

Why in news?

PMKSY-AIBP funding was sanctioned for the Kosi Mechi Intra-State Link Project as part of ongoing irrigation infrastructure development efforts across India.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY)

The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) is a government initiative launched to promote sustainable development in the fisheries sector. It focuses on increasing fish production, improving infrastructure, and supporting fish farmers and fishers through financial aid and technological assistance. The scheme integrates modern aquaculture techniques and welfare measures, aiming to enhance livelihood security. It also encourages digital adoption among stakeholders, linking them to government schemes and markets. PM-MKSSY is part of a broader effort to boost the fisheries economy under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.

Why in news?

PM-MKSSY is in the news due to the launch of the NFDP Mobile Application under this scheme, facilitating digital access to fisheries-related government programs and support for startups and fishery stakeholders.

Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM-POSHAN)

PM-POSHAN is a centrally-sponsored scheme in India aimed at providing nutritious midday meals to students in government and aided schools, covering Bal-Vatika and classes 1 to 8 nationwide, extended to classes 9 and 10 in Karnataka. The meals include fortified rice, wheat, coarse grains, pulses, green leafy vegetables, and use Double Fortified Salt (DFS) and fortified edible oil enriched with vitamins A and D. The scheme targets improved child nutrition and reduces malnutrition and obesity by promoting balanced diets in schools. It also encourages the use of vegetables from School Nutrition Gardens to enhance freshness and nutrition.

Why in news?

The Union government has issued an advisory under PM-POSHAN to reduce cooking oil usage by 10% in school meals to promote healthier eating habits and combat childhood obesity.

Price Deficiency Payment Scheme

The Price Deficiency Payment (PDP) scheme under the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) compensates farmers when market prices fall below a predetermined Minimum Intervention Price (MIP). It covers up to 25% of production and was approved for the Guntur variety of red chillies in Andhra Pradesh, fixing the MIP at ₹11,781 per quintal. The scheme aims to stabilize farmers’ income during price crashes. Karnataka farmers have demanded an increased MIP (₹13,500 or higher) and expanded coverage (up to 75%) due to higher production costs in the state. The PDP scheme is part of broader government efforts to support chilli farmers amid market volatility.

Why in news?

The PDP scheme is under discussion as Karnatakas Chief Minister and farmer groups push for higher MIP and expanded coverage to address the chilli price crisis in March 2025.

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) are grassroots cooperative credit institutions in India that provide short-term and medium-term loans to farmers and rural communities. PACS operate at the village level and are the first tier of the cooperative credit structure. They play a critical role in rural finance by offering affordable credit, agricultural inputs, and marketing support. PACS are regulated under the Cooperative Societies Act and have been vital in promoting rural development and financial inclusion. As of recent data, India has around 1.5 lakh PACS, with plans to expand to 2 lakh by 2029, ensuring every village has access to cooperative credit.

Why in news?

The government plans to create 2 lakh PACS by 2029 to expand cooperative reach across all Indian villages.

Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS)

The Prime Minister Internship Scheme (PMIS) is an Government of India initiative launched to provide students and fresh graduates with hands-on industry exposure. It aims to bridge the gap between academic learning and industry expectations by enabling internships in top companies. The scheme targets the top 500 companies by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spend but also allows other firms to participate. Financial support is provided to companies for accommodating interns. Since its inception, over 327 companies have joined, offering more than 1.18 lakh internships. The second round saw 1.27 lakh candidates applying for 2.4 lakh internship positions.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister launched a dedicated mobile app for PMIS to facilitate internship applications and increase participation from companies and youth across India.

Project HAKK

Project HAKK stands for Hawai Anubhavi Kalyan Kendra, initiated by HDFC Bank to support Indian Air Force (IAF) pensioners, veterans, and their families. It involves setting up 25 centres across key Air Force units in cities like New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Pune. The project offers over 500 G2C and B2C services, including Aadhaar, NPS, PAN card, and passport-related services. It is designed to empower veterans and their families with financial independence through skill development and training in collaboration with CSC Academy and IAFs Assistant Chief of Air Staff – Accounts & Air Veterans.

Why in news?

HDFC Bank launched Project HAKK in March 2025, signing an MoU with the Indian Air Force to provide dedicated support services to veterans and their families.

Project Hifazat

Project Hifazat is an initiative launched by the Punjab government to protect women and children from violence by improving reporting mechanisms and support systems. It integrates the 181 helpline with emergency services like ERSS-112. It coordinates multiple departments including social security, police, health, and women and child development. The project categorizes calls into emergency, non-emergency, and informational, directing victims to appropriate services such as rescue, legal aid, medical help, and psycho-social support. It also links non-emergency cases to one stop centres, district child protection units, and women’s empowerment hubs for counseling and rehabilitation.

Why in news?

Punjab minister Baljit Kaur launched Project Hifazat on International Women’s Day 2025 to enhance protection and support for women and children facing violence.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government-run program providing subsidized staple foods such as rice, wheat, and sugar to low-income households. It aims to ensure food security but often supplies nutritionally limited diets compared to diverse indigenous forest foods. The PDS has become increasingly important for forest-dependent communities like the Soligas as traditional food sources decline. However, reliance on PDS staples can lead to nutritional deficiencies and cultural erosion, as traditional diets rich in wild greens, legumes, and tubers are replaced by market-sourced food items.

Why in news?

The increased dependence of the Soliga community on the PDS marks shifts from traditional forest-based diets to subsidized staples, raising concerns about nutrition and cultural loss amid environmental and social changes.

Public Distribution System Corruption

Corruption in the Public Distribution System (PDS) involves diversion of subsidized food grains, fake ration cards, and leakages in supply chains. It undermines the objective of providing essential commodities to the poor at affordable prices. Various reports indicate that percentage of PDS grains are siphoned off or sold illegally in open markets. Despite technological interventions like biometric authentication and digitization of ration cards, challenges persist due to political interference, administrative inefficiency, and local-level corruption. These issues contribute to food insecurity among vulnerable populations, especially migrant workers and those below the poverty line.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court expressed concern over corruption and mismanagement in the PDS while emphasizing the need to ensure subsidized ration reaches the poor effectively.

Public-Private-Academia Partnership (PPAP)

Public-Private-Academia Partnership (PPAP) is a collaborative model involving government bodies, private industry, and academic institutions to jointly address challenges and promote innovation. In the context of MSME development, PPAP facilitates resource sharing, skill development, and technology transfer. This partnership model enhances the quality and relevance of training programs, supports certification processes, and drives digital adoption among smaller enterprises. PPAP is instrumental in initiatives like Dx-EDGE, ensuring coordinated efforts for sustainable growth and competitiveness. It leverages diverse expertise and infrastructure to build a robust ecosystem for MSME empowerment.

Why in news?

PPAP is recognized as the foundational approach behind Dx-EDGE, enabling collaboration among stakeholders to boost MSME digitalization and skill enhancement.

Pulse Polio Immunisation Programme

The Pulse Polio Immunisation Programme began in 1995 in India as a massive public health campaign to eradicate polio through repeated oral polio vaccine doses. It involved mass vaccination drives twice a year, targeting all children under five years of age. The program utilized door-to-door vaccination strategies and mobilized millions of health workers and volunteers. It contributed to India being declared polio-free by the WHO in 2014. The initiative is considered one of the largest public health efforts globally, reaching over 170 million children in a single round at its peak.

Why in news?

National Vaccination Day 2025 commemorates the launch of the Pulse Polio Immunisation Programme on March 16, 1995, which led to Indias polio-free status.

Rajgond Tribe

The Rajgond tribe is an indigenous community primarily found in central India, particularly in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Maharashtra. They belong to the larger Gond ethnic group, known for their distinct language, culture, and traditional governance systems. The Rajgonds have historically been forest dwellers and agriculturists, practicing shifting cultivation and hunting. Their social structure is clan-based, with spiritual beliefs deeply tied to nature worship and ancestral spirits. Despite constitutional recognition as a Scheduled Tribe, many Rajgond communities face challenges related to land rights, access to basic amenities, and socio-economic development. Their art, especially Gond painting, has gained international recognition.

Why in news?

The Rajgond tribe in Ahmedabad sought the Gujarat High Courts intervention for electricity connections after living without power for 45 years in the city.

Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana

The Rajiv Gandhi Shramik Kalyan Yojana (RGSKY) is a social security scheme launched by the Government of India to provide financial support to workers who have lost their jobs. It offers an unemployment allowance for a limited period, helping beneficiaries manage their livelihoods during unemployment. The scheme targets workers covered under the Employees State Insurance (ESI) system. It complements other social security benefits like medical care and maternity benefits. RGSKY aims to reduce economic distress caused by sudden job loss and promote workforce stability by providing a safety net to insured workers.

Why in news?

The scheme is mentioned as part of the benefits extended to workers under the expanded ESIC coverage in Uttar Pradesh.

Sanchar Saathi

Sanchar Saathi is a citizen-centric initiative by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India, available as a portal and mobile app. It enables users to report suspected fraud calls and messages, verify their mobile connections, and block or trace lost or stolen handsets. The platform integrates with telecom service providers to offer real-time assistance. Sanchar Saathi facilitates communication between citizens and authorities to curb telecom misuse. It supports the exchange of digital intelligence with over 550 stakeholders, including banks and law enforcement agencies. The initiative aims to enhance consumer protection and security in India’s telecom ecosystem.

Why in news?

Sanchar Saathi is expanding its reach through collaboration with WhatsApp to improve digital safety and fraud reporting in India.

Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM)

The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission is an initiative by the Government of India launched to develop 300 clusters of villages across 34 states and UTs. Each cluster, called a ‘Rurban cluster,’ is a group of geographically contiguous villages with populations ranging from 25,000 to 50,000 in plain/coastal areas and 5,000 to 15,000 in desert, hilly, or tribal regions. The mission focuses on bridging the rural-urban divide by providing urban facilities in rural areas, boosting agriculture, tourism, animal husbandry, and fisheries. 70% of funding comes from converging other government schemes, with a maximum Critical Gap Funding of ₹30 crores for non-tribal and ₹15 crores for tribal clusters.

Why in news?

Telangana secured the fourth position nationwide under the SPMRM with a score of 91.87, developing 17 tribal and non-tribal clusters with an outlay of ₹1885.11 crores as part of the Telangana Socio-Economic Outlook-2025.

Sowa Rigpa

Sowa Rigpa is a traditional Tibetan system of medicine combining herbal remedies, diet, and spiritual practices. It integrates Ayurveda, Chinese, and ancient Tibetan knowledge, focusing on balancing bodily energies. Sowa Rigpa uses diagnostic methods like pulse reading and urine analysis. It is officially recognized by Indias Ministry of Ayush and practiced mainly in Himalayan regions including Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Ladakh. The practice includes treatments for chronic illnesses and spiritual healing, often involving ritual elements. Despite its ancient roots, Sowa Rigpa has undergone modernization and institutionalization through government-supported universities and research centers.

Why in news?

Sowa Rigpa is included under the Assam Healing Acts broad definition of traditional healing, raising concerns about its legal status and protection under the new law.

Swadesh Darshan Scheme

The Swadesh Darshan Scheme is an Government of India initiative launched in 2014 to develop theme-based tourist circuits across the country. It aims to promote cultural, religious, and heritage tourism by providing financial assistance to states for infrastructure development. The scheme includes circuits like Buddhist, Coastal, Desert, and Tribal circuits. It emphasizes sustainable tourism and community participation. Projects under this scheme include building pathways, amenities, and signage to improve tourist experiences. The Buddhist Circuit is a key thematic circuit under this scheme, focusing on sites related to the life and teachings of Buddha.

Why in news?

Swadesh Darshan is in news due to the recent financial assistance extended for the development of Buddhist Tourism under this scheme, as mentioned in the Ministry of Tourism’s latest update.

Thalassemia Carriers

Thalassemia carriers are individuals who inherit one normal gene and one mutated gene responsible for thalassemia, a blood disorder affecting hemoglobin production. Carriers usually do not exhibit symptoms but can pass the mutated gene to their offspring. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that the child will have thalassemia major, a severe form of the disease. Carrier frequency varies by region and ethnicity, often higher in malaria-endemic areas due to a protective advantage against malaria. Screening and genetic counseling help identify carriers to prevent disease transmission.

Why in news?

The Andhra Pradesh Health Minister noted that the number of thalassemia carriers exceeds the number of affected patients, underscoring the importance of awareness and prevention strategies.

UDISE+ Portal

The Unified District Information System For Education Plus (UDISE+) is an Government of India portal that collects and manages educational data at district and school levels. It contains detailed information on students, teachers, schools, and academic performance across regions. UDISE+ supports policymaking by providing real-time statistics and data analytics for education reforms. The portal integrates data collection for various educational schemes and is the backend system generating APAAR IDs. It helps monitor enrollment, dropout rates, and infrastructure but has faced criticism for data accuracy and duplication of efforts by schools.

Why in news?

UDISE+ is the platform through which APAAR IDs are generated and managed, playing a key role in the new education data reforms under NEP 2020.

Ujjwala Programme

The Ujjwala Programme is an initiative launched by the Government of India in 2016 to provide subsidized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to women from below-poverty-line households. It aims to reduce indoor air pollution by replacing traditional biomass cooking fuels with cleaner LPG. By 2024, the program expanded LPG coverage to over 80 million additional households. Despite this, many resource-poor families still face financial challenges affording LPG refills. The program represents one of the largest clean cooking fuel initiatives globally, contributing to health improvements and reducing exposure to harmful smoke from solid fuels.

Why in news?

The Ujjwala Programme was referenced at the WHO conference as a key example of efforts to combat energy poverty and reduce indoor air pollution, though economic barriers remain for sustained LPG use.

Zo Anthurium Growers Cooperative Society

The Zo Anthurium Growers Cooperative Society is a farmers’ cooperative based in Aizawl, Mizoram, specializing in the cultivation and marketing of Anthurium flowers. It supports local growers by providing access to quality planting materials, technical training, and collective marketing efforts. The society plays a critical role in uniting small-scale farmers, including women, to improve income through floriculture. It has contributed to enhancing the quality and quantity of Anthurium production in Mizoram, facilitating export readiness. The cooperative also participates in regional floral events and promotes sustainable cultivation practices tailored to Mizorams climate and soil conditions.

Why in news?

The society supplied the first consignment of Anthurium flowers exported from Mizoram to Singapore, marking a milestone in the region’s floriculture export development.

Defence

Andaman and Nicobar Command

The Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) is the only tri-service theater command of the Indian Armed Forces, integrating army, navy, and air force units. Located in the Andaman Islands, it strategically oversees the eastern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Strait. ANC plays important role in maritime security, surveillance, and rapid deployment of forces for both defense and humanitarian missions. The command maintains naval ships, aircraft, and ground troops to respond swiftly to regional contingencies. It also supports disaster relief operations in Southeast Asia due to its proximity and logistical capabilities.

Why in news?

Two Indian naval ships stationed at the Andaman and Nicobar Command were dispatched to Myanmar carrying humanitarian aid as part of Indias relief efforts following the March 2025 earthquake.

Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE)

The Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) is a Pune-based DRDO laboratory focused on the design and development of artillery systems and armaments. Established in 1958, ARDE has played a key role in creating indigenous weaponry such as the ATAGS and Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher. It collaborates closely with private industry partners like Bharat Forge and TASL to transition prototypes into mass production. ARDEs research spans barrel manufacturing, recoil mechanisms, and ammunition handling systems. It is a critical hub for reducing India’s defence import dependency and enhancing self-reliance in artillery technology.

Why in news?

ARDE was the lead developer of the ATAGS, whose procurement contracts were signed in March 2025, denoting ARDEs role in Indias defence modernization drive.

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, enacted in 1958, grants special authority to the Indian armed forces in “disturbed areas.” Under Section 3, security forces can arrest without warrant, shoot to kill in certain situations, and conduct searches without consent. It applies mainly in northeastern states and Jammu & Kashmir. The act has been controversial due to alleged human rights violations. “Disturbed area” status is declared by the central government based on law and order assessments. AFSPA requires periodic review and renewal, typically every six months. It aims to maintain public order and counter insurgency in volatile regions.

Why in news?

The Government of India extended AFSPA for six months starting April 1, 2025, in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh due to ongoing ethnic violence and security concerns.

Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited

Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVANI) is a public sector undertaking under India’s Ministry of Defence, formed in 2021 after the restructuring of the Ordnance Factory Board. It specializes in the production of armored vehicles, including tanks and infantry fighting vehicles. AVANI operates the Heavy Vehicle Factory in Avadi, Chennai, which is one of the oldest defense manufacturing units in India, established in 1961. The company focuses on indigenous design and development, as well as licensed production under technology transfer agreements. AVANI plays important role in supporting the Indian Armys mechanized forces and the Make in India initiative.

Why in news?

AVANI will integrate and produce the 1000 HP engines supplied by Russia under a technology transfer agreement to upgrade T-72 tanks.

ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus)

The ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) is a platform established in 2010 to promote security cooperation between ASEAN member states and eight dialogue partners – Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States. It focuses on seven practical areas – Counter-Terrorism, Maritime Security, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Management, Peacekeeping Operations, Military Medicine, Humanitarian Mine Action, and Cyber Security. The ADMM-Plus facilitates dialogue, joint exercises, and information sharing to enhance regional security. It operates through Experts Working Groups (EWGs), each co-chaired by one ASEAN country and one dialogue partner on a rotating three-year cycle.

Why in news?

The 14th ADMM-Plus Experts Working Group on Counter-Terrorism is scheduled in New Delhi in March 2025, with India co-chairing this group for the first time, marking step in regional defense collaboration.

Astra Missile

The Astra is an Indian beyond visual range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) developed by DRDO. It has a range exceeding 100 kilometers and features advanced guidance and navigation systems for high precision targeting. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets with high accuracy and is designed to be launched from various Indian Air Force platforms, including the LCA Tejas. The missile incorporates active radar homing and has undergone multiple successful tests. Astra enhances Indias indigenous air defense capabilities and has been inducted into the Indian Air Force, marking step in self-reliance in missile technology.

Why in news?

The Astra missile was successfully test-fired from the LCA AF MK1 prototype off Chandipur, Odisha, demonstrating its precision and effectiveness, and marking progress toward the induction of the LCA AF MK1A variant.

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)

Bharat Electronics Limited is a state-owned aerospace and defense electronics company founded in 1954. Headquartered in Bengaluru, BEL specializes in radars, communication equipment, electronic warfare systems, and naval systems. It is one of Indias largest defense public sector undertakings and a key supplier to the Indian Armed Forces. BEL has a network of manufacturing units and R&D centers across India and has been instrumental in producing indigenous defense technologies. The companys collaboration with DRDO laboratories like LRDE enables it to manufacture advanced systems such as the Ashwini radar family.

Why in news?

BEL received a ₹2,906 crore contract from the Ministry of Defence for manufacturing and supplying the indigenous LLTR Ashwini radar to the Indian Air Force.

Chandipur Test Range

Chandipur is a coastal missile testing range located in Odisha, operated by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is known for its unique geographical feature where the sea recedes up to 5 kilometers during low tide, providing a safe and expansive test area. The range is used for testing various missiles, including surface-to-air, air-to-air, and ballistic missiles. It features advanced tracking and telemetry facilities and has been very important in the development of Indias missile programs, including the Agni and Astra missile projects.

Why in news?

The successful test launch of the Astra missile from the LCA AF MK1 was conducted off the coast of Chandipur, Odisha, denoting the ranges role in Indias missile development.

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

The DRDO is Indias premier agency responsible for military research and development. Established in 1958, it oversees the design and development of various defense technologies including missiles, radars, and electronic warfare systems. DRDO operates over 50 laboratories across India and collaborates with academic and industrial partners. It played a key role in developing Indias missile systems like Agni and Prithvi. The organization also focuses on indigenous technology to reduce dependency on foreign suppliers. DRDOs innovations contribute to both strategic and tactical defense capabilities.

Why in news?

DRDO is developing the Gandiva missile, a next-generation air-to-air weapon, which could transform Indias air combat capabilities.

Dharma Guardian

is a joint military exercise between India and Japan initiated in 2018 to enhance bilateral defense cooperation. It focuses on counter-terrorism operations in urban terrain and includes humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) training aligned with United Nations peacekeeping. The exercise is held alternately in India and Japan, involving infantry units such as the Indian MADRAS Regiment and Japans 34th Infantry Regiment. It emphasizes tactical drills, operational knowledge exchange, and cultural interaction. By 2025, six editions have taken place, progressively increasing in scale and complexity to improve operational readiness and mutual understanding between the two forces.

Why in news?

The sixth edition of the Dharma Guardian exercise concluded in March 2025 at East Fuji, Japan, involving 120 troops each from India and Japan, focusing on counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations.

Eastern Command

The Eastern Command is a major operational formation of the Indian Army responsible for the eastern sector of India. It covers strategically sensitive regions including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and parts of West Bengal. It plays important role in border defense against China and insurgency management. The Command comprises multiple infantry, artillery, and armored divisions, along with integrated support from the Indian Air Force and other forces. It is headquartered in Kolkata and has been very important in joint exercises and operations in the high-altitude and jungle terrain of Northeast India.

Why in news?

Eastern Command led the Ex Prachand Prahaar exercise in Arunachal Pradesh, demonstrating integrated multi-domain warfare capabilities in March 2025.

Ex Prachand Prahaar

Ex Prachand Prahaar is a Tri-Service Integrated Multi-Domain Warfare Exercise conducted by the Indian Armed Forces. It focuses on joint operational capability involving the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and other defense elements. The exercise emphasizes integration of surveillance, strike, and operational planning across land, air, and space domains. It includes the use of advanced platforms like UAVs, loitering munitions, armed helicopters, long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft, and space-based assets. The exercise aims to simulate future warfare scenarios in challenging terrains, particularly in high-altitude regions such as Arunachal Pradesh.

Why in news?

Ex Prachand Prahaar was conducted from 25 to 27 March 2025 in Arunachal Pradesh, showcasing joint multi-domain warfare capabilities of the Indian Armed Forces under Eastern Command.

Exercise INIOCHOS

Exercise INIOCHOS is a biennial multinational air exercise hosted by the Hellenic Air Force. It involves participation from around fifteen countries, integrating air and surface assets in realistic combat scenarios to simulate modern air warfare challenges. The exercise aims to enhance interoperability, tactical knowledge exchange, and military cooperation among participating air forces. It focuses on combined air operations, complex warfare tactics, and operational best practices. The event is conducted from the Andravida Air Base in Greece, providing a platform for strengthening strategic partnerships and mutual learning among diverse air forces.

Why in news?

Exercise INIOCHOS-25 is scheduled from 31 March to 11 April 2025, with the Indian Air Force participating alongside fourteen other countries in Greece.

IL-78 Aircraft

The IL-78 is a Soviet-designed air-to-air refueling tanker aircraft, derived from the Il-76 transport plane. It enables extended range and endurance for combat aircraft by refueling them mid-air. The Indian Air Force operates the IL-78MKI variant, customized with Israeli and Indian avionics, enhancing its refueling capabilities. The aircraft can refuel multiple fighters simultaneously and carry cargo or personnel when not configured for refueling. It supports strategic airlift and force projection missions, playing important role in India’s long-range air operations and multinational exercises like INIOCHOS.

Why in news?

The Indian Air Force is deploying IL-78 tankers as combat enablers during Exercise INIOCHOS-25 to support extended air operations.

Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)

The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in Sri Lanka from 1987 to 1990 under the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord to disarm militant groups and restore peace during the Sri Lankan Civil War. It primarily targeted the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The mission faced resistance and controversy, resulting in heavy casualties and strained India-Sri Lanka relations. The IPKF withdrawal in 1990 marked the end of Indias direct military involvement in Sri Lanka. The operation remains a sensitive chapter in bilateral ties and has influenced subsequent defence and diplomatic policies between the two countries.

Why in news?

The India-Sri Lanka defence cooperation pact being signed marks shift from the period following the IPKF withdrawal over 35 years ago, signaling renewed military collaboration.

INS Vikrant

INS Vikrant is Indias first indigenous aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2022. It displaces around 45,000 tons and is 262 meters long. The carrier operates a mix of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, including the MiG-29K. It features a ski-jump for Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery (STOBAR) operations. Vikrant enhances Indias blue-water naval capabilities and is equipped with advanced radar and electronic warfare systems. It was built at the Cochin Shipyard Limited over nearly 15 years. The carrier plays a critical role in power projection and maritime security in the Indian Ocean region.

Why in news?

INS Vikrant participated in the 2025 bilateral naval exercise Varuna with France, enabling close operations with French Rafale-M jets and enhancing anti-submarine warfare capabilities off the Goa coast.

INSV Tarini

INSV Tarini is a 56-foot sailing vessel built by Aquarius Shipyard Limited and inducted into the Indian Navy on February 18, 2017. It is designed for long ocean voyages and has undertaken multiple global circumnavigation expeditions. The vessel is equipped with modern navigation and communication systems suited for solo or small crew sailing. It has a reinforced hull to withstand harsh oceanic conditions, including the treacherous Drake Passage. The ship supports sustainable energy use with solar panels and has facilities for fresh water generation through desalination. It is named after the Hindu goddess Tarini.

Why in news?

INSV Tarini is currently on the fourth leg of the Navika Sagar Parikrama-II expedition, a global circumnavigation by two Indian Navy women officers.

Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur

The Integrated Test Range at Chandipur, Odisha, is a premier Indian missile testing facility located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It supports testing of various missile systems, including surface-to-air, ballistic, and cruise missiles. The range is equipped with advanced instrumentation for tracking, telemetry, and data collection during missile flights. Its coastal location allows for safe missile launches over the sea, minimizing risk to populated areas. The ITR has been very important in the development of multiple indigenous missile programs, contributing to Indias strategic defense capabilities and technological advancements in missile technology.

Why in news?

ITR Chandipur was the site of the successful flight-test of the VLSRSAM missile on March 26, 2025, demonstrating the missiles performance against aerial targets at close range.

KHANJAR Exercise

The KHANJAR exercise is an annual joint special forces training event between India and Kyrgyzstan, initiated in 2011. It alternates venues between the two countries, focusing on counter-terrorism and high-altitude warfare. The exercise enhances skills in sniping, complex building intervention, and mountain craft. Indian forces are represented by the Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), while Kyrgyzstan fields the Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade. It also promotes cultural exchange, including celebrations of the Nowruz festival, strengthening bilateral defense cooperation and regional security.

Why in news?

The 12th edition of KHANJAR-XII is scheduled in Kyrgyzstan from 10-23 March 2025, continuing the strategic defense partnership between India and Kyrgyzstan.

LRAShM Missile

The Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM) is a hypersonic glide missile developed by Indias Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was successfully tested on November 16, 2023, from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. The missile travels at 10 Mach, or about 12,144 km/h, covering 3.37 km per second. It has a range of 1,500 km and can destroy enemy ships within 7 to 8 minutes. Designed for launch from both land and sea, it incorporates heat-resistant materials to withstand extreme flight temperatures without damage.

Why in news?

India tested the LRAShM missile, achieving hypersonic speeds that provide a strategic edge in maritime defense, especially in the Indian Ocean Region against China and Pakistan.

MADRAS Regiment

The MADRAS Regiment is one of the oldest infantry regiments of the Indian Army, established in 1758. It is named after the city of Madras (now Chennai) and primarily recruits from Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Pondicherry. The regiment has a distinguished history, participating in major conflicts such as World War I, World War II, and the Indo-Pak wars. Its soldiers are trained for diverse operations including counter-insurgency, jungle warfare, and urban combat. The regiment is known for its disciplined troops and cultural traditions, including the celebration of “Madras Day” and the use of Tamil language in regimental ceremonies.

Why in news?

The Indian contingent in the 2025 Dharma Guardian exercise included a battalion from the MADRAS Regiment, denoting its role in international military cooperation and urban counter-terrorism training.

Maritime Domain Awareness

Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is the effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could impact security, safety, economy, or environment. It involves monitoring and sharing information about vessel movements, maritime threats, and activities across coastal and open sea areas. MDA integrates data from satellites, radars, AIS (Automatic Identification System), and intelligence sources. India and Australia are enhancing MDA cooperation to secure critical sea lanes and counter illegal activities like piracy and trafficking. MDA is crucial for naval operations, disaster response, and maritime law enforcement, supporting regional stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Why in news?

India and Australia agreed to focus on cooperation in maritime domain awareness and reciprocal information sharing during the 9th India-Australia defense policy talks in March 2025.

Nag Anti-Tank Missile System (NAMIS)

The Nag Anti-Tank Missile System is a third-generation, fire-and-forget missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) of India. It uses an infrared seeker for target acquisition and can be launched from both land and air platforms. The tracked variant is mounted on a BMP-2 chassis, enhancing mobility in mechanized infantry operations. NAMIS has a range of approximately 4 km and is designed to destroy modern armored vehicles. It is part of India’s indigenous missile development program aimed at reducing dependence on foreign suppliers. The missile features a tandem HEAT warhead to defeat explosive reactive armor.

Why in news?

The Indian Ministry of Defence signed a ₹1,801.34 crore contract for the procurement of the tracked version of NAMIS for mechanized formations of the Indian Army.

Ordnance Factory Board (OFB)

The Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) was established in 1775 and functions under the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It is the world’s largest government-operated production organization, manufacturing arms, ammunition, and equipment for the Indian Armed Forces. OFB operates 41 factories across India and employs over 80,000 people. It has contributed to self-reliance in defence production. OFB also develops indigenous technologies such as small arms, artillery guns, and explosives. It was reorganized in 2021 into seven Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) to improve efficiency and competitiveness.

Why in news?

Ordnance Factories Day on March 18, 2025, celebrated the OFBs contributions and recent technological advancements in defence manufacturing.

Pamed Region

Pamed is a sensitive and strategically important area in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh, long affected by Maoist insurgency. It was previously isolated, accessible only via a long 250 km detour through Telangana. Recent infrastructure developments have opened a direct 90 km route from Bijapur through Tarrem and Kondapalli, improving accessibility for security forces and civilians. This connectivity reduces travel time drastically, enabling quicker deployment of forces and better administrative control. The improved access contributes to enhanced security operations and socio-economic development in this Maoist-affected region.

Why in news?

Recently, officials brought into light the new direct route to Pamed as security gain, facilitating better control over this Maoist-affected area.

Project 75

Project 75 refers to a naval shipbuilding program originally initiated by India to build diesel-electric submarines domestically. The term is also used informally in Pakistan for its submarine procurement involving the Hangor class. The Indian Project 75 began in the 1990s to modernize the Indian Navy’s submarine fleet, focusing on indigenous construction and technology transfer. Pakistans use of the term reflects parallel efforts to enhance underwater capabilities, often involving foreign technology and joint ventures. Project 75 programs emphasize stealth, endurance, and advanced weaponry for regional maritime security.

Why in news?

The mention of Project 75 relates to Pakistans submarine acquisition plan involving the Hangor class, paralleling Indias indigenous submarine development efforts.

Southern Theatre Command

The Southern Theatre Command is one of five major military regions of the Peoples Liberation Army, responsible for operations in southern China, including the South China Sea. Established in 2016 during military reforms, it integrates land, sea, and air forces under a unified command structure. The command operates two regiments of H-6 bombers and oversees strategic defense and offensive operations in the region. It plays a vital role in asserting China’s territorial claims and conducting military exercises in disputed maritime zones. The commands area of responsibility includes Taiwan, the Paracel Islands, and the Spratly Islands.

Why in news?

The Southern Theatre Command conducted recent military drills involving H-6 bombers near Scarborough Shoal, reinforcing China’s strategic posture in the South China Sea.

Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Mk1A

The Tejas Mk1A is an advanced variant of Indias indigenous Light Combat Aircraft featuring improved avionics, weapon systems, and maintainability over the Mk1. HAL plans to produce 24 jets annually, aiming to complete an existing order of 87 aircraft in 3.5 years, with an additional 97 jets ordered for delivery by FY31-32. The Mk1A uses the F404-IN20 engine and has demonstrated supersonic capabilities, achieving Mach 1.1 on its first test flight in 2008. Production faced delays due to engine supply chain issues, now resolved.

Why in news?

Deliveries of Tejas Mk1A jets are underway after delays, with 12 engines expected this year, supporting the Indian Air Forces efforts to replenish its fighter fleet.

VARUNA Naval Exercise

VARUNA is a bilateral naval exercise conducted annually between the Indian Navy and the French Navy since 2001. It aims to improve interoperability, tactical coordination, and operational synergy between the two maritime forces. The exercise covers multiple domains including surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, air defense drills, and replenishment-at-sea operations. VARUNA often involves complex maneuvers with aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, fighter jets, and submarines. It symbolizes the strategic partnership between India and France in maintaining maritime security and a free, open Indo-Pacific region. The exercise has evolved in scale and complexity over its 23 editions.

Why in news?

The 23rd edition of VARUNA is scheduled for March 2025, featuring joint operations between Indian and French naval vessels, including aircraft carriers Vikrant and Charles de Gaulle.

Year of Reform 2025

The Government of India declared 2025 as the Year of Reform in defence procurement and policy. This initiative aims to accelerate procurement timelines, enhance transparency, and incorporate cutting-edge technology swiftly. It addresses long-standing delays in defence acquisitions caused by bureaucratic procedures and geopolitical uncertainties. The reform focuses on streamlining processes, setting fixed timelines, and encouraging indigenous manufacturing under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. It also seeks to prevent obsolescence of technology due to prolonged procurement cycles and to maintain India’s strategic edge amid dynamic international security challenges.

Why in news?

The Committee emphasized the need to accelerate procurement as part of the governments declared Year of Reform 2025 to avoid technology obsolescence and enhance defence readiness.

Awards, Honours, Personalities, Books, Sports etc.

Honorary Order of Freedom of Barbados

The Honorary Order of Freedom of Barbados is one of the highest civilian honors awarded by the government of Barbados. It recognizes individuals for exceptional service to Barbados or for encouraging strong international relations. The award is rarely conferred on foreign dignitaries and symbolizes deep respect and enduring friendship. Recipients receive a medallion and certificate during a formal ceremony, often held in the capital, Bridgetown. The order was established to celebrate contributions to Barbados development and global cooperation. It is distinct from the Order of Barbados, which primarily honors local citizens.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the Honorary Order of Freedom of Barbados in March 2025 for his leadership and assistance during the Covid-19 pandemic, denoting strong India-Barbados relations.

Order of Druk Gyalpo

The Order of Druk Gyalpo is Bhutans highest civilian award, named after the title of the Bhutanese king, meaning Dragon King. Instituted in 2008, it honors exceptional service to the nation or contributions to Bhutans development and international relations. The orders insignia features the thunder dragon, a national symbol, and traditional Bhutanese motifs. It is awarded sparingly, mainly to Bhutanese citizens and foreign dignitaries who have supported Bhutans sovereignty and cultural preservation. The award reflects Bhutans emphasis on Gross National Happiness and its unique approach to governance and diplomacy.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the Order of Druk Gyalpo in 2024, recognizing his contributions to India-Bhutan relations.

Order of Mubarak Al Kabeer

The Order of Mubarak Al Kabeer is Kuwaits highest knighthood, named after Mubarak Al-Sabah, the 19th-century ruler who established Kuwaits modern foundations. It is reserved exclusively for heads of state and foreign dignitaries who have made contributions to Kuwait or encourageed strong bilateral relations. The orders insignia includes a medallion with traditional Kuwaiti symbols and Arabic calligraphy. It is rarely awarded, symbolizing Kuwaits recognition of exceptional international diplomacy or cooperation. The order reflects Kuwaits respect for historical leadership and its modern diplomatic priorities in the Gulf region.

Why in news?

Narendra Modi received the Order of Mubarak Al Kabeer during his visit to Kuwait, marking one of his 21 international honors.

Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean

The Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean is Mauritius’ highest civilian honor, established in 1992 after the nation became a republic in 1992. It recognizes distinguished service to the country or humanity at large. The order has several ranks, with the Grand Commander being the highest. Only a handful of foreign dignitaries have received this award, including Nelson Mandela in 1998. The insignia features a star and a key, symbolizing Mauritius’ strategic maritime position in the Indian Ocean. It reflects the islands historical ties with various global powers and its geopolitical significance.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was awarded the Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean, becoming the first Indian recipient, denoting India-Mauritius relations.